n historians began his Annals with the accession to the Principate of Tiberius , stepson and son by adoption of Augustus, consort

ate of the Julii and Claudii was a tyranny, tracing year by year from Tiberius down to Nero the merciless extinction of the old

nd the Republic in the War of Perusia. With her husband and the child Tiberius , Livia fled from the armed bands of Octavianus to

πέδωκε πάντα ὑμῖν ὑγιᾶ πʋιήσαζ (from the funeral oration delivered by Tiberius ). PageBook=>317 and lost in war. 1 His mur

an early age. 2 PageNote. 340 1 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 79, 2. 2 Tiberius was permitted in 24 B.C. to stand for office five

eBook=>341 Even had they not been the step-sons of the Princeps, Tiberius and Drusus were pledged to a brilliant career in

tues of old Rome. PageNote. 341 1 Suetonius, Dims Aug. 79, 2. 2 Tiberius was permitted in 24 B.c. to stand for office five

vius Drusus as well. Like other Romans of ancient aristocratic stock, Tiberius could rise above class and recognize merit when h

ue and an ideal of service akin to his own. There was another bond. Tiberius was betrothed, perhaps already married, to Agripp

ough. Agrippa at once proceeded to his duties. Before long Marcellus, Tiberius and Drusus would be available to second or to rep

Rufus). 5 Pliny, NH 33, 135. 6 Epodes 4, 20. 7 ILS 1949 (under Tiberius ); 2703 (Ti. Julius Viator, son of ‘C. Julius Aug.

). 2 Tacitus, Ann. 4, 3: ‘atque ilia, cui avunculus Augustus, socer Tiberius , ex Druso liberi, seque ac maiores et posteros mu

t quite correct, however, in assigning the innovation to Augustus and Tiberius : to Caesar he could not officially appeal for pre

oted and insatiable in admiration of social distinction. Caesar and Tiberius , the Julian and the Claudian, knew their own clas

he political designs of the Princeps, to Marcellus, to Agrippa and to Tiberius in turn. To receive Julia, Tiberius was compelled

, to Marcellus, to Agrippa and to Tiberius in turn. To receive Julia, Tiberius was compelled to divorce his Vipsania, who fell t

the consulate and dispensed patronage in their turn, open or secret. Tiberius , being the head of the Claudii, would have had a

quent promotion of novi homines to the consulate after A.D. 4.2 But Tiberius was not the only force in high politics; and even

had not been Prefect of the Guard and chief favourite and minister of Tiberius . Seianus himself became the leader of a political

lius as proconsul of Illyricum in 17 and 16 B.C.,3 was consummated by Tiberius and Drusus in converging and triumphant campaigns

Belgrade (which no ancient source asserts) and that the operations of Tiberius in 12–9 B.C. were confined to the suppression of

Illyricum in 12 B.C. while Drusus from the Rhine invaded Germany and Tiberius operated in the Balkans. But the central column s

rmy, was occupied in the Balkans for three arduous years. 3 So it was Tiberius , as legate of Illyricum, not Agrippa, who subdued

us died, and two more campaigns against the Germans were conducted by Tiberius . Then in 6 B.C. came a crisis in the family and t

Then in 6 B.C. came a crisis in the family and the party of Augustus. Tiberius retired, bitter and contumacious, to a voluntary

ius began the Bellum Pannonicum, which was continued and completed by Tiberius . 3 Dio 54, 34, 5 ff.; Velleius 2, 98; Livy, Per

ral’s task in splendour and with success. But now Drusus was dead and Tiberius in exile. The government resisted the trial. Fo

The government resisted the trial. For all his capacity and merits, Tiberius was not the only general or administrator among t

is a singular lack of historical evidence for the nine years in which Tiberius was absent from the service of Rome (6 B.C.-A.D.

