d the West stood firm; but the horsemen of the Parthians were seen in Syria and on the western shore of Asia. The Empire of t

revented the Pompeian consul Pupius Piso from getting the province of Syria . 3 But the great triumph was Cato’s, and the gr

abinius and Piso in their turn received important military provinces, Syria and Macedonia, through special laws. Gabinius a

second consulate for Pompeius and Crassus and, after that, Spain and Syria respectively for five years; Caesar’s command was

ll, to demand a legion from Caesar. The pretext was the insecurity of Syria , gravely menaced by the Parthians. 2 Caesar compl

, to be discarded and disgraced as had been Gabinius, the governor of Syria . If he gave way now, it was the end. Returning to

136. The younger C. Antistius Vetus (cos. suff. 30) was in charge of Syria in 45 (Dio 47, 27, 2). 6 With Caesar in Gaul fr

islation in defence of provincials, had been an admirable governor of Syria , as the clearest of NotesPage=>066 1 On Q.

of pleasure and adventure brought him, after service with Gabinius in Syria , to brighter prospects, to the camps and the coun

bably in accordance with the intentions of Caesar. Dolabella received Syria , Antonius Macedonia: with Macedonia went Caesar’s

mpinged upon Roman politics. NotesPage=>111 1 The situation in Syria is very obscure. The quaestor C. Antistius Vetus

et his command from the People. The tenure of the consular provinces, Syria and Macedonia, which had been assigned to Dolabel

xpected there. 3 Further, Cassius might appeal to the large armies in Syria . It was probably at this point that Dolabella, wi

end of his consulate, set out for the East to secure the province of Syria . Antonius had already acted. There was a nearer

njoy support from Pompeius and Caesar, as witness his proconsulate of Syria , marriage to Atia and consulate: yet he gave his

prov. cons. 6. 5 In Pisonem 84. PageBook=>150 financiers in Syria . 1 Marcus Antonius was not merely a ruffian and a

was on his way eastwards: he had sent legates in advance, the one to Syria , the other to secure for him the legions in Egypt

hey knew, probably kept a discreet silence. Macedonia was nearer than Syria or Egypt and Macedonia was soon to provide more t

sion at last taken, he moved with rapidity. The quaestors of Asia and Syria , on their homeward journey, bearing the revenues

lonia. Even more spectacular was the success of Cassius. He went to Syria , a province where he was known and esteemed, outs

eius (Phil. 10, 24), probably quaestor of Asia, C. Antistius Vetus of Syria (Ad M. Brutum 1, 11, 1; Plutarch, Brutus 25). P. L

arch came the news that Dolabella, passing through Asia on his way to Syria and opposed by the proconsul Trebonius, had captu

vidence does not enable the occupation of Macedonia by Brutus (and of Syria by Cassius) to be closely dated. According to Gel

s, the proconsul of Macedonia, and the retiring quaestors of Asia and Syria ; 7 and from Italy there came sympathizers, among

talent and distinction. 8 Three Caesarian generals joined Cassius in Syria . 9 Trebonius the proconsul of Asia had been put t

ed Dolabella, defeated him in battle and besieged him at Laodicaea in Syria . In despair Dolabella took his own life: Treboniu

sarian veterans. Yet the soldiers welcomed Cassius when he arrived in Syria more than eighteen months earlier, and rallied pr

Nerva, who was a personal friend of Antonius, on an urgent mission to Syria . 3 Caecina returned without a definite message, b

possessions and departed. Antonius, making necessary arrangements in Syria and Palestine, passed leisurely onwards to Egypt.

ed. The Parthians, with Roman renegades in their company, poured into Syria and reduced the governor, Decidius Saxa, to sore

nts and the Caesarian leader. 5 The paradox that Antonius went from Syria to Egypt and lurked in Egypt, while in Italy his

e was in chaos. The War of Perusia encouraged the Parthians to invade Syria and prevented Antonius from intervening. Led by P

us, who styled himself Tarthicus imperator’,4 the horsemen swept over Syria , killing Decidius Saxa the governor; then they ov

ar as the coast of Caria in the west, in the south all the lands from Syria down to Jerusalem. Most of the client kings were

00; 504; 508; 524. Not that Sosius was there all the time he governed Syria for Antonius in 38–36. 4 Dio 48, 26, 5; Strabo,

te honour of a public funeral. 2 Sosius took his place as governor of Syria ,3 and, accompanied by Herod, proceeded to pacify

aced and there was work to be done in the East. Antonius departed for Syria . From Corcyra in the late summer of the year he s

nitiative or at the instigation of his uncle Plancus, the governor of Syria . 2 The Roman People never forgave the brutal and

reedmen in command, above p. 201. Seleucus the admiral from Rhosus in Syria , revealed only by inscriptions (Syria xv (1934),

ucus the admiral from Rhosus in Syria, revealed only by inscriptions ( Syria xv (1934), 33 ff.), may have been sent by Antoniu

arthians out of Asia. When at last his hands were free he departed to Syria , summoning thither the most powerful and most wea

spont there were to be three Roman provinces only, Asia, Bithynia and Syria . For the rest, the greater part of the eastern te

o augment the territories of Egypt. To Cleopatra he gave dominions in Syria , namely, the central Phoenician coast and the tet

