that end, the space (and significance) allotted to the biographies of Pompeius , Caesar and Augustus, to warfare, to provincial a

gan his annalistic record with Sulla’s death and the rise to power of Pompeius the Great. Pollio, however, chose the consulate

tastes disposed him to be neutral in the struggle between Caesar and Pompeius had neutrality been possible. Pollio had powerful

ography of Augustus that shall be sacrificed for the gain of history. Pompeius , too, and Caesar must be reduced to due subordina

ordinances, a restored oligarchy of the nobiles held office at Rome. Pompeius fought against it; but Pompeius, for all his powe

y of the nobiles held office at Rome. Pompeius fought against it; but Pompeius , for all his power, had to come to terms. Nor cou

to come to terms. Nor could Caesar have ruled without it. Coerced by Pompeius and sharply repressed by Caesar, the aristocracy

sed by Caesar, the aristocracy was broken at Philippi. The parties of Pompeius and of Caesar had hardly been strong or coherent

, it remains to choose a date for the beginning. The breach between Pompeius and Caesar and the outbreak of war in 49 B.C. mig

t the opinion of their enemy Cato: he blamed the original alliance of Pompeius and Caesar. 2 When Pollio set out to narrate the

on, but with the compact of 60 B.C., devised by the political dynasts Pompeius , Crassus and Caesar to control the State and secu

ictatorship of Sulla to the Dictatorship of Caesar. It was the age of Pompeius the Great. Stricken by the ambitions, the allianc

ns his Annals with the words ‘urbem Romam’. 2 Plutarch, Caesar 13 ; Pompeius 47. 3 Horace, Odes 2, i, i if. 4 For example,

gt;009 in their open strife. 1 Augustus is the heir of Caesar or of Pompeius , as you will. Caesar the Dictator bears the heavi

Caesar the Dictator bears the heavier blame for civil war. In truth, Pompeius was no better ‘occultior non melior’. 2 And Pompe

estates in Italy. Among senators were great holders of property like Pompeius and Ahenobarbus with whole armies of tenants or s

e action against Lepidus (Sallust, Hist. I, 77 M); and he secured for Pompeius the command in Spain, not ‘pro consule’ but ‘pro

influence of Crassus with the Senate in 70 B.C., note esp. Plutarch, Pompeius 22: ĸαὶ ἐν µὲν τ βυνλ µȃλλoν ἳσχυϵν ὁ Kρἀσσoς, ἐν

PageBook=>027 saw personal honour and a family feud. The young Pompeius , treacherous and merciless, had killed the husban

vilia, a Marian and an adherent of Lepidus, capitulating at Mutina to Pompeius , was killed by him (Plutarch, Pompeius 16, &c

dus, capitulating at Mutina to Pompeius, was killed by him (Plutarch, Pompeius 16, &c.). Ahenobarbus fell in Africa in 82 B.

Ahenobarbus fell in Africa in 82 B.C.: though some versions exculpate Pompeius , there is a contrary tradition. Like the killing

n. Like the killing of Cn. Papirius Carbo (cos. III), a benefactor of Pompeius , these acts were remembered, cf. Val. Max. 6, 2,

he nobility’, for good reasons. 4 There were no words to describe Cn. Pompeius the son. After his father’s death, protected by i

rian faction for Sulla’s interests and for his own. 6 The career of Pompeius opened in fraud and violence. It was prosecuted,

ompeius Rufus, cos. 88 B.C., cf. Appian, BC 1, 63, 284. 3 Plutarch, Pompeius 1. 4 Cicero, quoted by Asconius 70 (= p. 79 Cla

p. 79 Clark): ‘hominem dis ac nobilitati perinvisum. ’ 5 Plutarch, Pompeius 6. Prosecuted for peculations committed by his fa

Carbo (Cicero, Brutus 230; Val. Max. 5, 3, 5; 6, 2, 8). 6 Plutarch, Pompeius 6 f.; Velleius 2, 29, 1; Bell. Afr. 22, 2: ‘glori

f absence, when he had terminated the war in Spain against Sertorius, Pompeius combined with another army commander, Crassus, an

er, Crassus, and carried out a peaceful coup d’état. Elected consuls, Pompeius and Crassus abolished the Sullan constitution (70

covered the powers of which Sulla had stripped them. They soon repaid Pompeius . Through a tribune’s law the People conferred upo

rovince of the Empire was immune from his control. Four years before, Pompeius had not even been a senator. The decay of the Rep

ovran people, no surer password than the favour shown or pretended of Pompeius ; to reject a bill, no argument needed save that t

re Cicero and Caesar, not ceasing to solicit and claim the support of Pompeius even though the one of them turned against the Pe

his services to Crassus. But alliance with Crassus need not alienate Pompeius utterly. Crassus used his patronage to demonstrat

aw-courts, he might yet prevail against the popularity and laurels of Pompeius . When the great imperator, returning, landed in

saving the Republic in Italy as he had vindicated its empire abroad. Pompeius never forgave Cicero. But Cicero was not the real

gave Cicero. But Cicero was not the real enemy. It was the habit of Pompeius to boast of the magnitude of his clientela, to ad

had developed its own language and conventional forms, paid homage to Pompeius as a god, a saviour and a benefactor, devising be

mpeiusque orbis domitor per tresque triumphos ante deum princeps. 3 Pompeius was Princeps beyond dispute but not at Rome. By a

much too stubborn to admit a master, even on their own terms. Nor was Pompeius in any way to their liking. His family was recent