). By accident or by the adulatory design of historians favourable to Tiberius the exploits of his peers and rivals have been pa

and rivals have been passed over so as to create the impression that Tiberius was Rome’s sole and incomparable general. 1 A s

. The only military operations that he mentions during the absence of Tiberius are those of M. Vinicius in Germany (c. A.D. 2) a

C. Augustus took over Illyricum; 2 and, either after the campaigns of Tiberius and Piso and the first stage in the pacification

though it cannot be proved, that M. Vinicius was the last proconsul, Tiberius the first imperial legate, of Illyricum. 3 For

, the Princeps was not restricted in any way his especial favourites, Tiberius and Drusus, commanded armies in their twenties. P

a and Achaia as well. 3 But Poppaeus belongs rather to the reign of Tiberius , notorious for long tenures and for an almost und

arching trial for the Princeps and his party when Drusus was dead and Tiberius in exile. Whatever had happened at Rome, there wo

d in the years 7-2 B.C. But no ground was lost during the decade when Tiberius was absent from the conduct of Rome’s foreign pol

PageBook=>401 As for the Rhine, it is not certain who followed Tiberius in 6 B.C.1 Before long, however, that important c

in the Balkans and beyond the Rhine. Agrippa died and then Drusus, Tiberius retired morosely to Rhodes. A crisis had superven

and the posthumous infant Agrippa, an ill-favoured child (12 B.C.). Tiberius succeeded Agrippa as husband of Julia, protector

n war and government. The marriage was unwelcome, so gossip asserted. Tiberius dearly loved his own plebeian Vipsania. 1 The sob

ccess with the growth to manhood of Gaius and Lucius, the position of Tiberius became irksome; and some spoke of estrangement fr

, Augustus could rely on Tiberius’ submission and his own prestige. 3 Tiberius had conquered Illyricum and extended the gains of

xpense and at the expense of the Roman People. In the last six years, Tiberius had hardly been seen in Rome; and there was no ur

2 Tacitus, Ann. 1, 53; Dio 55, 9, 7. According to Velleius (2, 99, 1) Tiberius retired‘ne fulgor suus orientium iuvenum obstaret

r suus orientium iuvenum obstaret initiis’. That was the reason which Tiberius himself gave at a later date (Suetonius, Tib. 10,

modestiae Neronis et suae magnitudini fidebat. ’ PageBook=>417 Tiberius revolted. Obdurate against the threats of Augustu

th of his determination by a voluntary fast. They could not stop him. Tiberius retired to the island of Rhodes, where he remaine

vice. 1 Like Agrippa, beneath the mask of service and subordination, Tiberius concealed a high ambition; like Agrippa, he would

to the Roman People. The purpose of Augustus was flagrant, and, to Tiberius , criminal. It was not until after his departure t

hey should inherit his position in their turn. 2 That was too much. Tiberius and Drusus had received special dispensations and

had received special dispensations and early distinction, it is true. Tiberius became consul at the age of twenty-nine but that

ccession of a Roman youth to monarchy was something very different. Tiberius dwelt at Rhodes. His career was ended, his life p

Velleius records only trouble and disaster for Rome in the absence of Tiberius . For the internal history cf., above all, E. Groa

nius. Above all, several groups of nobiles, the peers and rivals of Tiberius , gain splendour and power from his eclipse. Depre

of the monarchy. Livia and the Claudian connexion were in low water: Tiberius lived on in exile and might never return. On her

r power. But it is by no means certain that Silvanus was popular with Tiberius . Lacking Tiberius, the Claudian party lacked a le

llowing of his own. 2 Like the Cornelii Lentuli, Piso was no enemy of Tiberius . There were other nobles with influential connexi

ratic loyalty acknowledged the ties of family, of fides, of amicitia. Tiberius had few kinsmen. Yet the excellent L. Volusius Sa

t have forgotten altogether that his father had married a relative of Tiberius . 4 Many men of merit had shared with Tiberius’ pa

epublican independence of temper, enjoyed the trust and the esteem of Tiberius . 6 NotesPage=>424 1 The family of Piso, li

ma shown on Table VII at end. 4 Q. Volusius was the son-in-law of a Tiberius (Cicero, Ad Att. 5, 21, 6), i.e., probably of Tib

s wife was Nonia Polla (OGIS 468). 5 Objects bestowed on the infant Tiberius by the sister of Sex. Pompeius were preserved as

ooms or curiosities (Suetonius, Tib. 6, 3). 6 Cn. Piso, consul with Tiberius in 7 B.C. Tacitus describes him as ‘ingenio viole

peius and Scribonia, who intermarried with certain Livii, kinsfolk of Tiberius on his mother’s side. 2 The family of L. Arruntiu

ollius in the East and of Fabius Maximus in Spain. 6 The enemies of Tiberius , the careerists honest or dishonest, and the loya

en’ that doomed him. Iullus Antonius may have aspired to the place of Tiberius as stepfather of the princes; and Julia may well

gustus struck down Julia and Antonius, it was not from tenderness for Tiberius . It may be that through the ruin of his daughter

