hrough the wars from the passage of the Rubicon to the last battle in Spain . Then he followed Antonius for five years. Loyal

ion against Sertorius and the last survivors of the Marian faction in Spain , against the great Mithridates and against the Pi

(Sallust, Hist. I, 77 M); and he secured for Pompeius the command in Spain , not ‘pro consule’ but ‘pro consulibus’ (Cicero,

Of the Senate’s generals, Metellus Pius contended for long years in Spain , and Creticus usurped a cognomen for petty exploi

to Rome after six years of absence, when he had terminated the war in Spain against Sertorius, Pompeius combined with another

owed the politics of Rome, sending home from the East, as before from Spain , his lieutenants to stand for magistracies and in

d pervasive, was his influence in the West Africa and Mauretania, all Spain , and both provinces of Gaul. The power and glory

of Sulla. 4 The soldier L. Afranius commanded armies for Pompeius in Spain and in the war against Mithridates. 5 Among other

made certain of both consuls. Caesar, returning from his command in Spain , asked for a triumph. Cato blocked the triumph. T

ct, with a second consulate for Pompeius and Crassus and, after that, Spain and Syria respectively for five years; Caesar’s c

rassus, their potential ally. Now he would have an army of his own in Spain to support his predominance at Rome. The enemie

ot so in reality. Pompeius had not been idle. Though proconsul of all Spain , he resided in the suburban vicinity of Rome, con

rds Caesar and towards Cato. Pompeius prolonged his own possession of Spain for five years more and sought by a trick to annu

e following year. Pompeius remained ambiguous, with hints of going to Spain , but forced by the Optimates, not altogether agai

ake command of the armed forces in Italy. Pompeius already held all Spain , in an anomalous and arbitrary fashion. As a cons

d splendour of that imperial house, the conquerors of Carthage and of Spain , belonged only to the past. They had been able to

feuds or damage. Certain of the Lentuli had served under Pompeius in Spain and in the East:2 five consulates in this generat

r. from Cyrene, SIG3 750). Both had probably served under Pompeius in Spain (Marcellinus is attested by coins, BMC, R. Rep. 1

ce for the origin of Balbus’ gentilicium and for Lentulus’ service in Spain . 3 Namely Clodianus (72), Sura (71), Spinther (

se to evacuate Italy, leaving Caesar entrapped between the legions of Spain and the hosts of all the East, and then to return

nd calculation: before the summer was out the generals of Pompeius in Spain were outmanœuvred and overcome. Yet even so, unti

the last and bitter resistance of the Pompeian cause in Africa and in Spain . ‘They would have it thus,’ said Caesar as he g

n Cilicia (Suetonius, Divus Iulius 3) and under C. Antistius Vetus in Spain (Velleius 2, 43, 4). On Servilius’ son (cos. 48),

of Pompeius in the Pirate War (Appian, Mithr. 95), perhaps earlier in Spain as well. 5 Dio 40, 63, 4. On his activities in

. Labienus, Q. Titurius Sabinus, whose father served with Pompeius in Spain (Sallust, Hist. 2, 94 M), and Ser. Sulpicius Galb

e Balbus, the leading personage in the ancient Punic city of Gades in Spain . L. Cornelius Balbus was not a citizen by birth h

ul remained loyal during the Civil War. Pompeius Magnus counted all Spain in his clientela. Suitably adopting a Scipionic p

ientela. Suitably adopting a Scipionic policy of exploiting help from Spain to his own advantage, Cn. Pompeius Strabo had gra

teers recruited to crush the Italian insurgents:4 the son reconquered Spain from Sertorius and the Marian faction. But Pompei

in from Sertorius and the Marian faction. But Pompeius had enemies in Spain , and Caesar both made himself known there and in

financiers. The colonial and Italian element is more conspicuous in Spain , which had been a Roman province for a century an

al Romans or other wealthy and talented individuals from the towns of Spain and southern Gaul will have been more acceptable

palis thrown to wild beasts (Ad fam. 10, 32, 3). Another senator from Spain may be Titius, Bell. Afr. 28, 2, cf. Münzer, P- W

