Principate is consistent and instructive. Though in different words, Virgil , Horace and Livy tell the same tale and point the

f. On the problem of his identification with the muleteer Sabinus in Virgil , Catalept. 10, cf. Münzer in P-W I A, 1592 ff. It

coming of peace and glorious with relief and rejoicing, that the poet Virgil composed the most famous and the most enigmatic o

tobiography of Augustus. For Pythagorean doctrines, cf. J. Carcopino, Virgile et le mystère de la IVeéglogue (1930), 57 ff. 3

W. W. Tarn, JRS xxii (1932), 135 ff. The widely prevalent belief that Virgil must have been writing about a child of Octavianu

ould NotesPage=>225 1 Horace, Sat. 1, 5, 31 ff. The poets were Virgil , Horace and L. Varius Rufus Virgil’s friend Ploti

2 Dio 49, 12, 4. 3 Appian, BC 5, 112, 470. 4 Dio 49, 15, 1. 5 Virgil , Ecl. 1, 6: ‘deus nobis haec otia fecit. ’ 6 Ap

Porphyrio on Horace, Sat. 1, 3, 130, says that he came from Cremona. Virgil dedicated to him the sixth of his Eclogues: hence

otesPage=>238 1 Dio 49, 7, 6. 2 Ib., 14, 3; Velleius 2, 81, 2; Virgil , Aen. 8, 684. 3 Salvidienus had been imperator

e that, however, he had earned the gratitude of two poets, Gallus and Virgil . C. Cornelius Gallus, of native stock from Foru

nds in the north after Philippi; and Pollio is the earliest patron of Virgil , who was the son of an owner of property from the

um:1 how long he remained an Antonian, there is no evidence at all. Virgil , however, persevered with poetry, completing his

red an assortment of poets, offering protection, counsel and subsidy. Virgil passed into the company and friendship of Maecena

ely be invoked to show that Gallus was in Greece. 2 In Ecl. 8, 6-13 Virgil addresses Pollio, anticipating his return and tri

om vine and olive to the growing of cereals for mere subsistence. But Virgil intended to compose a poem about Italy, not a tec

nd the life of the farmer in a grave, religious and patriotic vein. Virgil was not the only discovery of Maecenas. Virgil wi

and patriotic vein. Virgil was not the only discovery of Maecenas. Virgil with short delay had introduced Horace to his new

er in which the NotesPage=>288 1 Horace, Epodes 9; Odes 1, 37. Virgil , Aen. 8, 671 ff.; Propertius 3, 11, 29ff.; 4, 6,

patribus populoque, peatibus et magins dis. 1 NotesPage=>293 1 Virgil , Am. 8, 678 f. Ch. XXI DUX PageBook=>294

Dio 50, 13, 5; 14, 1. Also Appian, BC 4, 38, 161 (for Messalla). 7 Virgil , Aen. 8, 680 f. PageBook=>297 But Octavian

d to extinguish the recent NotesPage=>301 1 Res Gestae 27, cf. Virgil , Georgics 2, 171; 3, 30; 4, 560 ff. 2 Dio 51, 2

5 In Syria a safe man became proconsul, NotesPage=>302 1 e.g. Virgil , Aen. 7, 606; Horace, Odes 1, 12, 53 ff.; 3, 5, 2

c saltern everso iuvenem succurrere saeclo ne prohibete. 5 The poet Virgil had brought to completion the four books of his G

ivine ancestress of the Julian house, Jupiter NotesPage=>304 1 Virgil , Aen. 6, 852 f. 2 Dio 51, 4, 6. Some of the dis

. 4 Velleius 2, 89, 4: ‘certa cuique rerum suarum possession. ’ 5 Virgil , Georgics 1, 500 f. PageBook=>305 unfolded

orace produces a divine decree, forbidding Troy ever to be rebuilt; 5 Virgil is quite explicit; 6 and Livy duly demonstrates h

e of Quirinus: Caesar’s heir was identified with that god by the poet Virgil . 1 Not by conquest only but by the foundation of

or this interpretation, H. Berve, Hermes LXXI (1936), 241 FF. 3 Cf. Virgil , Georgics 4, 561 f.: ‘victorque volentes | per po

word ‘princeps’, as applied to Augustus, is absent from the Aeneid of Virgil and is not of very common occurrence in the first

’s enemy, as a champion of the Free State against military despotism. Virgil in the Aeneid, when he matched the rival leaders,

(1938), 125. 6 Aen. 6, 834 f. 7 lb. 8, 670. PageBook=>318 Virgil did not need to say where Caesar belonged—with hi

the ascension of Caesar’s heir. 1 The picture is consistent. Livy, Virgil and Horace of all Augustan writers stand closest

y, CR XLVIII (1934), 161 ff., in reference to the clear indication in Virgil , Aen. 6, 792 f.: ‘aurea condet | saecula qui rurs

ippa and a triumph for both. ‘Remo cum fratre Quirinus. ’2 Thus did Virgil hail the end of fratricidal strife and the restor

eer and left no successor. In the same year as Maecenas, Horace died: Virgil had gone eleven years before. In the last period

nd his favourites before the age of the Gracchi. PageNotes. 441 1 Virgil , Aen. 1, 278 f. 2 Livy 9, 18 f. 3 Aen. 6, 851

names in Odes 1, 12 (with a Scaurus who hardly belongs there) and in Virgil , Aen. 6, 824 ff. 3 Virgil, Aen. 9, 602 f. 4 H

Scaurus who hardly belongs there) and in Virgil, Aen. 6, 824 ff. 3 Virgil , Aen. 9, 602 f. 4 Horace, Odes 1, 12, 43. For t

It is by no means certain what class of cultivator the Georgics of Virgil were intended to counsel and encourage. The profi

ed: other patrons of literature were left far behind. Pollio lost his Virgil . Messalla had to be content with the anaemic Ti

test concourse and applause of the Roman People. PageNotes. 461 1 Virgil , Aen. 6, 726 f. PageBook=>462 That did not

more naturally came the moral, rustic and patriotic vein to the poet Virgil . The Georgics completed (c. 30 B.C.), Virgil was

triotic vein to the poet Virgil. The Georgics completed (c. 30 B.C.), Virgil was engaged in writing an epic poem that should r

h the Princeps recorded his arduous and triumphant career. Livy, like Virgil , was a Pompeian: he idealized the early career of

and even with praise of Cato Cato stood for the established order. Virgil , Horace and Livy are the enduring glories of the

n 43 B.C., cf. Phil. 12, 10. PageBook=>465 If Livy, Horace and Virgil had private and material reasons for gratitude to

d give them. Horace was the son of a wealthy freedman from Venusia. Virgil and Livy had a more respectable origin. Whatever

cannot be detected in the character or in the political sentiments of Virgil and Livy. Both may be taken as fairly typical rep

ter or situation to such unreserved eulogies of the New State as were Virgil and Horace. Maecenas also took up Propertius, a y

Velleius stands revealed in his literary judgements as well. Next to Virgil he names among epic poets the grandiloquent Rabir

d it was alleged that the Princeps proposed to banish the writings of Virgil and Livy from the public libraries. 3 The rule

42 B.C., 202; in the Cisalpina, 189, 207 f., 252, 462; relations with Virgil , 218 f., 252 f., 460; with Gallus, 75, 252; in th

502. Plotius Plancus, L., proscribed, 193. Plotius Tucca, friend of Virgil , 225. Plutocracy, 452, 458, 501; disguised by t

verb, 343; a favourable verdict on Agrippa, 509. PageBook=>568 Virgil , see Vergilius. Viri militares, as legates, 396