lfare of his clients. Brutus wrote a book with the title De officiis ( Seneca , Epp. 95, 45). The code was certainly narrow but

ower and ostentation, cf. Plutarch, Pompeius 40; Josephus, BF 1, 155; Seneca , De tranquillitate animi 8, 6: ‘quern non puduit

Ad Jam. 6, 18, 1; De div. 2, 23; De off. 2, 29; Phil. 11, 12; 13, 27; Seneca , Controv. 7, 3, 9; Macrobius 2, 3, 11. For a full

atinizing the alien gentilicium? or else ‘Salvius’ is a cognomen. 3 Seneca , De ben. 3, 32, 4: ‘M. Agrippae pater ne post Agr

Vipsanius’ is exceedingly rare. Agrippa himself preferred to drop it ( Seneca , Controv. 2, 4, 13). The origin of it cannot be e

aiore enim simultates adpetebat animo quam gerebat’, as Pollio wrote ( Seneca , Suasoriae 6, 24). 2 Phil. 3, 19: ‘quorum consi

age=>192 1 There are full accounts of his end in Livy (quoted by Seneca , Suasoriae 6, 17); Plutarch, Cicero 47 f.; Appian

an, BC 4, 19, 73 ff. The best obituary notice was Pollio’s (quoted by Seneca , Suasoriae 6, 24), admitting faults but condoning

of the blood of Caesar the monarchy was born. NotesPage=>201 1 Seneca , Suasoriae 7, 3: ‘vivet inter Ventidios et Canidi

pian, JSC 5, 48, 203. 3Suetonius, Divus Aug. 15; Dio 48, 14, 4; cf. Seneca , De clem. 1, 11 (‘Arae Perusinae’). 4 Dio 48, 1

ith human character, especially in its secret NotesPage=>249 1 Seneca , Epp. 114, 17: ‘Sallustio vigente amputatae sente

marched on Pompeius’ path to the Caucasus. 7 NotesPage=>267 1 Seneca , De clem. 1, 10, 1: ‘Sallustium et Cocceios et De

17, 5; Appian, BC 5, 137, 567 ff.). 6 On Dellius’ changes of side, Seneca , Suasoriae 1, 7; Velleius, 2, 84, 2. He was emplo

an, BC 5, 139, 579. Cf. above, p. 228. 2 Dio 51, 2, 4 f. (Scaurus). Seneca , De clem. 1, 9, 8, &c. (Cinna): Cinna was the

si paucissimi et hi qui deprecan quidem pro se non sustinerent. ’ 6 Seneca , De ben. 2, 25, 1 (Furnius); Appian, BC 4, 42, 17

Appian, BC 4, 42, 175 ff. (Metellus). 7 Dio 51, 2, 4 f. (Scaurus); Seneca , De clem. 1, 9, 11 (Cinna). 8 Dio 51, 2, 5. Aqu

riod 29–27 B.C. is attractive, but 27–25 not excluded. On his habits, Seneca , Suasoriae 7, 13; Pliny, NH 14, 147. He once thre

at once from 52 B.C. to 28 B.C. In between, ‘non mos, non ius. ’ 4 Seneca , NQ 5, 18, 4. 5 Tacitus, Ann. 4, 34, on the int

8, 2: ‘otio ac mollitiis paene ultra feminam fluens. ’ Cf. especially Seneca , Epp. 114, 4 ff., illustrating the theme ‘talis h

54 &c. 2 Pliny, NH 8, 170. 3 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 66, 3. 4 Seneca , Epp. 114, 6; Dial. 1, 3, 10: ‘morosae uxoris cot

al power, careless of decoration and publicity. 2 PageNote. 343 1 Seneca , Epp. 94, 46. It was nothing less than the sallus

Gallio, a speaker of some note, who adopted one of the three sons of Seneca the Elder, probably came from Spain (P-W x, 1035

maiorum, claritudinem militiae, inlustris domi artes spectando. ’ 6 Seneca , De ben. 4, 30, 1: ‘sicut in petendis honoribus q

ndustriis sed novis praetulit, non sine ratione. ’ The examples which Seneca adduces support his contention, namely Paullus Fa

esPage=>375 1 Tacitus, Ann. 3, 75. 2 On the ‘novicius morbus’ ( Seneca , Controv. 2, 4, 11), cf. E. Norden, Die antike Ku