1, 34; 66 ff.; 80. The province of Cilicia, if not earlier fused with Syria , certainly ended in 39 B.C. 2 Cf. J. Kromayer,

whole of his kingdom, to form a continuous territory northwards into Syria . Antonius refused to give her any more. These g

edged between or protecting on front and flank the Roman provinces of Syria , Bithynia, Asia and Macedonia. These vassal-state

f eastern allies. Antonius set out upon his great campaign, leaving Syria in the spring of 36 B.C., in the design to avenge

ugh known for talents of another kind. 2 Sosius was left in charge of Syria , Furnius of Asia. Ahenobarbus had been governor o

ies in adversity. From Armenia he marched without respite or delay to Syria , for Armenia was unsafe. He postponed the revenge

Strassburg, 1892), 31 ff. In the years 40–32 B.C., Ganter gives, for Syria , Saxa, Ventidius, Sosius, Plancus and Bibulus; As

ter Furnius, M. Titius (ILS 891: Miletus); and Q. Didius, attested in Syria in 31 B.C. (Dio 51, 7, 3), was perhaps appointed

at Actium (Plutarch, Antonius 65). Q. Didius, attested as governor of Syria in the year 31 B.C. (Dio 51, 7, i), is otherwise

a fleet to Sicily in 36 B.C. to help Octavianus, and was governor of Syria in 32, when he died (Appian, BC 4, 38, 162; Syr,

Rome, as a champion of oriental despotism. Bibulus, the proconsul of Syria , died in this year, but the rest of the Catonian

his legions: the other eleven made up the garrison of Egypt, Cyrene, Syria and Macedonia. 1 Antonius could not take the of

e in Josephus (BJ 1, 324, cf. AJ 14, 449) attests local recruiting in Syria in 38 B.C. 2 Dio so, 14, 1 f. PageBook=>29

mmer of the year 30 B.C. Octavianus approached Egypt from the side of Syria , Cornelius Gallus from the west. Pinarius Scarpus

en he had completed his arrangements, the territory in Asia Minor and Syria directly administered by Rome was considerably sm

were three Roman provinces in Asia, namely Asia, Bithynia-Pontus and Syria . Such was the sober truth about the much advert

atened war. Instead, he negotiated. When a Parthian pretender fled to Syria , he preferred to use that advantage for peace rat

nd the trial of arms—or even of diplomacy. Of an invasion of Asia and Syria there was no danger to be apprehended, save when

cure, or deemed secure, in the keeping of a Roman knight. But what of Syria and Macedonia? Soon after Actium, Messalla was pu

Syria and Macedonia? Soon after Actium, Messalla was put in charge of Syria :3 Octavianus’ first governor of Macedonia is now

>303 1 Appian (BC 4, 51, 221) records that he became governor of Syria . About the date, no evidence. The period 29–27 B.

ople or monarch of Egypt. 4 NotesPage=>309 1 Messalla had left Syria , perhaps succeeded there by M. Tullius Cicero (ab

proconsular authority over a large provincia, namely Spain, Gaul and Syria . That and nothing more. 1 For the rest, proconsul

been properly conquered; Gaul cried out for survey and organization; Syria , distant from Rome and exposed to the Parthians,

es. From 55 B.C. they held Gaul, Cisalpine and Transalpine, Spain and Syria , with some twenty legions. The Cisalpina was no l

he settlement of 27 B.C. gave him for his provincia Spain, Gaul and Syria (with Syria went the small adjuncts of Cyprus and

t of 27 B.C. gave him for his provincia Spain, Gaul and Syria (with Syria went the small adjuncts of Cyprus and Cilicia Cam

m suspected since—he wished to remove proconsuls from Spain, Gaul and Syria , becoming proconsul of all those regions himself.

vision (p. 840), Gallia Narbonensis as well as Baetica is senatorial. Syria at this time was simply the Antonian province (Sy

a is senatorial. Syria at this time was simply the Antonian province ( Syria and Cilicia Campestris), to which Cyprus, taken f

nd of the following year (above, p. 171). 2 Namely Varro, legate in Syria c. 24-23. Presumably the M. Terentius Varro attes

4 What friends or following Murena had is uncertain but the legate of Syria about this tirke bore the name of Varro. 5 Page

d so acquire easy prestige for the new government. 3 Not only that. Syria was the only military province in the East except

th the poet who had commanded armies in the wars of the Revolution. 4 Syria was distant from Rome, there must be care in the

by a provincial army, it might mean civil war the Varro in charge of Syria was perhaps Murena’s brother. He fades from recor

ades from recorded history. When M. Agrippa went out, he administered Syria through deputies, residing himself in the island

s: they were merely Narbonensis and Cyprus, no great loss to Gaul and Syria . 1 There had been successful operations in Gaul a

provinces were political rather than administrative. The legate of Syria might be a menace to the government in Rome. No

province in absentia; and there may have been no separate legate for Syria during the period of his sojourn as vicegerent of

from his Antonian days, appears then to have been appointed legate in Syria :1 his successor was the trusty and competent C. S

s successor was the trusty and competent C. Sentius Saturninus. 2 But Syria , though more prominent in historical record, was

that, he was proconsul of Asia; 7 subsequently, it may be, legate of Syria . 8 NotesPage=>398 1 He is attested at some