PageBook=>031 licence to write political satire with impunity. 1 Pompeius was also related to other families of the local g

constitution of Sulla. 4 The soldier L. Afranius commanded armies for Pompeius in Spain and in the war against Mithridates. 5 Am

he leading authority on goats (ib. 2, 3, 1), who had been a legate of Pompeius in the war against the Pirates (ib. 2, praef. 6).

f all rural science (ib. 1, 2, 10). 3 Varro served as a legate with Pompeius both in the Sertorian War and in the East, on sea

arch, Sertorius 19; Orosius 5, 23, 14. Against Mithridates: Plutarch, Pompeius 34, &c. For his origin note the dedication nr

his own wife, took Metella’s daughter, Aemilia. 1 When Aemilia died, Pompeius kept up that connexion by marrying another woman

and mutual obligation for political ends. Men went out to serve under Pompeius as quaestors or legates and returned to Rome to h

office, tribunate, praetorship, or even consulate. The lieutenants of Pompeius in the eastern wars comprised not only personal a

certain public ceremonies. 5 In December Metellus Nepos, sent home by Pompeius , inaugurated his tribunate with alarming proposal

home by Pompeius, inaugurated his tribunate with alarming proposals: Pompeius should be elected consul in absence or recalled t

rom his functions, and even threatened to depose him. 8 Nepos fled to Pompeius , a pretext for intervention to vindicate the sacr

us Piso, the request was granted. 9 NotesPage=>032 1 Plutarch, Pompeius 9, cf. J. Carcopino, Sylla, 127 f. 2 Mucia, dau

Cato minor 29; Dio 37, 43, 3. 9 Dio 37, 44, 3. PageBook=>033 Pompeius on his return, lacking valid excuse for armed usu

l effective, though a witty man and an orator as well as a soldier. 5 Pompeius set all his hopes on the next year. By scandalous

. The other place was won by Metellus Celer, who, to get support from Pompeius , stifled for the moment an insult to the honour o

is family. 6 Everything went wrong. The consul Celer turned against Pompeius , and Afranius was a catastrophe, his only talent

us emerged, alert and vindictive, to contest the dispositions made by Pompeius in the East. Pompeius requested their acceptance

vindictive, to contest the dispositions made by Pompeius in the East. Pompeius requested their acceptance by the Senate, all in

tribune L. Flavius brought forward NotesPage=>033 1 Plutarch, Pompeius 44; Cato minor 30. Cf. Münzer, RA, 349 ff. 2 Th

Dio 37, 49, 4 ff. (Metellus Creticus (cos. 69) bore a grudge against Pompeius as the result of an earlier clash, in 67 B.C. Vel

eBook=>034 an ambitious bill providing lands for the veterans of Pompeius . Celer opposed it. More significant evidence of P

. Yet he claimed at the same time that he was doing a good service to Pompeius . 1 Cicero was in high spirits and fatal confidenc

4. 2 Plutarch, Cicero 29. 3 Ad Att. 1, 16, 8. 4 Ib. 1, 18, 6: ‘ Pompeius togulam illam pictam silentio tuetur suam. ’ 5

in Servilius Caepio (Suetonius, Divus Iulius 21; Plutarch, Caesar 14; Pompeius 47). Münzer (RA, 338 f.) argues that this is no o

lover of Servilia. 1 There was nothing to preclude an alliance with Pompeius . Praetor-designate and praetor, Caesar worked wit

for the government. 2 He had also prosecuted an ex-consul hostile to Pompeius . 3 But Caesar was no mere adherent of Pompeius: b

n ex-consul hostile to Pompeius. 3 But Caesar was no mere adherent of Pompeius : by holding aloof he enhanced his price. Now, in

rassus’ wealth, and in concert with L. Lucceius, an opulent friend of Pompeius . 4 Caesar was elected. Pompeius, threatened in

h L. Lucceius, an opulent friend of Pompeius. 4 Caesar was elected. Pompeius , threatened in his dignitas, with his acta needin

secret compact. The diplomatic arts of Caesar reconciled Crassus with Pompeius , to satisfy the ambitions of all three, and turne

iso (cos. 67), cf. Sallust, BC 49, 2. On his reiterated opposition to Pompeius , cf. Dio 36, 24, 3; 37, 2; Asconius 51 (= p. 58 C

rk), &c. 4 Suetonius, Divus Iulius 19, 1. On his influence with Pompeius (at a later date), comparable to that of the Gree

ne et L. Lucceio et Theophane, quibuscum communicare de maximis rebus Pompeius consueverat. ’ 5 Florus 2, 13, 11: ‘sic igitur