ay be that through the ruin of his daughter he sought finally to make Tiberius harmless, his own sons secure. Though absent, Tib

inally to make Tiberius harmless, his own sons secure. Though absent, Tiberius still had a following; though an exile he still h

still the Princeps’ son-in-law. Augustus might think that he knew his Tiberius . Still, he preferred to run no risks. The disgrac

no risks. The disgrace of Julia would abolish the only tie that bound Tiberius to the reigning house. Tiberius was not consulted

would abolish the only tie that bound Tiberius to the reigning house. Tiberius was not consulted; when he knew, he vainly interc

spatched a missive to Julia, breaking off the marriage in the name of Tiberius . 3 NotesPage=>427 1 For this view, cf. esp

4 ff. 3 Suetonius, Tib. 11, 4. PageBook=>428 The position of Tiberius had long been anomalous. It now became doubtful a

d L. Aelius Seianus and the military tribune Velleius Paterculus. 2 Tiberius came to Samos with due submission to pay his resp

, a loyal and patriotic city of Narbonensis, cast down the statues of Tiberius ; 4 and a despicable eastern king, Archelaus of Ca

4 and a despicable eastern king, Archelaus of Cappadocia, whose cause Tiberius had once defended before the Senate, was embolden

s emboldened to studious neglect of the head of the Claudian house. 5 Tiberius , who honoured, if ever a Republican noble did, th

t his death, says Velleius, a contemporary witness and a flatterer of Tiberius . 1 If many knew the truth of the whole episode, t

own easy interpretation. Lollius was favoured by Augustus, loathed by Tiberius . In 17 B.C., when governor of Gaul, Lollius had s

ure by his detractors. 5 In the following year Augustus came to Gaul, Tiberius with him. Tiberius inherited Lollius’ command of

rs. 5 In the following year Augustus came to Gaul, Tiberius with him. Tiberius inherited Lollius’ command of the legions of Gaul

all town of Lanuvium was accorded a public funeral on the instance of Tiberius , who took occasion to remind the Senate of Quirin

responsible for the evil behaviour of C. Caesar. 1 The position of Tiberius improved, though his political prospects grew no

on. But even now, return was conditional on the consent of Gaius; and Tiberius was debarred from public life. He dwelt in Rome a

e (and scandal has probably embellished the topic in the interests of Tiberius ), Gaius wasted away and perished far from Rome (F

S 140. PageBook=>431 There was no choice now. Augustus adopted Tiberius . The words in which he announced his intention re

he bitter frustration of his dearest hopes. 1 They were not lost upon Tiberius or upon the principes, his rivals. In this emerge

pes, his rivals. In this emergency Augustus remained true to himself. Tiberius had a son; but Tiberius, though designated to rep

emergency Augustus remained true to himself. Tiberius had a son; but Tiberius , though designated to replace Augustus, was to be

d with decency permit. 4 The soldiers at least were quite glad to see Tiberius , a cautious and considerate general. 5 After two

ricum cut short the ambitious design, fully engaging the attention of Tiberius for three years (A.D. 6-9). Then Germany rose. Va

ed. Rome did not see her new master for many years. The adoption of Tiberius should have brought stability to the régime by di

A.D. 13 the succession was publicly regulated as far as was possible. Tiberius became co-regent, in virtue of a law conferring o

r, the husband of the younger Julia. He served with distinction under Tiberius in Illyricum, and in this year was governor of Hi

ar was governor of Hispania Citerior, at the head of three legions. 1 Tiberius could trust Lepidus not Gallus, however, the husb

th in composition and in allegiance. Some of the enemies or rivals of Tiberius , such as Lollius and Iullus Antonius, were dead,

might be expected. In the six years following the return to power of Tiberius , along with descendants of the old nobility, like

ion of this evidence (and consequently of the character and policy of Tiberius ), cf. F. Marsh, The Reign of Tiberius (1931), 43

of the character and policy of Tiberius), cf. F. Marsh, The Reign of Tiberius (1931), 43 f., cf. 67. PageBook=>435 Such

ucilius Longus, honourably commemorated in history for his loyalty to Tiberius perhaps the son of that Lucilius who was the frie

son of that Lucilius who was the friend of Brutus and of Antonius. 1 Tiberius did not forget his own Republican and Pompeian an

ublican and Pompeian antecedents. Like the departure, the return of Tiberius will have changed the army commands. Most of th

