from the winning of sole power by the last of the dynasts through the
War
of Actium, from the ostensible restoration of the
istory of the Civil Wars through the period of the Triumvirate to the
War
of Actium and the Principate of Augustus: the wor
of 70. But Clodianus (cos. 72, censor 70) was a legate in the Pirate
War
(Appian, Mithr. 95) and so was Marcellinus (ib. a
. It was rational to suspend judgement about the guilt of the Civil
War
. 3 Pompeius had been little better, if at all, th
o. ’ PageBook=>053 Caelius complained quite early in the Civil
War
. 1 Not everybody was as outspoken or as radical a
ore than a temporary expedient to liquidate the heritage of the Civil
War
and reinvigorate the organs of the Roman State. I
three, Gabinius and Messalla, received military commands in the Civil
War
. Among the other eleven consulars only one was an
uent and high-minded tribune whose legislation precipitated the Civil
War
between Marius and Sulla, is appropriately discov
Clodianus and L. Gellius Poplicola, legates of Pompeius in the Pirate
War
(Appian, Mithr. 95), perhaps earlier in Spain as
aired by Cato’s adhesion to Pompeius and by the outbreak of the Civil
War
. Her son Brutus followed Virtus and Libertas, his
n secret and open missions before and after the outbreak of the Civil
War
to confirm the political allies of the proconsul,
uraged their aspirations, but he did not satisfy them until the Civil
War
had begun. In Gaul beyond the Alps, the provinc
s, of a frank and generous race. Gaul remained loyal during the Civil
War
. Pompeius Magnus counted all Spain in his clien
general, Q. Poppaedius Silo, and the earliest official title of the
War
, Bellum Marsicum. The name Bellum Italicum is mor
partisans were already in the Senate before the outbreak of the Civil
War
, though no previous affiliations or service in hi
4 B.C., all men with senatorial rank before the outbreak of the Civil
War
. Five of them were nobiles, with patricians in hi
consulate, it will be necessary to forget both the Philippics and the
War
of Actium. The political advocate and the verdi
off the Republican cause against the Caesarian leaders, survived the
War
of Perusia and lived to prevail over Antonius in
ὲπ∊χί⍴ησαν (45, 11, 3). Compare also his valuable observations on the
War
of Mutina (46, 34, 1 ff.). Ch. IX THE FIRST MAR
friends, allies and relatives followed Cato and Pompeius in the Civil
War
. Servilius, however, had been ensnared by Caesar,
ter on the other. Cicero came close to being a neutral in the Civil
War
. Returning from his province of Cilicia, he made
. One of the lieutenants of Lepidus dispatched to Antonius during the
War
of Mutina remained in his company, another had st
the war, the second to reward the Caesarian legions after victory.
War
and the threat of taxation or confiscation drives
d who already belonged to the Senate before the outbreak of the Civil
War
achieve the highest distinction under the dominat
was reached, but the more important articles were never carried out.
War
was in the air. Both sides mustered troops and se
from the soldiery; and Antonius himself had been inactive during the
War
of Perusia. His errors had enabled Octavianus to
for Caesar against Pompeius, for L. Antonius and the Republic in the
War
of Perusia. With her husband and the child Tiberi
hole of Italy. How desperate had been his plight at the time of the
War
of Perusia has already been described. He was sav
le activity. 4 After monographs on the Conspiracy of Catilina and the
War
of Jugurtha, he proposed to narrate the revolutio
ic opinion of the Hellenic world. Antonius went farther. During the
War
of Mutina he publicly asserted the cause of Caesa
was not quite ripe. The official Roman version of the cause of the
War
of Actium is quite simple, consistent and suspect
e protection of Rome. The clue is to be found in the character of the
War
of Actium as it was designed and contrived by the
ambitions of Antonius or of Cleopatra were not the true cause of the
War
of Actium ; 4 they were a pretext in the strife f
e of Octavianus’ first essay in armed violence and revived during the
War
of Perusia, were intensified obscure ancestry,
3 More than seven hundred senators fought on Octavianus’ side in the
War
of Actium (Res Gestae 25): the total strength of
e recent ‘constitutional’ crisis of the consulate of Antonius and the
War
of Mutina. A more brutal stimulant was required.