To maintain the legislation of that year, and perpetuate the system, Pompeius needed armies in the provinces and instruments at

ces and instruments at Rome. Certain armies were already secured. But Pompeius required for his ally more than an ordinary proco

and A. Gabinius, a Pompeian partisan superior in ability to Afranius. Pompeius had sealed the pact by taking in marriage Caesar’

patronage at home and armed power in the provinces, the ascendancy of Pompeius was highly unstable. As a demonstration and a war

ip and consulate. To that end he promulgated popular laws and harried Pompeius , in which activities he got encouragement from hi

however, was the wife of Cato); and Marcellinus had been a legate of Pompeius (Appian, Mithr. 95; S1G3 750). 3 Crassus was in

B.C.), cf. P-W XIII, 479 f. Pius died c. 64 B.C. PageBook=>037 Pompeius in reply worked for the restitution of Cicero, an

voked long debate and intrigue, further sharpening the enmity between Pompeius and Crassus. In the spring of 56 B.C. the dynas

uld deprive Caesar of army and provinces. Some might hope to persuade Pompeius , making him sacrifice Caesar in return for allian

e in the Senate an attack upon the legislation of Caesar’s consulate. Pompeius dissembled and departed from Rome. 3 Crassus mean

hree met at Luca and renewed the compact, with a second consulate for Pompeius and Crassus and, after that, Spain and Syria resp

ectively for five years; Caesar’s command was also to be prolonged. Pompeius emerged with renewed strength from a crisis which

4, 1, 7. 2 Pro Sestio 136 ff. 3 Cf. especially Ad Jam. 1, 9, 8 f. Pompeius had probably lent perfidious encouragement to Cic

ated the New State. The swift rise of Caesar menaced the primacy of Pompeius the Great. No longer an agent and minister but a

sus, slain by the Parthians (53 B.C.), the danger of a breach between Pompeius and his ally might appear imminent. It was not so

ompeius and his ally might appear imminent. It was not so in reality. Pompeius had not been idle. Though proconsul of all Spain,

us Pulcher for colleague (54 B.C.). Neither was strong enough to harm Pompeius ; and Ap. Pulcher may already have been angling fo

y bargaining to procure the election of their successors for money. 2 Pompeius caused the scandal to be shown up. Then his cousi

Ad Att. 4, 15, 7, &c. PageBook=>039 he be made dictator. 1 Pompeius , openly disavowing, kept his own counsel and dece

the conflagration. Then they streamed out of the city to the villa of Pompeius , clamouring for him to be consul or dictator. 3

was compelled to act. It declared a state of emergency and instructed Pompeius to hold military levies throughout Italy. 4 The d

o counter and anticipate which, the Optimates were compelled to offer Pompeius the consulate, without colleague. The proposal ca

ate to heal and repair the Commonwealth. 6 With armed men at his back Pompeius established order again and secured the convictio

Hirrus was tribune. Cato nearly deprived him of his office (Plutarch, Pompeius 54). But there were strong and authentic rumours

an, BC 2, 28, 107: is ς θϵραπϵίαν τ ς πóλϵως πιĸλƞθϵίς; cf. Plutarch, Pompeius 55; Tacitus, Ann. 3, 28. 7 Asconius 30 = p. 34

rcellus, M. Calidius, M. Cato,. Faustus Sulla. ’ PageBook=>040 Pompeius looked about for new alliances, in the hope perha

thy of his ancestors, corrupt and debauched in the way of his life. 1 Pompeius took in marriage his daughter, Cornelia, the wido

ion to turn on the dynast’s attitude towards Caesar and towards Cato. Pompeius prolonged his own possession of Spain for five ye

ding for the consulate, was signally defeated, to the satisfaction of Pompeius no less than of Caesar. Two years passed, heavy

y in 51 the consul M. Marcellus opened the attack. He was rebuffed by Pompeius , and the great debate on Caesar’s command was pos

Caesar’s command was postponed till March 1st of the following year. Pompeius remained ambiguous, with hints of going to Spain,

curity of Syria, gravely menaced by the Parthians. 2 Caesar complied. Pompeius proclaimed submission to the Senate as a solemn d

, however, until the next year, along with another previously lent by Pompeius to Caesar. Both were retained in Italy. Though

of a man of Comum had been premature and by no means to the liking of Pompeius (Ad Att. 5, 11, 2). 3 Ad fam. 8, 4, 4: ‘omnis o

ple was incited against the Senate. The threat of a coalition between Pompeius and the Optimates united their enemies and reinfo

inforced the party of Caesar. Caesar had risen to great power through Pompeius , helped by the lieutenants of Pompeius in peace a

d risen to great power through Pompeius, helped by the lieutenants of Pompeius in peace and in war, and now Caesar had become a

sue, ib. § 2. PageBook=>042 Caesar would tolerate no superior, Pompeius no rival. 1 Caesar had many enemies, provoked by

s and by his support, when consul and proconsul, of the domination of Pompeius , who now, for supreme power, seemed likely to thr

half of the Commonwealth. Accompanied by the consuls-elect he went to Pompeius and handed him a sword, with dramatic gesture, bi

tic gesture, bidding him take command of the armed forces in Italy. Pompeius already held all Spain, in an anomalous and arbit

i’. 4 Caesar, ib. 1, 32, 8 f.: ‘neque se reformidare quod in senatu Pompeius paulo ante dixisset, ad quos legati mitterentur,