, abetted by the memory of old feuds or suppressed rancour, persuaded Tiberius to defraud them of military glory. The deplorable

3 This being so, few indeed of the nobiles, the rivals and equals of Tiberius , could hope that their sons would govern province

his legate. 5 In the East, L. Volusius Saturninus, a family friend of Tiberius , is attested as governor of Syria (A.D. 4-5); aft

ce of Africa. 9 NotesPage=>435 1 Lucilius Longus the friend of Tiberius , Tacitus, Ann. 4, 15: Lucilius the friend of Brut

Germany eastwards as one column of the convergent attack, while under Tiberius served M. Valerius Messalla Messallinus (cos. 3 B

rs of the rebellion of Illyricum the following consulars served under Tiberius in various capacities, namely M. Plautius Silva

an war, a hard drinker, the boon companion and intimate counsellor of Tiberius . 4 He was destined to hold a long tenure of the p

, a somnolent and lazy person to outward view, but no less trusted by Tiberius than the excellent Piso. 7 NotesPage=>436

1 A powerful coalition of individuals and of families stands behind Tiberius , mostly with interlocking matrimonial ties, house

a Severus (perhaps a relative): Germanicus, nephew and adopted son of Tiberius , was in supreme command. 4 In Illyricum, now divi

30-39), betrothed his daughter to Seianus’ son (Tacitus, Ann. 6, 30). Tiberius did not remove him. That was not from fear of a c

. 2 On August 19th, A.D. 14, the Princeps died at Nola in Campania. Tiberius , who had set out for Illyricum, was recalled by u

te, soldiers and populace at once took a personal oath in the name of Tiberius , renewing the allegiance sworn long ago to Octavi

ic conferment of the Principate upon the heir whom he had designated. Tiberius himself was ill at ease, conscious of his ambiguo

honest and the least Republican of men, preyed upon the conscience of Tiberius and revealed itself in his public acts and uttera

efficacy of mere legislation in such matters, a virtuous prince like Tiberius , himself traditional in his views of Roman morali

ssension between its leaders. The crisis of 23 B.C., the secession of Tiberius and the mysterious intrigue for which Julia was b

t was inexpedient to suppress any activity that could do him no harm. Tiberius was alarmed at the frequency of libellous publica

us, the fantastical conceits of Maecenas and the perverse archaism of Tiberius . In writing, his first care was to express his me

ptions,5 survived the Principate of Augustus. He was prosecuted under Tiberius by a client of Seianus. Cremutius anticipated con

489 Velleius, a typical government writer, is unswervingly loyal to Tiberius and to L. Aelius Seianus, the chief minister of s

account of the reign of Augustus is artfully coloured by devotion to Tiberius , with vituperation of enemies and rivals. The hor

pon Tiberius’ monopoly of military glory, whether personal enemies of Tiberius or not. Lollius is a monster of rapacity and intr

ruin. With the accession of Caligula, the enemies of Augustus and of Tiberius enjoyed a brief and illusory consolation. Caligul

Lepida, Ann. 3, 23. PageBook=>493 His son became consul under Tiberius , a great orator and a man of infamous life,5 fit

ator, was subsidized by Augustus and encouraged to bring up a family: Tiberius refused to help, and it lapsed into a shameful po

the Claudii had been an integral part of the history of the Republic. Tiberius , doubly Claudian, for the line ran through both p

ch of the Claudii, the Pulchri, but to the more modest Nerones. For Tiberius the splendid prize was spoiled and tarnished. Lik

ude: to the burden was added the discomfort of a false role. It broke Tiberius and the Principate as well. When Augustus died,

son by Claudia Pulchra: he succumbed to a prosecution in the reign of Tiberius , and the family is not heard of afterwards. 3 T

ones, avoided entanglements with Augustus and kept on good terms with Tiberius , acquiring a new lease of life. They display seve

stus’ Principate. Both the Cornelii Lentuli and the Pisones supported Tiberius , furnishing generals and political counsellors. 4

t Rubellius Blandus who was the husband of Julia the granddaughter of Tiberius . The tie with the Julio-Claudians is surely too t

t career of service his enemies called it sordid adulation trusted by Tiberius , by Caligula and by Claudius, a statue was erecte

n of Augustus was so strong that the evil found little encouragement. Tiberius , however, was insecure. The nobiles suffered from

iles were imperilled above all and in the last resort by the fears of Tiberius and by his reluctance to interfere with the cours

eracy of the nobiles that moves Tacitus to the sublimest indignation. Tiberius , Republican and Pompeian in his loyalties, himsel

ability of the new régime when the power was to pass from Augustus to Tiberius , remarks that few men were still alive that remem

he nominal sovranty of law, one man ruled. 2 This is his comment on Tiberius . It was no less true of the Principate of Augustu

