le to escape from the influence of the historians Sallust, Pollio and Tacitus , all of them Republican in sentiment. Hence a del

about Galba, cf. Suetonius, Galba 4, I; Dio 64, I, I; note, however, Tacitus , Ann. 6, 20. PageBook=>002 ‘Pax et Princep

y Republican in spirit and in practice a modern and academic failing. Tacitus and Gibbon knew better. 1 The narrative of August

the Princeps made atonement for the crime and NotesPage=>003 1 Tacitus , in his brief summary of the rise of Augustus {An

a conformity to certain habits of thought and expression. The debt of Tacitus to Sallustius in style and colouring is evident e

rash to assert that Pollio was closely akin both to Sallustius and to Tacitus . 1 All three sat in the Senate of Rome and govern

n which year the domination of that dynast was established (60 B.C.). Tacitus in his Histories told of a great civil war, the f

sed his attachment to NotesPage=>005 1 As Pollio has perished, Tacitus and Sallust can be drawn upon for compensation. F

e, the fragments of the preface of Sallust’s Histories, combined with Tacitus , Hist. 1, 1–3, will give some idea of the introdu

2, 7: δυναστϵȋαι τϵ σαν ἤδƞ ĸατἀ πoλλἀ ĸαὶ στασίαρχoι µoναρχιĸoί. 2 Tacitus , Hist, 2, 38. 3 Tacitus, Ann. 1,1; Hist. 2, 38.

ƞ ĸατἀ πoλλἀ ĸαὶ στασίαρχoι µoναρχιĸoί. 2 Tacitus, Hist, 2, 38. 3 Tacitus , Ann. 1,1; Hist. 2, 38. 4 Sallust, Hist. I, 18

*et relatus inconditae olim vitae mos, ut omne ius in viribus esset’; Tacitus , Ann. 3, 28: ‘exim continua per viginti annos dis

: ‘exim continua per viginti annos discordia, non mos, non ius. ’ 5 Tacitus , Hist. 1, 3: ‘non esse curae deis securitatem nos

and life in futile political contests. Averse NotesPage=>013 1 Tacitus , Dial. 40, 1: ‘ipsa inimicitiarum gloria. ’ 2 O

107: is ς θϵραπϵίαν τ ς πóλϵως πιĸλƞθϵίς; cf. Plutarch, Pompeius 55; Tacitus , Ann. 3, 28. 7 Asconius 30 = p. 34 Clark: ‘adfu

, 123), on the oratory of Brutus: ‘scias eum sentire quae dicit’; cf. Tacitus , Dial. 25, 6: ‘simpliciter et ingenue’. 2 Above

17, 1). 5 On Curio as an orator, Cicero, Brutus 280 f.; on Caelius, Tacitus , Dial. 25, 3, &c 6 Ad fam. 8, 14, 3 PageB

family of the proscribed Samnite, Cn. Decidius, whom Caesar defended ( Tacitus , Dial. 21, 6, cf. Pro Cluentio 161)? 2 For his

a NotesPage=>092 1 Ad fam. 10, 31, 2 f. He prosecuted C. Cato ( Tacitus , Dial. 34, 7), not, however an important person.

h. The Liberators had fled the city. Antonius NotesPage=>105 1 Tacitus commends the voluptuary Petronius, an excellent p

family. The father was L. Maecenas (ILS 7848; cf. Nicolaus 31, 133?). Tacitus (Ann. 6, 11) and many of the moderns give Octavia

m Romanum factione paucorum oppressum in libertatem vindicaret. ’ 4 Tacitus , Hist. 4, 73: ‘ceterum libertas et speciosa nomin

σέβ∈ια). 3 BMC, R. Rep. 11, 370 ff.; also the inscr., ILS 8891. 4 Tacitus , Ann. 1, 9: ‘pietate erga parentem et necessitudi

3 Phil. 5, 50: Omnis Caesar inimicitias rei publicae condonavit. ’ Tacitus suitably and spitefully recalls this phraseology

nicius, cos. suff. 33 B.C., and M. Vinicius, cos. suff. 19 B.C.), cf. Tacitus , Ann. 6, 15. An inscr. from Cales (L’ann. e’p., 1