, fled from the city. A state of emergency was proclaimed. Even had Pompeius now wished to avert the appeal to arms, he was sw

th support from the Metelli, though not without quarrels and rivalry, Pompeius broke the alliance when he returned from the East

l Metellus Celer banded with the Catonian faction to attack and harry Pompeius . But the feud was not bitter or beyond remedy: th

for that. Three years later Nepos was consul, perhaps with help from Pompeius . Signs of an accommodation became perceptible. De

r family. This was Q. Metellus Scipio, father-in-law and colleague of Pompeius in his third consulate. The compact with Metell

l since their great-grandfather (cos. III, 152). PageBook=>044 Pompeius and alliance with the Lentuli may not unfairly be

spicuous ability in war and peace. They sought to profit by help from Pompeius without incurring feuds or damage. Certain of the

ut incurring feuds or damage. Certain of the Lentuli had served under Pompeius in Spain and in the East:2 five consulates in thi

port of Cato, Ahenobarbus and Brutus joined a sacred vendetta against Pompeius . For Cato or for the Republic they postponed veng

vengeance, but did not forget a brother and father slain by the young Pompeius in a foul and treacherous fashion. Ahenobarbus wa

at nought and fruitless contests with the consul and the tribunes of Pompeius . It was later claimed by their last survivor th

med by their last survivor that the party of the Republic and camp of Pompeius embraced ten men of NotesPage=>043 1 Cn. C

P-W IV, 1390. 2 Not that they were all, or consistently, allies of Pompeius : Lentulus Sura (cos.71) was expelled from the Sen

and the inscr. from Cyrene, SIG3 750). Both had probably served under Pompeius in Spain (Marcellinus is attested by coins, BMC,

y added, the array is impressive and instructive. In the first place, Pompeius and his decorative father-in-law, Q. Metellus Sci

anifest and menacing in its last bid for power, serried but insecure. Pompeius was playing a double game. He hoped to employ the

not, in either way gaining the mastery. They were not duped they knew Pompeius : but they fancied that Pompeius, weakened by the

astery. They were not duped they knew Pompeius: but they fancied that Pompeius , weakened by the loss of his ally and of popular

us Rufus (cos. 51), dismayed by the outbreak of war or distrustful of Pompeius , took no active part and should more honestly be

ulcher certainly took place in 54 B.C. (Ad fam. 3, 4, 2), that of Cn. Pompeius probably about the same time (ib.). The younger s

ting of the constitution. After long strife against the domination of Pompeius , Cato resolved to support a dictatorship, though

done, the Dictator resigned. The conquest of Gaul, the war against Pompeius and the establishment of the Dictatorship of Caes

ore and after the outbreak of hostilities he sought to negotiate with Pompeius . Had Pompeius listened and consented to an interv

ir old amicitia might have been repaired. With the nominal primacy of Pompeius recognized, Caesar and his adherents would captur

aps reform the State. Caesar’s enemies were afraid of that and so was Pompeius . After long wavering Pompeius chose at last to sa

enemies were afraid of that and so was Pompeius. After long wavering Pompeius chose at last to save the oligarchy. Further, the

the two dynasts, winning over to their side the power and prestige of Pompeius . They would be able to deal with Pompeius later.

e the power and prestige of Pompeius. They would be able to deal with Pompeius later. It might not come to open war; and Pompeiu

able to deal with Pompeius later. It might not come to open war; and Pompeius was still in their control so long as he was not

tible. A jury carefully selected, with moral support from soldiers of Pompeius stationed around the court, would bring in the in

ok=>049 At last the enemies of Caesar had succeeded in ensnaring Pompeius and in working the constitution against the craft

at Rome forbade intervention in a struggle which was not their own. 2 Pompeius might stamp with his foot in the land of Italy, a

hin two months of the crossing of the Rubicon he was master of Italy. Pompeius made his escape across the Adriatic carrying with

, quite beyond calculation: before the summer was out the generals of Pompeius in Spain were outmanœuvred and overcome. Yet even

in death. Even Pharsalus was not the end. His former ally, the great Pompeius , glorious from victories in all quarters of the w

was rational to suspend judgement about the guilt of the Civil War. 3 Pompeius had been little better, if at all, than his young

in battle, the Republic could hardly have survived. A few years, and Pompeius the Dictator would have been assassinated in the

at the foot of his own statue. That was not the point. The cause of Pompeius had become the better cause. Caesar could not com

r rational construction, a lay-figure set up to point a contrast with Pompeius or Augustus as though Augustus did not assume a m

a monarchy, complete with court and hereditary succession; as though Pompeius , the conqueror of the East and of every continent

writer, BSR Papers XIV (1938), 1 ff. 3 Sallust, Hist. 3, 88 M: ‘sed Pompeius a prima adulescentia sermone fautorum similem se

lexandro regi, facta consultaque eius quidem aemulus erat’; Plutarch, Pompeius 2. On the orientalism of Pompeius, cf. Carcopino,

ius quidem aemulus erat’; Plutarch, Pompeius 2. On the orientalism of Pompeius , cf. Carcopino, Histoire romaine 11, 597. 4 As

nt. His rule was far worse than the violent and illegal domination of Pompeius . The present was unbearable, the future hopeless.