cero, again, proclaimed the consensus Italiae against Antonius in the
War
of Mutina. 3 In vain it did not exist. Private in
l assertions of Italian nationalism followed rather than preceded the
War
of Actium. Only then, after victory, did men real
nger of an Antonian rising in Italy in defence of Libertas, no second
War
of Perusia. The surest guarantee provided also th
rmenia had been annexed by Antonius, but Armenia fell away during the
War
of Actium. Octavianus was not incommoded: he took
d the pomp of three triumphs, for the campaigns in Illyricum, for the
War
of Actium and for the War of Alexandria—all wars
hs, for the campaigns in Illyricum, for the War of Actium and for the
War
of Alexandria—all wars of Rome against a foreign
l had brought to completion the four books of his Georgics during the
War
of Actium and Octavianus’ absence in the East. Th
civil war. All that he needed from Cicero he had got long ago, in the
War
of Mutina. In politics his mentors had been Phili
of East and West in the years between the Pact of Brundisium and the
War
of Actium had been alarming, because it correspon
party. Over seven hundred senators accompanied Italy’s leader in the
War
of Actium, most of them with scorn and hate in th
er supporters the plebs, the veterans and the knights who had won the
War
of Actium. In the crisis of 23 B.C. the Caesarian
self was still owing money to Caesar for a timely loan when the Civil
War
broke out. 4 But the Triumvirate soon blotted out
us records that about one hundred and seventy of his adherents in the
War
of Actium were rewarded with priesthoods (Res Ges
appears to have been active in the province of Asia shortly after the
War
of Actium, perhaps setting in order the system of
d Lollius’ command of the legions of Gaul and the glory of the Alpine
War
. Like P. Silius for the favourite Drusus on the o
imed that a national mandate had summoned him to supreme power in the
War
of Actium. Whatever the truth of that contention,
what was Roman in deliberate opposition to what was Greek. Out of the
War
of Actium, artfully converted into a spontaneous
ut law or title by virtue of his paramount auctoritas. Soon after the
War
of Actium and the triple triumph Rome witnessed h
oking the better sort of Greek deities on the right side, so that the
War
of Actium could be shown as a sublime contest bet
alone but Italy, perhaps Italy more than Rome, that prevailed in the
War
of Actium. The Principate itself may, in a certai
mihi praecipue pulvis Etrusca dolor. 2 A relative had fallen in the
War
of Perusia. 3 Propertius’ distaste for war was we
y to celebrate with fervour, and with no small air of conviction, the
War
of Actium, or to plead in solemn tones for the av
a military oath of personal allegiance to the military leader in the
War
of Actium: it did not lapse when he became a magi
among epic poets the grandiloquent Rabirius who had written about the
War
of Actium. 1 Governments change and careerists ma
. Actium, Battle of, 276 f.; enhanced by propaganda, 297 f. Actium,
War
of, 294 ff.; causes, alleged and real, 270 f., 27
134, 141 ff., 181 ff.; his position legalized, 167; in and after the
War
of Mutina, 173 ff., 181 ff.; and the consulate, 1
ng the Civil Wars, 62, 136; in 44 B.C., 98, 117, 118, 134; during the
War
of Mutina, 164, 167, 168, 169, 170, 172; disappea
us, 224, 264; in 35–33 B.C., 265, 266; against Cleopatra, 280; in the
War
of Actium, 294, 296 f.; death, 300, 480; his rema
, 405. Civil service, need for, 331; growth of, 355 ff., 409. Civil
War
, Roman distaste for, 2, 180, 184; recurrent featu
s, C. (cos. 50 B.C.), 42, 43, 45, 112, 164, 197; neutral in the Civil
War
, 62, 64; relations with Octavianus, 142, 182; dea
.C., 97, 99 f., 102, 114, 115, 142, 163; his policy, 133, 176; in the
War
of Mutina, 167, 169, 173 f.; his death, 174; his
ca, 37; relations with Pompeius, 40 ff.; responsibility for the Civil
War
, 47 ff.; Dictatorship, 51 ff.; not really a revol
rch, 97, 101, 102 f.; in Gallia Cisalpina, 110, 124, 127, 144; in the
War
of Mutina, 162 ff., 176 ff.; his end, 180; his fa
llianus, T., Augustan senator, 361. Mutina, Battle of, 174. Mutina,
War
of, 169 ff. PageBook=>556 Mylasa, 260. M
M. (associate of Sertorius), 129. Perusia, as origin of Pansa, 90;
War
of, 207 ff., 213; sack of, 211 f., 466. Petraeus,
le consulate, 39; in 52–50 B.C., 40 ff.; at the outbreak of the Civil
War
, 42 f., 45 ff.; his strategy, 49, 90, 102; his de
ius Rufus, Ser. (cos. 51 B.C.), as consul, 41; a neutral in the Civil
War
, 45, 64; attitude in 43 B.C., 164, 170; death, 17
in 60 B.C., 34; exile,36, 135; feud with Piso, 135, 140; in the Civil
War
, 45, 137 f.; under the Dictatorship of Caesar, 53
tude in 44 B.C., 100, 114, 133, 134; as consul, 162, 167, 172; in the
War
of Mutina, 173 f., 176; alleged death-bed advice,
ork on aqueducts, 241 f., 403; at the bedside of Atticus, 257; in the
War
of Actium, 295 ff.; in 28 B.C., 306; constitution