2, 71, 3); also the pertinacious young Pompeian, Cn. Calpurnius Piso ( Tacitus , Ann. 2, 43). For the coinage of the Liberators a

really be ‘Machares’, which occurs in the royal house of Pontus. 3 Tacitus , Ann. 3, 28. Ch. XV PHILIPPI AND PERUSIA Page

tnumphales, the most important texts are Suetonius, Divus Aug. 29, 5; Tacitus , Ann. 3, 72. The complicated evidence is digested

consolation in evil days, NotesPage=>246 1 In the Dialogus of Tacitus (25, 3, cf. 17, 1), Calvus, Caelius, Brutus, Caes

‘classical’ orators next to and below, but comparable to Cicero. 2 Tacitus , Dial. 25, 6 3 Ib, 18, 5 4 Quintilian 10, 1,

αι κτιστά δєυ|τέρω τᾶζ πατρ ὶδ ζ. This sort of thing was described by Tacitus as ‘Graeca adulatio’ (Ann. 6, 18). 3 SIG3 760:

ILS 6123. The increase of patricians was sanctioned by a Lex Saenia ( Tacitus , Ann. 11, 25). L. Saenius was cos. suff. in 30 B.

Georgics 4, 561 f.: ‘victorque volentes | per populos dat iura. ’ 4 Tacitus , Ann. 3, 28. PageBook=>308 marshals, such

, 107: ἐζ θεραπείαν τῆζ πόλεωζ ἐπικληθείζ; cf. Plutarch, Pompeius 55; Tacitus , Ann. 3, 28. 5 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 42, 1: ‘ut

secretosque pios, his dantem iura Catonem. 7 NotesPage=>317 1 Tacitus , Ann. 3, 28: ‘turn Cn. Pompeius, tertium consul c

2‘Adulescentulus carnifex’ (Val. Max. 6, 2, 8, cf. above, p. 27). 3 Tacitus , in his history of legislation (Ann. 3, 28), pass

28 B.C. In between, ‘non mos, non ius. ’ 4 Seneca, NQ 5, 18, 4. 5 Tacitus , Ann. 4, 34, on the interpretation of which, JRS

a’; and certain Roman writers echoed the official description. Not so Tacitus —in his brief account of Augustus’ feigned moderat

strengthening, of despotic power. Such at least was the conception of Tacitus when he referred elsewhere to the legislation of

’; 3 others would have said ‘pax et dominus’. NotesPage=>323 1 Tacitus , Ann. 1 , 9: ‘non regno tamen neque dictatura sed

ry or the uncritical. Such was no doubt the opinion of the suspicious Tacitus , ever alert for the contrast of name and substanc

Quem vocet divum populus mentis imperi rebus? 4 PageNote. 335 1 Tacitus , Ann. 2, 43. 2 Dio 53, 30, 2. 3 Ib. 50, 32, 4

in 29 B.C., to exclude a man from the tribunate (Dio 52, 42, 3). 4 Tacitus , Ann. 3, 56. PageBook=>337 With his keen t

g the theme ‘talis hominibus fuit oratio qualis vita. ’ On Bathyllus, Tacitus , Ann. 1, 54 &c. 2 Pliny, NH 8, 170. 3 Sue

d been a procurator in Spain. 7 Strabo, P. 618, cf. PIR1 P 472. 8 Tacitus , Agr. 4, 1 (Agricola’s grandfathers). PageBook=

the Annona soon after: the first praefectus annonae was C. Turranius ( Tacitus , Ann. 1, 7). 4 Cicero, In Pisonem, fr. 9 = Asco

rco or rather, Alfidius: her mother was called Alfidia, ILS 125). 2 Tacitus , Ann. 4, 3: ‘atque ilia, cui avunculus Augustus,

tives of consular rank (Velleius 2, 127, 3), cf. Table VI at end. 4 Tacitus , Ann. 4, 40: ‘C. Proculeium et quosdam in sermoni

riety, now furnished Rome with two consuls. 7 NotesPage=>362 1 Tacitus , Ann. 3, 48. Lanuvium is only five miles from Vel

W XIII, 1378, on the mysterious connexion with the house of Messalla ( Tacitus , Ann. 12, 22). 4 Namely the poet C. Valgius Ruf

nd Valerius Naso (CIL V, 3341) was of praetorian rank before A.D. 26 ( Tacitus , Ann. 4, 56). Note also Sex. Papinius Allenius (I