VI (1936), 161 ff. Hence the possibility that M. Titius was legate of Syria on two separate occasions. The argument for assig

a for a successful war, then proconsul of Asia, then legate again, of Syria . This would fit Piso and his Bellum Thracicum qui

ith C. Caesar. 3 Three or four years later he was appointed legate of Syria , in which capacity he annexed Judaea after the de

c. 9-8 or 4-3 B.C.), it cannot be made to prove two governorships of Syria . 5 Dio 55, 28, 2 f.; SEG VI, 646 (a dedication

ily, cf. also below, p. 422. PageBook=>400 More important than Syria or Galatia were the northern armies with the two

ulate of Africa probably belongs To 7–6 B.C., and his governorship of Syria (Josephus, AJ 17, 89) begins in 6 B.C., cf. PIR1t

ests the danger from the provincial armies. Late in 97 or early in 98 Syria is found to be without a consular legate (ILS 105

pportioning of the military provinces. The supersession of Sentius in Syria by Varus in 6 B.C. may, or may not, have had poli

the East twelve years before. In the meantime, able men had governed Syria the veteran Titius, not heard of since Actium, bu

n Titius, not heard of since Actium, but probably appointed legate of Syria when Agrippa left the East (13 B.C.,) C. Sentius

oresight was handsomely requited, before death by the governorship of Syria and after death. The novus homo from the small to

s Saturninus, a family friend of Tiberius, is attested as governor of Syria (A.D. 4-5); after him came Quirinius (A.D. 6). 6

wed his value it was followed by a rising which Varus the governor of Syria put down. Ten years later, when Archelaus the eth

s deposed, Augustus decided to annex Judaea. Quirinius, the legate of Syria , and the procurator Coponius proceeded to carry o

obilior’ (2, 117, 2), like his generalized allegation of extortion in Syria (‘quam pauper divitem ingressus dives pauperem re

Bibulus, L., Republican and Antonian, 198, 206, 222, 231; governor of Syria , 268, 282. Calpurnius Bibulus, M. (cos. 59 B.C.

ies founded there, 281. Cilicia Campestris, joined to the province of Syria , 326. Cingulum, 31, 90. Cilnii, of Arretium,

4, 143, 163, 197; actions in 44 B.C., 97, 102, 107, 109; sets out for Syria , 124, 166; actions in the East, 171 f.; defeat an

00, 350, 355; in the campaign of Philippi, 200, 202, 204; governor of Syria , 214; killed by the Parthians, 223. Defamation,

29; legate of Pompeius, 31, 32; consul, 36, 82, 94, 374; governor of Syria , 66 f., 103, 149 f.; trial and condemnation, 48,

10 ff., 215; flees to Antonius, 215 f.; as proconsul of Asia, 223; of Syria , 232; as an Antonian, 264, 267; flatters Cleopatr

13 B.C.), 377, 421, 424, 425, 434; proconsul of Africa and legate of Syria , 401; in Germany, 432, 433; responsibility for th

27, 228, 269, 282, 330, 382, 397; behaviour as consul, 371; legate of Syria , 398, 425; on the Rhine, 401, 435; Pompeian relat

o and Antonian partisan, 200, 267 f.; at Zacynthus, 223; as legate of Syria , 224, 264; builds temple of Apollo, 241; in 32 B.

opima, 308. Staius Murcus, L., Caesarian partisan, 91; proconsul of Syria , 111; joins the Liberators, 171; as an admiral, 2

19, 425, 434, 452; his career, 399; Homonadensian War, 399; legate of Syria , 435; his census in Judaea in A.D. 6, 399, 476; a

7; connexions, 64, 134. Superstition, spread of, 218, 256, 471 f. Syria , held by Crassus, 37; in 44–43 B.C., 107, 111, 12

31, 396. Terentius Varro, M., attested in 25 B.C., 330; ? legate of Syria , 334, 338. Terentius Varro, P., Narbonensian, poe

33 f.; the problem of his full name, 325 f.; ? his brother, legate in Syria , 329 f. Terrasidius, T., officer of Caesar, 89.

us, 281 f.; at Actium, 297; under the Principate, 328, 349; legate of Syria , 398; his unpopularity, 376, 478; his wife, 379;

B.C.), with the Liberators, 198, 206; his consulate, 339; governor of Syria , 303, 309; character, 303; no descendants, 498.

8; allegations against Antonius, 277; his consulate, 291; in Gaul and Syria , 302 f., 309; campaign against Salassi, 329; repa

Rufus, L., poet, 225, 254. Varro, see Terentius. Varro, legate in Syria , see M. Terentius Varro. Vasio, 502, 503. Vatin