. suff. A.D. 2), son of M. Vinicius (cos. suff. 19 B.C.). On him, cf. Seneca , Controv. 1, 2, 3; 7, 5, 10; 10, 4, 25. 5 Tacit

n PIR2, C 1379. Some did not praise him as highly as did Tacitus (cf. Seneca , De ben. 2, 27, 1). 6 Tacitus, Ann. 3, 22. His

Mommsen, Ges. Schr. IV, 311 ff. Note the ‘cohors primae admissionis’ ( Seneca , De clem. 1, 10, 1), including Sallustius Crispus

d by Tiberius. 3 Dio 54, 34, 5 ff.; Velleius 2, 98; Livy, Per. 140; Seneca , Epp. 83, 14. The three years of the Bellum Thrac

s of the Bellum Thracicum are either 13–11 or 12–10 B.C. According to Seneca (l.c.), Augustus gave Piso ‘secreta mandata’: in

eath the ostentation of indolence and vice. 2 NotesPage=>409 1 Seneca , Epp. 101, 10 ff, on Maecenas’ ‘turpissimum votum

ugusto | et coloniae Beneventanae. ’ 3 Dio 54, 23; Pliny, NH 9, 77; Seneca , De ira 3, 40, 2; De clem. 1, 18, 2. 4 CIL III,

atia) and the dimensions of Cilicia when Cicero was its governor. 2 Seneca , De ben. 6, 32, 2: ‘horum mihi nihil accidisset,

NotesPage=>414 1 Reproduced by Dio 55, 14 ff. (A.D. 4), and by Seneca , De clem. 1, 9 (apparently indicating the period

to them the Claudian connexion. NotesPage=>420 1 At least, so Seneca says (De clem. 1, 9, 10): ‘cedo, si spes tuas sol

and the last of the Claudii Pulchri. 6 Cf. Tacitus, Ann. 3, 24. 7 Seneca , De ben. 6, 32, 1 : ‘admissos gregatim adulteros,

c praedicandum est, esse mores eius vigore ac lenitate mixtissimos. ’ Seneca (Epp. 83, 14) is more valuable: ‘L. Piso, urbis c

, 5 (‘genus illi decorum, vivida senectus’, Tacitus, Ann. 6, 27). 7 Seneca , Epp. 83, 15: ‘virum gravem, moderatum, sed mersu

12. Marius does, however, just find a mention in Georgics 2, 169. 2 Seneca , Epp. 83, 25. 3 Ennius, quoted by Cicero in his

enemies or its mercenaries. PageNotes. 448 1 Pliny, NH 14, 49 ff. Seneca bought the vineyard from Remmius (on which unsavo

ecalled that such apparently sophisticated types of urban humanity as Seneca , the courtier and statesman, and the debauched gr

3, 66). Note also the orator Murredius, who dragged in obscene jokes ( Seneca , Controv. 1, 2, 21; 23). 2 Tacitus, Ann. 4, 52:

Per. 138, cf. Dio 54, 32, 1. 2 Dio 54, 5, 1. 3 Ib. 56, 16, 3. 4 Seneca , De ira 2, 5, 5 (an allegation that L. Valerius M

’ 3 Res Gestae 3. 4 Velleius 2, 86, 2. 5 Velleius 2, 87, 3. 6 Seneca , De clem. 1, 11, 2; Statius, Silvae 4, 1, 32: ‘se

terfectos Romae Varrones Egnatios Iullos. ’ 2 Ib., Hist. 3, 54. 3 Seneca , Controv. 2, 4, 13: ‘caput potius quam dictum per

3. 3 Pliny (NH 36, 33) speaks of his ‘acris vehementia. ’ Note also Seneca , Controv. 4, praef. 3: ‘illud strictum eius et as

an 10, 1, 22. 3 Dio 54, 30, 4. 4 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 56, 4. 5 Seneca , Controv. 4, praef. 2. 6 Seneca, Suas. 6, 27.