4 Livy 4, 3, 10 ff. (speech of the tribune Canuleius); ILS 212 and Tacitus , Ann. II, 24 (‘oratio claudi caesaris’). Cf. abov

hich extended far beyond the bounds of Italy. NotesPage=>367 1 Tacitus , Ann. 11, 24: ‘manent posteri eorum. ’ 2 Junius

m Spain (P-W x, 1035 f.). (Q.) Pompeius Macer was praetor in A.D. 15 ( Tacitus , Ann. 1, 72), Cn. Domitius Afer in 25 (Ann. 4, 52

illustres domi artes’) ennobled their adepts. NotesPage=>374 1 Tacitus , Ann. 1, 15. 2 Cicero, Pro Murena, passim. 3

). 4 Suetonius, Divus Iulius 24, 1. 5 Compare Tiberius’ practice ( Tacitus , Ann. 4, 6): ‘mandabatque honores, nobilitatem ma

i devitabant’, and Mamercus Aemilius Scaurus (on the latter, cf. also Tacitus , Ann. 3, 66; 6, 29). PageBook=>375 Under t

of botany, which he dedicated to Augustus. 7 NotesPage=>375 1 Tacitus , Ann. 3, 75. 2 On the ‘novicius morbus’ (Seneca

B.C.). On him, cf. Seneca, Controv. 1, 2, 3; 7, 5, 10; 10, 4, 25. 5 Tacitus , Ann. 3, 75. He was the grandson of a Sullan cent

unexplained connexion with the Messallae in the family of M. Lollius ( Tacitus , Ann. 12, 22, cf. E. Groag, P-W XIII, 1378). 2

lleague in the consulate, M. Valerius Messalla Barbatus Appianus. 5 Tacitus , Ann. 3, 22 f., cf. PIR2, A 420, and Table IV at

smen (e.g. ILS 7448 f.). 4 Pliny, NH 18, 37, cf. above, p. 362. 5 Tacitus , Ann. 3, 30 (Volusius): ‘opumque, quis domus illa

f. E. Groag in PIR2, C 1379. Some did not praise him as highly as did Tacitus (cf. Seneca, De ben. 2, 27, 1). 6 Tacitus, Ann.

aise him as highly as did Tacitus (cf. Seneca, De ben. 2, 27, 1). 6 Tacitus , Ann. 3, 22. His divorced wife Aemilia Lepida dis

nius, Otho 1, 1. The influence of Urgulania with Livia is attested by Tacitus , Ann. 2, 34; 4, 21 f. It may also be surmised in

of Armenia (20-19 B.C.)4 NotesPage=>388 1 Above, p. 327 f. 2 Tacitus , Hist. 1, 4: ‘evulgato imperii arcano posse princ

Cornelius Lcntulus Scipio, holding that post in A.D. 22 (ILS 940, cf. Tacitus , Ann. 3, 74). PageBook=>397 But even so, i

and 2693. Later imperial freedmen appear. 2 Cf. above, p. 330. 3 Tacitus , Ann. 1, 80; 6, 39; Dio 58, 25, 4. PageBook=>

as proconsul of Crete and Cyrene? cf. E. Groag, P-W IV A, 825 ff. 2 Tacitus , Ann. 3, 48; Strabo, p. 569. Date unknown: the mo

and beyond the Danube are attested by Res Gestae 30; Florus 2, 28 f.; Tacitus , Ann. 4, 44; Strabo, pp. 303-5; and by the elogiu

the period. 2 Cassiodorus, Chron. min. 2, 135. 3 Dio 55, 10a, 2; Tacitus , Ann. 4, 44. 4 The date of M. Vinicius’ command

are in favour of 10 B.C. On Cn, Cornelius Lentulus (Florus 2, 28 f.; Tacitus , Ann. 4, 44), cf. now E. Groag, PIK2, C 1379, who

he work of the consuls of 8 B.C., ILS 5923 a–d; the first commission, Tacitus , Ann. 1, 79, cf. ILS 5893. 6 Dio 55, 25, 6; 26,

6; 26, 2. C. Turranius is attested as praefectus annonae in A.D. 14, Tacitus , Ann. 1, 7. 7 Cyrene Edicts V, II.107 ff. (for

mmittee of consulars on foreign affairs in A.D. 8, Dio 55, 33, 5. 8 Tacitus , Ann. 6, 11. PageBook=>404 Ten years later

heir morning receptions. 7 NotesPage=>404 1 Dio 54, 19, 6. 2 Tacitus , Ann. 6, 11. For difficulties about the date, cf.

ents of the Princeps, the ‘plebs sordida et circo ac theatris sueta’ ( Tacitus , Hist, 1, 4). 6 e.g., ILS 120. The last was Q.