Etruscan or the Marsian, the colonial Roman, the native magnate from Spain or Narbonensis. They represented, not regions, bu

sources and recruits and lying athwart the communications to Gaul and Spain . Antonius was ready to parry that danger he wou

Divus Aug. 4, 1). 4 Cicero, Phil. 3, 15. 5 The young Octavius, in Spain for a time with Caesar in 45 B.C., was enrolled a

f the absent Pompeians, who would deal with neutrals as with enemies. Spain might bring them victory after all. The agonies o

ove him to join Pompeius, without waiting for news of the decision in Spain . 2 It was not passion or conviction, but impatien

s by no means unlikely that Caesar would be entangled and defeated in Spain by the experienced Pompeian generals. 3 Ad M. B

rom the provinces. Early July brought well-authenticated reports from Spain that Sex. Pompeius had come to terms with the gov

was effeminate and a coward. Instead of fighting at Caesar’s side in Spain , he lurked at Rome. How different was gallant you

ars. Pietas was the battle-cry of the Pompeians in the last battle in Spain :2 and the younger son of Pompeius took a cognomen

battle. The remnants of the faction were with the young Pompeius in Spain . The weakness of the Senate was flagrantly reve

solation of Italy and all the fine soldiers slain’, wrote Pollio from Spain . 3 Cicero had boasted in the Senate that the Caes

ver, and took Narbonensis from Lepidus. Lepidus was also despoiled of Spain , for the advantage of Octavianus, most of whose o

He had already recalled his marshal Salvidienus, who was marching to Spain with six legions to take charge of that region. E

ϵμϵ ν άv τις αὑτο τὴν ξίωσιν καθαιρ . PageBook=>210 his way to Spain ; 1 and now he might bar the return of Octavianus’

ity of his brother and his wife. Salvidienus made his way back from Spain through the Cisalpina; Pollio and Ventidius follo

the brother of his colleague and sent him away to be his governor in Spain , where he shortly died. 6 The city of Perusia was

s beyond the sea, from Macedonia eastwards, Octavianus the West, from Spain to Illyricum. The lower course of the river Drin

ossession of the western provinces. He at once dispatched to Gaul and Spain the ablest among his partisans, the trusty and pl

. 5, 132, 548. 3 Above, pp. 90 and 188. For Octavianus he fought in Spain in 41 B.C. (Appian, BC 4, 83, 351) and in the Bel

time in 40 B.C., with no record of his activity, and governor of all Spain for Octavianus the year after. No other nobilis

among the Dictator’s new senators. The younger Balbus was probably in Spain at the same time as Peducaeus; 6 and the obscure

is probably P. Carisius, of later notoriety as legate of Augustus in Spain (Dio 53, 25, 8): an interesting and rare name of

years that followed the men to govern the military provinces of Gaul, Spain and Africa. 1 A powerful Caesarian oligarchy grew

rs 36-32 Africa was governed by Taurus and Cornificius in succession, Spain by Norbanus, Philippus and Ap. Pulcher, as the Ac

ext few years with cheap and frequent honours for his proconsuls from Spain and Africa. Tradition consecrated the expenditure

in 36 B.C. In the same year Cn. Domitius Calvinus, victorious from Spain , rebuilt the Regia; and not long after, Taurus, r

d politics, save for a brief interval of loyal service to Pompeius in Spain , and devoted his energies to scholarship, taking

n of slaves and servile wars, unending contests in Sicily, Africa and Spain , sieges and destruction of Etruscan cities, the d

ant post of praefectus fabrum (cf. Balbus and Mamurra under Caesar in Spain and Gaul respectively). 5 The various statement

unicipal self-government was already advancing rapidly in Gaul and in Spain ; elsewhere, however, the burden of administration

native dynasts, were firmly devoted to the Caesarian cause. Men from Spain and Gallia Narbonensis had already been admitted

ached in loyalty to the clientela of Caesar. Triumphs from Africa and Spain celebrated in 32 B.C by L. Cornificius and by Ap.