. PageBook=>518 M . Aemilius Lepidus enjoyed the friendship of Tiberius ; he supported the government without dishonour, h

, by general consent capable of Empire. It might have been better for Tiberius and for Rome if Augustus had died earlier: the du

along with the last will and testament, to be edited and published by Tiberius . 6 NotesPage=>522 1 Pliny, NH 7, 149: ‘iun

than as an agent. Other allies of the Princeps are omitted, save for Tiberius , whose conquest of Illyricum under the auspices o

e also the prominence of the naval expedition in A.D. 5, commanded by Tiberius , though his name is not mentioned (ib. 26). 3 I

Founding of the Roman Empire2. Oxford, 1931. ——— The Reign of Tiberius . Oxford, 1931. MATTINGLY, H. ‘Virgil’s Gold

racy and death of, 430, 432. Aemilius Scaurus, Mam. (cos. suff. under Tiberius ), noble birth and vices of, 374; marries Aemilia

; sworn to Livius Drusus, 285; character of in 32 B.C., 288; sworn to Tiberius , 438. Allienus, A., Caesarian partisan, 64, 111

osition after 6 B.C., 419 ff.; disgrace of Julia, 426 f.; adoption of Tiberius , 431; last years, 431 ff.; last acts, 433, 438 f.

lpurnius Piso, Cn. (cos. 7 B.C.), son of the preceding, and friend of Tiberius , 424, 433, 435. Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus, L.

is wife Livia Drusilla, 229. Claudius Nero, Ti. (cos. 13 B.C.), see Tiberius , the Emperor. Claudius Pulcher, Ap. (cos. 143 B.C

B.C.), proconsul of Africa, 401, 435; praefectus urbi and trusted by Tiberius , 436. Cornelius Lentulus, L. (cos. 3 B.C.), pro

Germany, 391; death of, 391; his three children, 422. Drusus, son of Tiberius , 431. Drusus, son of Germanicus, 438. Duces,

of Augustus, 358, 378; married to Marcellus, 341; to Agrippa, 389; to Tiberius , 416; ruin of, 425 ff.; alleged enormities, 426;

195. Lucilius Longus (cos. suff. A.D. 7), novus homo and friend of Tiberius , 363, 434 f. Lucius Caesar (grandson of Augustu

of prerogatives, 404 f.; need for their moral reform, 442; rivals of Tiberius , 433 f.; in comparison with Augustus, 311, 404, 5

ulus Tiburtinus, 398 f.; with Gaius Caesar in the East, 429; loyal to Tiberius , 429, 434; his origin, 362; wealth, 381; patricia

154; imitated by Cassius Dio, 154; by Sallust, 248; by Pollio, 485. Tiberius , stepson of Augustus and Emperor (Ti. Claudius Ne

488 f.; on the Restoration of the Republic, 324; on the departure of Tiberius , 420; M. Lollius, 429; the return of Tiberius, 43

24; on the departure of Tiberius, 420; M. Lollius, 429; the return of Tiberius , 431; the accession of Tiberius, 437; his questio

, 420; M. Lollius, 429; the return of Tiberius, 431; the accession of Tiberius , 437; his questionable verdicts, 488. Ventidii,

icum, 329, 390, 394, 400; in Germany, 393, 401, 431; attitude towards Tiberius , 425; descendants, 499 f.; nothing known to his d

uff. A.D. 2), 375, 400, 435. Vipsania, daughter of Agrippa, marries Tiberius , 257, 345; divorced, 378; married to Asinius Gall

3, 413; disliked by nobiles, 344; hates Maecenas, 341; relations with Tiberius , 344; honours declined or accepted, 231, 343; amb

Quadratus, C, Caesarian officer, 71, 355. Volusius, Q., kinsman of Tiberius , 424. Volusius Saturninus, L. (cos. suff. 12 B.

s, L. (cos. suff. 12 B.C.), 362, 381, 434, 435, 438; connected with Tiberius , 424; descendants, 500. Volusius Saturninus, L.