been a Caesarian neither he nor Caesar were predestined partisans of Pompeius . Servilia reared her son to hate Pompeius, scheme

re predestined partisans of Pompeius. Servilia reared her son to hate Pompeius , schemed for the Caesarian alliance and designed

of events in the fatal consulate of Metellus. Caesar was captured by Pompeius : Julia, the bride intended for Brutus, pledged th

ore the outbreak of the Civil War Brutus had refused even to speak to Pompeius : ĸαίτοι π⍴óτ∊⍴ον ἀπαντήσας οùδέ π⍴υσ∊ȋπ∊ τòν ∏οµπ

ἄγυς ήγυùµ∊νος µὲγα πατ⍴òς ϕου∊ί διαλέγ∊σθσι (Plutarch, Brutus 4, cf. Pompeius 64). PageBook=>059 Brutus and his allies m

61 CAESAR, who took his stand on honour and prestige, asserted that Pompeius was disloyal. Caesar had made enemies through Pom

asserted that Pompeius was disloyal. Caesar had made enemies through Pompeius and now Pompeius had joined them. 1 A just compla

mpeius was disloyal. Caesar had made enemies through Pompeius and now Pompeius had joined them. 1 A just complaint, but not inte

, but not integral truth: a Sullan partisan before turning popularis, Pompeius by his latest change of front came back to earlie

garchic rule of the nobiles. Thirty years later they clustered around Pompeius , from interest, from ambition, or for the Republi

luding the personal rivalries that disturbed the camp and counsels of Pompeius ,4 and strengthening Caesar’s hands for action, ga

ondemned in the law courts, NotesPage=>061 1 BC 1, 4, 4: ‘ipse Pompeius ab inimicis Caesaris incitatus et quod neminem di

one of the Marcelli, the consul who had placed a sword in the hand of Pompeius , mindful at last of a marriage-connexion with the

hostilities were imminent, Piso offered to mediate between Caesar and Pompeius ; and during the Civil Wars he did not abate his s

attacks upon Caesar, when Caesar was an ally and agent of the dynast Pompeius . They now turned against the oligarchs. Catullus

ar, but young nobiles at that, kinsmen of the consulars who supported Pompeius and of Cato’s partisans. 2 Civil war might cut

; and some rallied soon or late to the Sullan system and the cause of Pompeius . But not all were now Pompeians P. Sulpicius Rufu

Marian tradition in politics was carried on by men called populares. Pompeius had once been a popularis, using tribunes and the

cacy of reform for his personal ambition. Like his father before him, Pompeius could not be described as a consistent party poli

alus, renewing for Caesar the luck of Sulla. 3 The third consulate of Pompeius thinned the enemies of ordered government, and a

esirables. 4 Twenty years later, on the verge of another coup d’état, Pompeius had only one censor on his side, Ap. Claudius, wh

ous among the opponents of the Optimates under the third consulate of Pompeius . 5 Luxury and vice were alleged against Sallustiu

281. 4 Cn. Lentulus Clodianus and L. Gellius Poplicola, legates of Pompeius in the Pirate War (Appian, Mithr. 95), perhaps ea

For that enormity Gabinius himself was sacrificed to the publicani. Pompeius could surely have saved him, had he cared. 2 But

d. 2 But Gabinius had served his turn now. The extended commands of Pompeius in the West and in the East furnished scope for p

earlier merits once lauded by Cicero (Asconius 63 = p. 72 Clark). 2 Pompeius spoke publicly in favour of his agent and constra

to undertake his defence: with how much sincerity, another question. Pompeius was probably desirous of conciliating the financi

Gaul were T. Labienus, Q. Titurius Sabinus, whose father served with Pompeius in Spain (Sallust, Hist. 2, 94 M), and Ser. Sulpi

e consulate of Caesar and Labienus in 48 B.C., with the auctoritas of Pompeius behind them. For this interpretation, cf. JRS XXV

ent glory and strove to recover leadership. Some families looked to Pompeius as the heir of Sulla and the protector of the oli

P. Servilius Isauricus. 4 Lepidus could recall a family feud against Pompeius ; and his consular brother had been won to Caesar

lia’s ambitious designs were seriously impaired by Cato’s adhesion to Pompeius and by the outbreak of the Civil War. Her son Bru