The tried soldiers C. Carrinas and C. Calvisius Sabinus held Gaul and Spain , L. Autronius Paetus (or another) was proconsul o

o the West before long, to replace Carrinas and Calvisius in Gaul and Spain . 5 In Syria a safe man became proconsul, NotesP

Taurus was an honorary duovir of Dyrrhachium, ILS 2678. 5 Taurus in Spain , Dio 51, 20, 5 (under the year 29 B.C.). Calvisiu

h on May 26th, 28 B.C. (CIL I 2, p. 77): none the less his command in Spain may have preceded that of Taurus. He is not menti

the Caesarian party, the proconsuls of the western provinces :4 from Spain , C. Calvisius Sabinus and Sex. Appuleius; from Af

ex. Appuleius, the son of Octavianus’ half-sister, followed Taurus in Spain . Messalla, who triumphed from Gaul on September 2

, in the form of proconsular authority over a large provincia, namely Spain , Gaul and Syria. That and nothing more. 1 For the

s were over, but the Empire had not yet recovered from their ravages. Spain , a vast land, had not been properly conquered; Ga

recent past were so close as to be damaging. Pompeius Magnus governed Spain in absence through his legates. At the same time

e young leader in Sicily and in Illyricum, he had governed Africa and Spain , he had thrice been acclaimed imperator by the le

of provinces. From 55 B.C. they held Gaul, Cisalpine and Transalpine, Spain and Syria, with some twenty legions. The Cisalpin

ent and power. The settlement of 27 B.C. gave him for his provincia Spain , Gaul and Syria (with Syria went the small adjunc

s had been governed by proconsuls, usually consular in rank. Thus all Spain , it appears, had been under one governor, with se

e time and seldom suspected since—he wished to remove proconsuls from Spain , Gaul and Syria, becoming proconsul of all those

f. That was NotesPage=>326 1 Dio 53, 12. Dio assigns a part of Spain , Baetica, to the list of public provinces in 27 B

ce. No longer the menace of a single consular proconsul governing all Spain , but instead two or three legates, inferior in ra

might be ex-praetors or ex-consuls. Thus Pompeius Magnus had governed Spain as proconsul in absence through three legates, na

h the rank of proconsuls and celebrated triumphs for victories won in Spain , Gaul, Africa and Macedonia. Spain and Gaul, the

ated triumphs for victories won in Spain, Gaul, Africa and Macedonia. Spain and Gaul, the martial provinces of the West, were

the mind of Augustus. Passing through the south of Gaul he arrived in Spain before the end of the year. Two centuries had e

ries had elapsed since the armies of the Roman Republic first invaded Spain : the conquest of that vast peninsula was still fa

complete. The intractable Cantabrians and Asturians of north-western Spain , embracing a wide range of territory from the wes

e more highly civilized peoples. Cn. Domitius Calvinus had governed Spain during a difficult three years (39-36 B.C.); 2

dedicated to Agrippa and Maecenas. In his absence, the two legates in Spain (C. Antistius Vetus in Citerior and P. Carisius i

territory. Official interpretation hailed the complete subjugation of Spain by Augustus. Janus was once more closed. The rejo

C. 4 On these campaigns, AJP LV (1934), 293 ff.; for the legates in Spain in 26-19 B.C., ib. 315 ff. P. Carisius coined at

peace upon a desolated land. Such was the end of a ten years’ war in Spain (from 28 to 19 B.C.)2. Frail and in despair of

, 90, 4) asserts that Augustus in person had achieved the conquest of Spain (in 26 and 25 B.C.), and that there was no troubl

ce in the new dispensation. Then Augustus broke down: undermined in Spain and temporarily repaired, his health had grown st

ater, in 20 and 19 B.C., Agrippa is found, not there, but in Gaul and Spain (Dio 54, 11, 1 ff.). PageBook=>338 It was

successful operations in Gaul and in the Alpine lands, as well as in Spain ,2 but no serious warfare in the senatorial provin

t and perhaps for the western lands as well. Not only this the war in Spain was not yet over. Gaul and the Balkans, large reg

ved in the armies of Sulla and of Crassus. 2 Balbus under Caesar in Spain , Mamurra in Gaul. It might also be conjectured th