4 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 56, 4. 5 Seneca, Controv. 4, praef. 2. 6 Seneca , Suas. 6, 27. PageBook=>484 The fashion qu

m ‘uplift’ might give a hint of the meaning. 2 For particulars, cf. Seneca , Controv. 10, praef. 4ff.: ‘summa egestas erat, s

as erat, summa infamia, summum odium. ’ He was called ‘Rabienus’. 3 Seneca , Controv. 4, praef. 2 (a remark about ‘ille trium

lle triumphalis senex’). 4 Ib. 10, praef. 8. 5 Dio 56, 27, 1. 6 Seneca , De ira 3, 23, 4 ff. Pollio harboured him when he

. Pollio harboured him when he was expelled from Augustus’ house. 7 Seneca , Controv. 10, praef. 8. 8 Pliny, NH 7, 55; Taci

f the government. PageNotes. 487 1 Suetonius, Vitellius 2, 1. 2 Seneca , Controv. 2, 4, 11: ‘quasi disertus es, quasi for

pa. ’ 3 Tacitus, Ann. 1, 72, cf. Dio 56, 27, 1. 4 Ann. 4, 21. 5 Seneca , Ad Marciam de consolatione 26, 1: ‘civilia bella

ia donee gliscente adulatione deterrerentur. ’ Compare also the elder Seneca on the burnings of books (Controv. 10, praef. 7):

ed By Tacitus, Ann. 12, 12), was exiled by Nero (Ann. 16, 7 ff.). 4 Seneca , Epp. 55, 2 ff., cf. Münzer, RA, 374 f. He is des

usis, vita probrosus’ (Tacitus, Ann. 6, 29, cf. 3, 66). On his vices, Seneca , De ben. 4, 31, 3 f.; on his marriage to Aemilia

os. 34 B.C.) each had a consular son, but no further descendants. 4 Seneca , De clem. 1, 15. PageBook=>499 Lollius, to

cf, the scholia on Juvenal 4, 81. 2 Suetonius, Vitellius 3, 1. 3 Seneca , NQ 4, praef. 5: ‘Plancus, artifex ante Vitellium

>502 The harm had already been done. The millionaires Balbus and Seneca were the real enemies. It is in every way fitting

descendants of native families long enfranchised. 1 A few years, and Seneca the Corduban and Sex. Afranius Burrus from Vasio,

es. 507 1 Tacitus, Ann. 3, 65: homines ad servitutem pararos! ’ 2 Seneca , De clem. 1, 1, 6: ‘nemo iam divum Augustum nec T

the novi homines prominent in the oligarchy. NotesPage=>509 1 Seneca , Epp. 94, 46: ‘M. Agrippa, vir ingentis animi, qu

henobarbus left a son, entirely detestable. 3 NotesPage=>510 1 Seneca , De ben. 4, 30, 1 ff. (above, p. 374). 2 Sueton

ertainly behaved with decision and competence in Judaea in 4 B.C. 3 Seneca , De ira 2, 5, 5 (Messalla Volesus). 4 ILS 212 1

y notorious for vice but was even the type of the degenerate nobilis ( Seneca , De ben. 4, 30, 2). 5 Odes 2, 3, I f.: ‘aequam

ancus made a fine comment ‘cum mortuis non nisi larvas luctari. ’ 4 Seneca , Suas. 1, 7. 5 Tacitus, Ann. 11, 7: ‘Asinium et

ship or monarchy. Names did not matter much. Before long the eloquent Seneca , when counselling the young Nero to clemency, cou

e tolerare. ’ 4 Ib. 4. 74. 5 Ib.: ‘sacvi proximis ingruunt. ’ 6 Seneca , De clem. 1, 4, 2. PageBook=>518 M . Aemil

f an oriental despot). 6 Claudian, De cons. Stil. 3, 114 f. Compare Seneca , De ben. 2, 20, 2: ‘cum optimus civitatis status

pate, the ‘optimus status’ which Augustus aspired to create and which Seneca knew as monarchy. 1 Concord and monarchy, Pax and

lleius 2, 91, 2. On the Optimus status’, Suetonius, Divus Aug. 28, 2; Seneca , De ben. 2, 20, 2. 2 Velleius 2, 131, 1. 3 Fa

us, Ann. 1, 2: ‘munia senatus magistratuum legum in se trahere. ’ 8 Seneca , De clem. 1, 4, 3: ‘olim enim ita se induit rei p

20, 507; subject of his Pharsalia, 507; quoted, 9, 205, 287. Annaeus, Seneca , L., the Elder, 292, 356. Annaeus Seneca, L., t

;c.; as defined by Cicero, 22, 351. Optimus status, 320; according to Seneca , 518 f. Oratory, function of, at Rome, 149 ff.;

thumous reputation, 317, 442. Pompeius Paullinus, brother-in-law of Seneca , 502 f. Pompeius Rufus, Q. (cos. 88 B.C.), 25, 28