War. Her son Brutus followed Virtus and Libertas, his uncle Cato and Pompeius his father’s murderer. The patricians were loya

chise for service to Rome in the Sertorian War, through the agency of Pompeius . 2 Caesar, quaestor in Hispania Ulterior and then

de the acquaintance of Balbus and brought him to Rome. Allied both to Pompeius and to Caesar, Balbus gradually edged towards the

of his advocate. At the beginning of the year 56 B.C. the alliance of Pompeius , Crassus and Caesar threatened to collapse. At th

dynasts and saved their agent. When the case came up for trial, both Pompeius and Crassus defended the man of Gades. Cicero als

f money in the Roman State. Not so Crassus and Caesar. The faction of Pompeius was unable to move either the propertied NotesP

e gave them guarantees against revolution. They had more to fear from Pompeius , and they knew it. Caesar’s party had no monopoly

tion of barbarians from beyond the Alps. No less real the menace from Pompeius , the tribes of the Balkans, the kings and horseme

ius, the tribes of the Balkans, the kings and horsemen of the East. 1 Pompeius derided Lucullus, naming him ‘the Roman Xerxes’:2

pia of the Cisalpina might be found among the officers and friends of Pompeius ; 3 and it will not have been forgotten that his f

a chieftain of the Vocontii who had led the cavalry of his tribe for Pompeius against Sertorius, receiving as a reward the Roma

rgot the ancestral tie with the Domitii and saw the recent laurels of Pompeius wane before the power and glory of Caesar, the Ge

the son reconquered Spain from Sertorius and the Marian faction. But Pompeius had enemies in Spain, and Caesar both made himsel

ica had given the name and occasion to the first triumph of the young Pompeius . But in Africa the adventurer P. Sittius, who had

o got the citizenship from a Cn. Cornelius Lentulus in the service of Pompeius during the Sertorian War; cf. the case of Balbus

st Jugurtha. 1 In the East kings, dynasts and cities stood loyal to Pompeius as representative of Rome, but only so long as hi

so helped by the Idumaean Antipater. Mytilene was in the clientela of Pompeius : Theophanes of that city was his friend, domestic

s partisans in the cities of Hellas, augmented by time and success. 3 Pompeius constantly employed freedmen, like the financier

SIG3 751 ff. As for Theophanes, Cicero speaks of his auctoritas with Pompeius (Ad Att. 5, 11, 3); cf. also Caesar, BC 3, 18, 3

4 P-W IV, 2802 f. On his wealth, power and ostentation, cf. Plutarch, Pompeius 40; Josephus, BF 1, 155; Seneca, De tranquillitat

ame from a non-Roman family of municipal aristocracy; 6 and the first Pompeius owed his consulate to the backing of the Scipione

benefits to Labienus:1 yet Cingulum was easily won. Auximum honoured Pompeius as its patron:2 but the men of Auximum protested

at brought on the capitulation of the neighbouring city of Corfinium. Pompeius knew better than did his allies the oligarchs the

ipal magistrates at Auximum, enemies of the Pompeii. 4 When the young Pompeius raised his private army, he had to expel the Vent

f faction and internecine strife. Not only the Italici are hostile to Pompeius and the legitimate government of Rome. Caesar has

government of Rome. Caesar has a mixed following, some stripped from Pompeius , others not to be closely defined: an origin from

n army contractor (Gellius 15, 4, 3), cf. above, p. 71. 4 Plutarch, Pompeius 6. 5 Perhaps for Gabinius (above, p. 31). L. No

Pompeian senator Sex. Teidius (Asconius 28 p. 32 Clark, cf. Plutarch, Pompeius 64) may be mentioned. 2 C. Flavius Fimbria, a n

a. Rome and Italy, if lost, could be recovered in the provinces, as Pompeius knew and as some of his allies did not. The price

the provinces was distant and negligible the private adventurers Sex. Pompeius and Q. Caecilius Bassus. In Spain young Pompeius,

ate adventurers Sex. Pompeius and Q. Caecilius Bassus. In Spain young Pompeius , a fugitive after the Battle of Munda, conducted

suppressed along with the principes a source of intrigue and feuds. Pompeius they might have tolerated for a time, or even Cae

at end. Balbus himself, on the maternal side, was a near relative of Pompeius (Suetonius, Divus Aug. 4, 1). 4 Cicero, Phil. 3

ors and rivals, from the immediate and still tangible past. The young Pompeius had grasped at once the technique of raising a pr

or faithful friends and a coherent party. For lack of that, the great Pompeius had been forced at the last into a fatal alliance

linum Octavianus raised quickly some three thousand veterans. The new Pompeius now had an army. He was at first quite uncertain

oposed a vote complimentary to his ally Lepidus (who had brought Sex. Pompeius to terms) and carried through the allotment of pr

So did Marcellus. But Marcellus, repenting of his ruinous actions for Pompeius and for the Republic, and damaged in repute, surv

cian above, p. 19. In politics the son was able to enjoy support from Pompeius and Caesar, as witness his proconsulate of Syria,

stirred by the example of his father’s actions on behalf of the young Pompeius , he was reluctant to break with Antonius, for he