nses will support the conjecture that Magius had been a procurator in Spain . 7 Strabo, P. 618, cf. PIR1 P 472. 8 Tacitus,

was widely diffused; and there were numerous colonies and municipia. Spain and Narbonensis, along with northern Italy (until

descendants of the Narbonensian partisans remained. 1 Of the men from Spain , Saxa and Balbus were dead, but the younger Balbu

ed by a senator. Moreover, Junius Gallio, an opulent rhetorician from Spain and a friend of the Annaei, and a certain Pompeiu

adopted one of the three sons of Seneca the Elder, probably came from Spain (P-W x, 1035 f.). (Q.) Pompeius Macer was praetor

n Antioch). 4 Not only Gallus. C. Turranius (c. 7-4 B.C.) came from Spain , if he is rightly to be identified with Turranius

.C.), while Agrippa in his turn passed westwards and went to Gaul and Spain (20-19 B.C.), after a brief sojourn in Rome. Fo

ul, Illyricum (probably taken over by the Princeps at this point) and Spain , which probably still had two armies, cf. below,

ourteen years of his Principate the greater part was spent abroad, in Spain (27-24 B.C.,) in the East (22-19 B.C.) and again

abroad, in Spain (27-24 B.C.,) in the East (22-19 B.C.) and again in Spain and Gaul (16-13 B.C.). In the East, prestige was

, cf. now L. R. Taylor, JRS XXVI (1936), 161 ff. PageBook=>389 Spain and Gaul were very different. It was necessary to

open up the Alpine passes, survey, organize and tax the provinces of Spain and Gaul, build roads, found cities and provide f

.C., in the West in 20-19 B.C., when he completed the pacification of Spain . But the constitutional powers and the effective

Agrippa came to Rome in 13 B.C., to find Augustus newly returned from Spain and Gaul. During the last fourteen years, they ha

JRS XXIII (1933), 19 ff. A number of legions recently withdrawn from Spain reinforced the armies of Gaul and Illyricum; and

e, certain peaceful regions, namely the southern portions of Gaul and Spain (Narbonensis and Baetica) and the island of Cypru

. Perhaps in the period 16–13 B.C., when the Princeps himself visited Spain . Two armies still remained for a time in Spain in

inceps himself visited Spain. Two armies still remained for a time in Spain in the two provinces of Ulterior (Lusitania) and

d against Mithridates. 3 He was one of the three legates who governed Spain for Pompeius. Of the others, the obscure Petreius

us was also in high repute as a military man. 4 He may have served in Spain before Varro certainly had, and Varro, whom poste

urvived: no chance that they would be allowed to hold high command in Spain . The earlier class of provincial magnates recall

place in councils of State. Silius had conducted mountain warfare in Spain and in the Alpine lands. Vinicius knew both Gaul

gt;413 1 Which explains the origin of Narbonensis (the high road to Spain ), Macedonia(the Egnatia) and the dimensions of Ci

enty-nine but that was after service in war, as a military tribune in Spain , a general in Armenia and in the Alpine campaigns

the northern armies, of Lollius in the East and of Fabius Maximus in Spain . 6 The enemies of Tiberius, the careerists hone

ate citizen. Even though the other Caesar, Lucius, when on his way to Spain succumbed to illness and died at Massilia a few d

nus governs Asia and then Galatia (A.D. 4-6); 7 Cn. Piso’s command in Spain probably belongs to this period; 8 and two Cornel

irls or a millionaire like Balbus. But there were many other towns in Spain and Gallia Narbonensis that soon might send to Ro

unobtrusively perpetuated. Caesar had raised a legion in Narbonensis; Spain had already supplied whole legions as well as rec

West in the Principate of Augustus, it may be presumed that men from Spain and Narbonensis would be discovered in large numb

thout disappointments. The army engaged in completing the conquest of Spain in 19 B.C. was dejected and mutinous. 5 Agrippa d

o far as concerned Gallia Narbonensis and the more civilized parts of Spain . The Gaul which Caesar had conquered received s

cruelties of the legate Carisius are said to have caused a rising in Spain . 2 He was dealing with Asturians, a sufficient ex

oes he venture to attack the opulent provincial families issuing from Spain and Narbonensis. They were now dominant in the so