1, 4). 6 e.g., ILS 120. The last was Q. Junius Blaesus in A.D. 23 ( Tacitus , Ann. 3, 74). The practice of awarding ornamenta

al and ultimate power needs to be discovered. NotesPage=>406 1 Tacitus , Ann. 1, 3. 2 As was permitted in 23 B.C. (Dio

nas’ ‘turpissimum votum’, namely, ‘vita dum superest, bene est. ’ 2 Tacitus , Ann. 3, 30: ‘suberat tamen vigor animi ingentibu

hen he handed in his accounts to the State. 9 NotesPage=>410 1 Tacitus , Ann. 1, 6. 2 ILS 109: ‘P. Veidius P. f. Pollio

on of the aerarium militare and, soon after, of the cura annonae. 2 Tacitus , Ann. 1, 7. His son was at once appointed to be h

nius and Piso will have had something to say. NotesPage=>412 1 Tacitus , Ann. 3, 75, cf. above, p. 382. 2 Cf. W. Kolbe,

ly indicating the period 16–13 B.C., but inaccurately). Suetonius and Tacitus know nothing of this ‘conspiracy’. The fact that

Claudian faction. NotesPage=>416 1 Suetonius, Tib. 7, 2 f. 2 Tacitus , Ann. 1, 53; Dio 55, 9, 7. According to Velleius

ch Tiberius himself gave at a later date (Suetonius, Tib. 10, 2). 3 Tacitus , Ann. 3, 56: ‘sic cohiberi pravas aliorum spes re

knights hailed him as Princeps Iuventutis. 4 NotesPage=>417 1 Tacitus , Ann. 1, 4: ‘iram et simulationem et secretas lib

‘iram et simulationem et secretas libidines. ’ 2 Dio 55, 9, 2. 3 Tacitus , Ann. 1, 3: ‘necdum posita puerili praetexta prin

, on Augustus’ own birthday in A.D. I. 3 Suetonius, Tib. 14, 4, cf. Tacitus , Ann. 6, 21. 4 The narrative of Dio is brief an

lebeian aristocracy; the senatorial historians Sallustius, Pollio and Tacitus , whose writings breathe the authentic spirit of t

arbatus Appianus (cos. 12 B.C.) and the younger Claudia Marcella. 2 Tacitus , Ann. 1, 5; Ovid, Ex Ponto 1, 2, 138; Fasti 6, 80

d further are connexions with the successful novi homines M. Lollius ( Tacitus , Ann. 12, 22) and Taurus: his daughter married T.

ay have Pompeian blood or connexions through the Cornelii Sullae, cf. Tacitus , Ann. 3, 31; E. Groag, PIR2, A 1130. 4 T. Stati

s connected with Claudii and Valerii. He was also kin to the Libones ( Tacitus , Ann. 2, 30): precisely how, no evidence. 6 Abo

hat there were others, both senators and knights. 2 Dio 55, 10, 15; Tacitus , Ann. 1, 10; 4, 44. Velleius (2, 100, 4) says tha

ius 2, 102, 5: ‘singularem nequitiam supercilio truci obtegens. ’ 4 Tacitus , Ann. 1, 53: ‘sollers ingenio et prave facundus.

he last of the Scipiones and the last of the Claudii Pulchri. 6 Cf. Tacitus , Ann. 3, 24. 7 Seneca, De ben. 6, 32, 1 : ‘admi

r this view, cf. esp. E. Groag, Wiener Studien XLI (1919), 79 ff. 2 Tacitus , Ann. 1, 53, describes him as ‘pervicax adulter’,

East, cf. J. G. C. Anderson in CAH x, 273 ff. 2 Velleius 2, 101, 3; Tacitus , Ann. 4, 1 (Seianus). 3 Suetonius, Tib. 13, 1.