Being the father-in-law of Caesar, and elected through the agency of Pompeius and Caesar to the consulate, Piso saw no occasion

ompromise then and later, both during the struggle between Caesar and Pompeius and when Roman politics again appeared to be dege

f Cato. 2 Most of his friends, allies and relatives followed Cato and Pompeius in the Civil War. Servilius, however, had been en

sanction to the NotesPage=>136 1 Caesar, BC 1, 3, 6; Plutarch, Pompeius 58, and Caesar 37; Dio 41, 16, 4; Cicero, Ad Att.

opular causes and supporting the grant of an extraordinary command to Pompeius , from honest persuasion or for political advancem

n a reformer. In the years following his consulate he wavered between Pompeius and the enemies of Pompeius, trusted by neither.

ollowing his consulate he wavered between Pompeius and the enemies of Pompeius , trusted by neither. In Cato he admired yet deplo

, he chose to blame Caesar, the agent of his misfortunes, rather than Pompeius with whom the last word rested. Pompeius was the

his misfortunes, rather than Pompeius with whom the last word rested. Pompeius was the stronger from the earliest years of Cicer

ominated the stage and directed the action. Twice the predominance of Pompeius was threatened (in 61-60 B.C. and in 56): each ti

ht Cicero and Caesar together a common taste for literature, to which Pompeius was notoriously alien, and common friends, a hank

ement and impartiality. 1 It was too late. He had few illusions about Pompeius , little sympathy with his allies. Yet he found hi

ith his allies. Yet he found himself, not unnaturally, on the side of Pompeius , of the party of the constitution, and of the maj

tution, and of the majority of the active consulars. The leaders were Pompeius and Cato. It was clearly the better cause and it

to Caesar. 1 Cicero was induced to accept a military command under Pompeius , but lingered in Campania, refusing to follow him

l. The agonies of a long flirtation with neutrality drove him to join Pompeius , without waiting for news of the decision in Spai

s. Early July brought well-authenticated reports from Spain that Sex. Pompeius had come to terms with the government. Cicero was

, treated Cicero with tact and with respect, advising him not to join Pompeius , but not placing obstacles in his way. 4 After Ph

play the Laelius. Again, on his return from exile, Cicero hoped that Pompeius could be induced to go back on his allies, drop C

, and become amenable to guidance: he was abruptly brought to heel by Pompeius , and his influence as a statesman was destroyed.

t exile, a fatal miscalculation in politics under the predominance of Pompeius and the compulsory speeches in defence of the too

for all their splendour and power, the principes Crassus, Caesar and Pompeius had fallen short of genuine renown. The good stat

ly but Lepidus and armies raised in the name of liberty, the deeds of Pompeius , and a Brutus besieged at Mutina. There was no re

nty was a good thing in itself. Once in power, the popularis, were he Pompeius or were he Caesar, would do his best to curb the

ests. Hence the appeal to liberty. It was on this plea that the young Pompeius raised a private army and rescued Rome and Italy

e tyranny of the Marian party; 2 and Caesar the proconsul, trapped by Pompeius and the oligarchs, turned his arms against the go

of the Pompeians in the last battle in Spain:2 and the younger son of Pompeius took a cognomen that symbolized his undying devot

s that induced him to waive his hostility against the rulers of Rome, Pompeius , Crassus and Caesar. 1 The dynast Pompeius sacrif

gainst the rulers of Rome, Pompeius, Crassus and Caesar. 1 The dynast Pompeius sacrificed his ally Caesar to the oligarchs out o

A youth inspired by heroism levies an army for himself. So Caesar and Pompeius , the precedents for Caesar’s heir. When an advent

Like Brutus himself, many of these nobiles had abandoned the cause of Pompeius after Pharsalus. Not so the personal adherents of

ook=>164 battle. The remnants of the faction were with the young Pompeius in Spain. The weakness of the Senate was flagra

dvantageous position, for he had recently induced the adventurer Sex. Pompeius to lay down his arms and come to terms with the g

senatorial rank upon a private citizen. It had not been done even for Pompeius . That the free vote of the People, and that alone

held his extraordinary command in virtue of a plebiscite, as had both Pompeius and Caesar in the past. 2 To contest the validity

ar’s general Vatinius essayed his vigorous oratory on the soldiers of Pompeius . 2 But not for long Labienus NotesPage=>164

ant against the dangers of fraternization as had been the generals of Pompeius . He did not wish to be nor could he have subjugat

; along with these state criminals a convenient fiction reckoned Sex. Pompeius , the admiral of the Republic. The ambitious or th

to be known, that some of them had been seized by the adventurer Sex. Pompeius , acting in virtue of the maritime command assigne

otesPage=>189 1 Ad fam. 10, 21, 4. 2 At least he was with Sex. Pompeius in 39 B.C. (Velleius 2, 77, 3). 3 Suetonius, Di

governor of Africa Nova. PageBook=>190 The rule of the dynast Pompeius in 60 B.C. and during the years following depende

g depended upon control, open or secret, of the organs of government. Pompeius and his allies did not claim to be the government

ely away and took refuge with the Liberators in the East or with Sex. Pompeius on the western seas and in the islands. There had

ection already or now purchased it. 5 The ambition of generals like Pompeius and Caesar provoked civil war without intending o

rovincial soil, sparing Italy. A party prevailed when Caesar defeated Pompeius yet the following of Caesar was by no means homog

he owner of great estates. 3 Likewise Lucilius Hirrus, the kinsman of Pompeius , noted for his fish-ponds. 4 Statius, the octogen

of Caesar, banished from Italy, were with the Liberators or with Sex. Pompeius . With Pompeius they found a refuge, with Brutus a

any young men of spirit and distinction chose Caesar in preference to Pompeius and the oligarchy; but they would not tolerate Ca

earlier the cause of the Republic beyond the seas was represented by Pompeius , a group of consulars in alliance and the Catonia