501 Even Nerva seems an anachronism. He was succeeded by a man from Spain , M. Ulpius Traianus, the son of a consular and th

bus and Seneca were the real enemies. It is in every way fitting that Spain and Narbonensis should have supplied the first pr

and the provinces. After novi homines Etruscan, Samnite or Picene, Spain and Narbonensis open the roll of provincial consu

, L., wealthy knight, 81 f. Aelius Lamia, L., legate of Augustus in Spain , 329, 333; addressed in an Ode of Horace, 83. A

(cos. 29 B.C.), nephew of Augustus, 129, 378, 421, 483; proconsul of Spain , 303, 309; legate of Illyricum in 8 B.C., 328, 40

origin, and career, 5 f., 91 f.; his allegiance, 5, 121, 166, 180; in Spain , 110, 166; observations on the Battle of Mutina,

C., 339; in the East, 371, 388; moral programme, 443 ff.; in Gaul and Spain , 388 f.; after 12 B.C., 391 f.; dynastic ambition

; as an admiral, 230; his priesthoods, 238; attacks Antonius, 283; in Spain , 292, 302 f.; repairs the Via Latina, 402; his or

ff. 43 B.C.), Caesarian partisan, 65, 90, 111, 188, 199, 234, 327; in Spain , 213; in Gaul, 292, 302 f.; his origin and name,

lcher, Ap. (cos. 38 B.C.), 229, 237, 238, 239, 327, 368; proconsul of Spain , 292; descendants and relatives, 423, 426, 493.

e, 80. Decidius Saxa, L. (tr. pl. 44 B.C.), Caesarian partisan from Spain , 79, 80, 116, 126, 132, 151, 200, 350, 355; in th

ampaign of Philippi, 205; his second consulate, 189, 227; governor of Spain , 227, 332; repairs the Regia, 241; religious acti

patron of literature, 460; proconsul of Asia, 375, 395, 405, 474; in Spain , 401; propagator of the imperial cult, 474; his c

349 f. Furnius, C. (cos. 17 B.C.), saves his father, 299; legate in Spain , 333; consul, 373. Gabinius, A. (cos. 58 B.C.),

, 401, 433 f., 438, 503; extent of, under Augustus, 395, 401 see also Spain . Hispania Ulterior, governors of, 34, 64, 72, 1

110, 166, 213, 332 f., 401; status under Augustus, 395, 401 see also Spain . Histonium, 360, 361. History, Roman, its cha

suff. 38 B.C.), as a Caesarian, 64; his consulate, 229; proconsul of Spain , 239; repairs temple of Hercules, 241; last consu

an, 65, 200, 235, 325, 327; in the campaign of Philippi, 202, 204; in Spain , 239; proconsul of Asia, 303; his descendants, 49

30, 85. Pompeius, Sex. (son of Magnus), 45; pietas of, 157, 228; in Spain , 103, 126, 139, 166, 178.; cognomen of, 157; seiz

Sotidius Strabo Libuscidius, Sex., a prodigy of nomenclature, 361. Spain , in relation to Pompeius Magnus, 29, 37, 42, 405;

under the Triumvirate, 189, 207, 213, 227, 292, 326; governors of all Spain in 39–27 B.C., 227, 239, 292, 302 f., 309, 327; a

est of, 332 f.; provincial divisions in, 326, 395, 401; senators from Spain , 80, 367, 501; soldiers, 457; emperors, 366, 490,

lyricum, 240; at Actium, 297; perhaps proconsul of Macedonia, 302; in Spain , 302; at Rome, 372; praefectus urbi, 403 f.; his

itiopolis, in Cilicia, 281. Titius, Caesarian senator, perhaps from Spain , 80. Titius, M. (cos. suff. 31 B.C.), proscribe

osition after 23 B.C., 345 f.; in the East, 338, 342, 371, 388 f.; in Spain , 333, 389, 457; in Illyricum, 391; death, 391; ch