His father had been active in Narbonensis for Caesar (ib. 4, 1). 5 Tacitus , Ann. 2, 42, cf. Suetonius, Tib. 8. PageBook=&g

io 54, 20, 4 ff. Too much has been made of the ‘clades Lolliana’. 6 Tacitus , Ann. 3, 48: ‘Tiberium quoque Rhodi agentem colue

shed far from Rome (February 21st, A.D. 4). 5 NotesPage=>430 1 Tacitus , Ann. 3, 48: ‘incusato M. Lollio, quem auctorem G

NotesPage=>432 1 Suetonius, Tib. 16, 1; cf. Tiberius’ remarks ( Tacitus , Ann. 2, 63). 2 Tacitus, Ann. 4, 71, cf. 3, 24.

etonius, Tib. 16, 1; cf. Tiberius’ remarks (Tacitus, Ann. 2, 63). 2 Tacitus , Ann. 4, 71, cf. 3, 24. 3 lb. 3, 24. 4 The wh

re A.D. 8, perhaps in A.D. I, as Hohl argues (Klio xxx, 337 ff.). 5 Tacitus , Ann. 1, 3: ‘rudem sane bonarum artium et robore

legiones redde! ’ 2 Velleius 2, 121, 3; Suetonius, Tib. 21, 1. 3 Tacitus , Ann. 1, 5. Quite incredible, cf. E. Groag, P-W V

citus, Ann. 1, 5. Quite incredible, cf. E. Groag, P-W VI, 1784 f. 4 Tacitus , Ann. 1, 13, according to whom some authorities s

.C.) for Arruntius. That is not the only uncertainty here. The MS. of Tacitus has ‘M. Lepidum’. Lipsius altered to ‘M’. Lepidum

t character. His daughter was betrothed to Drusus, son of Germanicus ( Tacitus , Ann. 6, 40). Velleius described M. Lepidus (2, 1

ca. 9 NotesPage=>435 1 Lucilius Longus the friend of Tiberius, Tacitus , Ann. 4, 15: Lucilius the friend of Brutus, Pluta

Antonius 69. 2 Velleius 2, 101, 3. 3 C. Silius A. Caecina Largus ( Tacitus , Ann. 1, 31). 4 Velleius 2, 105, 1 (A.D. 4). Ho

GRR iv, 1362 (Asia); Dio 55, 28, 2 f., cf. SEG VI, 646 (Galatia). 8 Tacitus , Ann. 3, 13, cf. PIR2, C 287. 9 L. Cornelius Le

actus est, fuit. ’ On his habits, cf. also Suetonius, Tib. 42, 1. 5 Tacitus , Ann. 6, 10 (A.D. 32). 6 Dio 58, 19, 5 (‘genus

(A.D. 32). 6 Dio 58, 19, 5 (‘genus illi decorum, vivida senectus’, Tacitus , Ann. 6, 27). 7 Seneca, Epp. 83, 15: ‘virum gra

f Upper Germany, A.D. 30-39), betrothed his daughter to Seianus’ son ( Tacitus , Ann. 6, 30). Tiberius did not remove him. That w

iberius did not remove him. That was not from fear of a civil war, as Tacitus reports, but because he could trust these Lentuli

ar, as Tacitus reports, but because he could trust these Lentuli. 2 Tacitus , Ann. 1, 4. 3 Velleius 2, 124, 1 : ‘quid tunc h

ue mihi tarn festinanti exprimere vacat neque cui vacat potest. ’ 4 Tacitus , Ann. 1, 31. 5 Ib. 1, 16 (Blaesus); Velleius 2,

. 1, 31. 5 Ib. 1, 16 (Blaesus); Velleius 2, 125, 5 (Dolabella). 6 Tacitus , Ann. 1, 80, cf. 6, 39. 7 Coin evidence attests

o 16–17 (for details, PIR2, C 64); for the betrothal of his daughter, Tacitus , Ann. 2, 43; ILS 184. PageBook=>438 M. Aem

25, 5. His daughter too was betrothed to a son of Germanicus(Drusus), Tacitus , Ann. 6, 40. 2 Asprenas (cos. suff. A.D. 6) is

n. 6, 40. 2 Asprenas (cos. suff. A.D. 6) is attested in A.D. 14/15 ( Tacitus , Ann. 1, 53). Lamia (cos. A.D. 3) is presumably h

his successor. For the evidence for his proconsulate, PIR2 A 200. 3 Tacitus , Ann. 1, 7: ‘Sex. Pompeius et Sex. Appuleius cons

onius, Divus Aug. 101, on which E. Hohl, Klio xxx (1937), 323 ff. 5 Tacitus , Ann. 1, 11: ‘proinde in civitate tot inlustribus

t to incriminate the new régime. ‘Primum facinus novi principals’, so Tacitus describes the execution of Agrippa. The arbitrary

dii ran true to form, despotic and murderous. NotesPage=>439 1 Tacitus , Ann. 1, 6, cf. the acute and convincing demonstr

d, of the imperium which it exerted over others. PageNotes. 440 1 Tacitus , Hist. 2, 95. PageBook=>441 Not until libe

the crime of ambition and ‘impia arma’. Augustus, like the historian Tacitus , would have none of them; and so they receive no

esse metu. 5 PageNotes. 442 1 On Marius, Sulla and Pompeius, cf. Tacitus , Hist. 2, 38. Marius and Sulla do not occur in th

eliores ob earn scientiam nec beatiores esse possumus’ (ib., 32). 2 Tacitus , Agr. 4, 4: ‘se prima in iuventa studium philosop

, CAH x, 461 ff. 2 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 46. Cf. above, p. 364. 3 Tacitus , Ann. 11, 24. Cf. the observations of Philip V, K

gossip that infests the back-stairs of monarchy. PageNotes. 452 1 Tacitus , Ann. 3, 53 f. 2 Ib. 3, 55. 3 Ib.: ‘nisi fort

ge later came over the Roman aristocracy was evident to the historian Tacitus ; no less evident that it was slow in operation an

npopular in Italy, the levy detested,3 PageNotes. 456 1 Vibidius ( Tacitus , Ann. 2, 48); Titedius (ib. 85); Bruttedius (3, 6

us, who dragged in obscene jokes (Seneca, Controv. 1, 2, 21; 23). 2 Tacitus , Ann. 4, 52: ‘modicus dignationis et quoquo facin

. 3 Very impressive is the cumulative effect of Velleius 2, 130, 2; Tacitus , Ann. 4, 4; Suetonius, Tib. 48, 2. PageBook=>

1 Livy 1, 16, 3. On Romulus, cf. also above, pp. 305 f.; 313 f. 2 Tacitus , Ann. 4, 34. The term ‘Pompeianus’, however, need

. Augustus did not see the joke. Like the early Germans depicted by Tacitus , he did not think that moral laxity was a topic o

uest and revenge in the East). 2 Ib. 4, 11. 3 Amores 1, 9, 1. 4 Tacitus , Germ. 19, 3: ‘nemo enim illic vitia ridet, nec c

gdunum describe themselves as ‘coloniam Romanam et partem exercitus’ ( Tacitus , Hist. 1, 65). Varus got fifteen hundred men from

55, 13, 1. 6 ILS 877. 7 CIL IX, 5853. 8 Velleius 2, 79, 5. 9 Tacitus , Ann. 3, 22 f. PageBook=>479 Augustus, the

admitted. But was Augustus the ideal Princeps? 3 PageNotes. 479 1 Tacitus , Ann. 1, 10. 2 According to Suetonius (Divus Au

discovered before they had gone very far. 3 This is the argument in Tacitus , Ann. 1, 10 not against the Principate but agains

er sentiments of no little frankness and vigour. PageNotes. 481 1 Tacitus , Ann. 1, 10: ‘interfectos Romae Varrones Egnatios

ucting his pupils, the other in writing books. 7 PageNotes. 482 1 Tacitus , Ann. 4, 34, cf. Ovid, Ex Ponto 1, 1, 23 f. 2 P

ends only and not to an indiscriminate public. 5 PageNotes. 483 1 Tacitus , Ann. 3, 75: ‘sed Labeo incorrupta libertate et o

ed. The words, he said, must follow the sense. 5 PageNotes. 484 1 Tacitus , Ann. 4, 34. 2 Plutarch, Antonius 59; Strabo, p

a fair inference that Pollio, the eminent consular, like the senator Tacitus more than a century later, was scornful of the ac

s for material prosperity and for moral worth. 4 PageNotes. 485 1 Tacitus , Dial. 21, 7. 2 Hist. 1, 1: ‘inscitia rei publi

ustus’ house. 7 Seneca, Controv. 10, praef. 8. 8 Pliny, NH 7, 55; Tacitus , Ann. 4, 21: ‘sordidae originis, maleficae vitae.

i formosus es, quasi dives es; unum tantum es non quasi, vappa. ’ 3 Tacitus , Ann. 1, 72, cf. Dio 56, 27, 1. 4 Ann. 4, 21.

ia bella deflevit … proscribentis in aeternum ipse proscripsit. ’ 6 Tacitus , Ann. 4, 34 f. 7 Ib., Hist. 1, 1. This is assig

ed as a direct result of the Battle of Actium. In Ann. 1, 1, however, Tacitus is more conciliatory ‘temporibusque Augusti dicen

dum iacet in ripa, calcemus Caesaris hostem. 3 PageNotes. 488 1 Tacitus , Hist, 1, 1: ‘ita neutris cura posteritatis inter

Roman. He did not live to see his verdict confirmed by Juvenal and by Tacitus , the typical glories of imperial literature and t

of plebeian merit as a lament for the decline of aristocratic virtus. Tacitus , a knight’s son from Italia Transpadana or from t

PageNotes. 492 1 It is not certain that the delator Porcius Cato ( Tacitus , Ann. 4, 68 ff.), suffect consul in A.D. 36, belo

. 4, 68 ff.), suffect consul in A.D. 36, belonged to this family. 2 Tacitus , Ann. 3, 76. The most germane were not in evidenc

nno incerto, ‘insignis nobilitate et orandis causis, vita probrosus’ ( Tacitus , Ann. 6, 29, cf. 3, 66). On his vices, Seneca, De

of his family conspiracy and a violent death. 4 PageNotes. 494 1 Tacitus , Ann. 1, 7: ‘per uxorium ambitum et senili adopti

at end. M. Junius Silanus, the ‘pecus aurea’, was killed in A.D. 54 ( Tacitus , Ann. 13, 1). Junia Calvina was relegated on a ch

e. The last consular Marcellus was consul in 22 B.C. 2 ILS 935. 3 Tacitus , Ann. 4, 66. 4 Paullus Fabius Persicus, cos. A.

R2, C 1390. Gaetulicus’ daughter was betrothed to the son of Seianus ( Tacitus , Ann. 6, 30), reinforcing an earlier link between

ted longer. 6 PageNotes. 499 1 She married the obscure T. Ollius ( Tacitus , Ann. 13, 45), of a Picene family, cf. CIL 12, 19

ed and killed, Ann. 12, 22. 5 M. Vinicius, cos. 30, cos. 11 45, cf. Tacitus , Ann. 6, 15; Dio 60, 27, 4. 6 Down to the consu

ul. 10 PageNotes. 500 1 His wife had given birth to six children, Tacitus , Ann. 3, 33. 2 For the stemma, PIR1, S 512. 3

d in the following section. 4 L. Vitellius, married to Calvina, cf. Tacitus , Ann. 12, 4. 5 Tacitus, Ann. 11, 23: ‘quem ultr

n. 4 L. Vitellius, married to Calvina, cf. Tacitus, Ann. 12, 4. 5 Tacitus , Ann. 11, 23: ‘quem ultra honorem residuis nobili

e of Pliny, Epp. 2, 1, 8 and the inscr. ILS 982, cf. PIR1, V 284. 3 Tacitus , Hist, ι, 52: ‘merito dubitasse Verginium equestr

f despotism as the servility and degeneracy of the nobiles that moves Tacitus to the sublimest indignation. Tiberius, Republica

en set, the action has begun. Like Sallustius and Pollio, the senator Tacitus , who admired Republican virtue but believed in or

gle ’solum id scires, deteriorem fore qui vicisset’. 3 In his old age Tacitus turned again to history and composed the Annals o

from Corduba. His Pharsalia recorded the doom of Republican Libertas. Tacitus , in a sense his successor, was not a Roman aristo

her- in-law and like the best Romans of his day. PageNotes. 507 1 Tacitus , Ann. 3, 65: homines ad servitutem pararos! ’ 2

ditions of the Roman governing class and of Roman historical writing, Tacitus abandoned the Empire and the provinces and turned

ii Bruti, the Marcelli, the Scipiones, the Fabii and the Aemilii. 4 Tacitus , Agr. 1, 1. 5 Ann. 4, 32. Ch. XXXIII PAX ET P

t ‘cum mortuis non nisi larvas luctari. ’ 4 Seneca, Suas. 1, 7. 5 Tacitus , Ann. 11, 7: ‘Asinium et Messallam, inter Antoniu

e grandson was an orator, mentioned along with Messalla and Pollio by Tacitus , Ann. 11, 6 f.). 7 Pollio, ‘nervosae vivacitati

tter truth about the last generation of the Free State. The historian Tacitus , commenting on the stability of the new régime wh

artaque iura. 3 So order came to Rome. ‘Acriora ex eo vincula’, as Tacitus observes. 4 The New State might be called monarch

o practice. NotesPage=>514 1 ILS 8393. 2 Eprius Marcellus in Tacitus , Hist. 4, 8. 3 Tacitus, Hist. 4, 5. 4 Titiniu

gt;514 1 ILS 8393. 2 Eprius Marcellus in Tacitus, Hist. 4, 8. 3 Tacitus , Hist. 4, 5. 4 Titinius Capito (Pliny, Epp. 1,

l dissensions at home, was a splendid subject for history. Well might Tacitus look back with melancholy and complain that his o

mpeius was no better. After that, only a contest for supreme power. 2 Tacitus does not even admit a restoration of the Free Sta

prevailed at Philippi. Such was the conventional and vulgar opinion:3 Tacitus himself would have thought it impossible after a

ter certamina libertatis aut gloriae aut dominationis agit. ’ Compare Tacitus , Hist. 2, 38: ‘vetus ac iam pridem ínsita mor- ta

ue,’ &c. Pollio no doubt had similar observations to proffer. 2 Tacitus , Hist. 2, 38: ‘mox e plebe infima C. Marius et no

lica non imperiti et multi deliberent, sed sapientissimus et unus’. 1 Tacitus is a monarchist, from perspicacious despair of hu

regesque et quocumquc alio nomine sunt tutores status publici. ’ 4 Tacitus , Hist. 1, 16: ‘imperaturus es hominibus qui nec t

Upper Germany: less was heard about Libertas under his firm regiment. Tacitus announced an intention of writing in his old age

ed instead to the sombre theme of the Annals. As a Roman historian, Tacitus had to be a Republican: in his life and in his po

sible man could find it. And such there were. NotesPage=>517 1 Tacitus , Agr. 3, 1. 2 Hist. 1, 1. 3 Ib. 4, 8: ‘bonos

distasteful to the Romans vis imperil valet, inania tramittuntur. 4 Tacitus , his father-in-law and his emperor join hands wit

libertas gratior exstat quam sub rege pio. 6 NotesPage=>518 1 Tacitus , Ann. 4, 20: ‘unde dubitare cogor fato et sorte n

31), Ann. 14, 47; for Volusius (cos. suff. A.D. 3), Ann. 13, 30. 3 Tacitus , Agr. 42, 5: ‘sciant, quibus moris est inlicita m

sed in nullum rei publicae usum, ambitiosa morte inclaruerunt. ’ 4 Tacitus , Ann. 15, 31. 5 Hist. 4, 69, 18 M (not invalida

t’, In Ciceronem 4, 7. 6 Quoted by Cicero, De re publica 1, 64. 7 Tacitus , Ann. 1, 2: ‘munia senatus magistratuum legum in

his successor more delicate and more arduous. NotesPage=>521 1 Tacitus , Ann. 1, 9. 2 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 28, 2. Pa

elius Seianus, L., family and origin, 358, 384; improperly derided by Tacitus , 358; his influence and partisans, 384, 437 f., 5

; of Cicero, 144 f., 318 f., 351; of Sallustius, 154, 248 f., 515; of Tacitus , 512 ff. Politics, true character of, 3, 7 f.,

266 ff., 302 f., 326, 330, 334, 397 f., 398 f., 401, 428, 435, 437. Tacitus , see Cornelius. Tarius Rufus, L. (cos. suff. 16