4 L. Staius Murcus was active for the Republic until killed by Sex. Pompeius . A. Allienus disappears completely after 43 B.C.

92. Another historical nonentity, of better descent however, was Sex. Pompeius (cos. 35 B.C.), the grandson of Pompeius Strabo’s

At first there was delay. Octavianus turned aside to deal with Sex. Pompeius , who by now had won possession of all Sicily, sen

nough to force the passage. Their supremacy at sea was short-lived. Pompeius , it is true, did not intervene; but Cn. Domitius

ls of the Republic, Murcus and Ahenobarbus on the Ionian Sea and Sex. Pompeius in Sicily. 8 It was a great victory. The Romans

Octavianus, most of whose original portion was by now in the hands of Pompeius . As for Africa, should Lepidus make complaint, he

dominated the seas, Ahenobarbus in the Adriatic, Murcus now with Sex. Pompeius . Pompeius seems to have let slip his opportunity

the seas, Ahenobarbus in the Adriatic, Murcus now with Sex. Pompeius. Pompeius seems to have let slip his opportunity not the on

d the Alps. On the coasts Ahenobarbus threatened Italy from the east, Pompeius from the south and west. If this were not enough,

st. If this were not enough, all his provinces were assailed at once. Pompeius drove out M. Lurius and captured Sardinia; 1 in H

wife Scribonia,4 who was the sister of that Libo whose daughter Sex. Pompeius had married. But Pompeius, as was soon evident, w

the sister of that Libo whose daughter Sex. Pompeius had married. But Pompeius , as was soon evident, was already in negotiation

rom the East and was laying siege to Brundisium, with Ahenobarbus and Pompeius as open and active allies. The affair of Perusia

gly armed: he prepared a fleet and looked about for allies. From Sex. Pompeius came envoys, with offer of alliance. 6 Failing a

ife also came to Greece about this time. PageBook=>216 include Pompeius , Antonius agreed to armed co-operation. When he s

taly, refused to admit Antonius. He laid siege to the city. Then Sex. Pompeius showed his hand. He had already expelled from Sar

ath for alleged complicity in the murder of Caesar; his open ally was Pompeius , in whose company stood a host of noble Romans an

compromising adherent, to be governor of Bithynia, and he instructed Pompeius to call off his fleets. Serious conferences began

more important pact than the despairing and impermanent alliance with Pompeius , a more glorious marriage than the reluctant nupt

es, high prices and the shortage of food provoked serious riots: Sex. Pompeius expelled Helenus the freedman from Sardinia, whic

ons with After interchange of notes and emissaries, the Triumvirs and Pompeius met near Puteoli in the summer of the year 39: th

banqueted on the admiral’s ship, moored by the land. A rope cut, and Pompeius would have the masters of the world in his power

eace of Puteoli enlarged the Triumvirate to include a fourth partner. Pompeius , possessing the islands, was to receive Peloponne

ian, was one of themselves, a soldier and a man of honour. Peace with Pompeius brought him further allies. 1 The aristocrats wou

Octavianus soon found it advisable or necessary to make war upon Sex. Pompeius . He invited Antonius to come to Italy for a confe

n affairs: by letter he warned Octavianus not to break the peace with Pompeius . Octavianus, persisting, incurred ruinous disaste

the present, his colleague was constrained to support the war against Pompeius . From his fleet Antonius resigned one hundred and

ano Capoparte 11, 71 f. PageBook=>226 be enlisted to deal with Pompeius . But Octavianus would have none of that. Further,

mous adhesion to the new master of Rome. While some reverted again to Pompeius , many took service under Antonius and remained wi

pertied classes, wearied by exile and discomfort, left the company of Pompeius without reluctance; and few Republicans could pre

liance they had been driven or duped. Ahenobarbus kept away from Sex. Pompeius , who gave guarantee neither of victory nor even o

The list is partial in every sense of the term. Nero had already left Pompeius for Antonius (Suetonius, Tib. 4, 3). 2 Official

uld be no pardon from Caesar’s heir, no return to Rome. But the young Pompeius was despotic and dynastic in his management of af

eated of Philippi and Perusia it had seemed for a time that the young Pompeius might be a champion of the Republican cause. But

while freed slaves manned his ships and filled his motley legions. Pompeius might sweep the seas, glorying in the favour and

r it was only from hatred of Caesar’s heir. In reality an adventurer, Pompeius could easily be represented as a pirate. 5 Peac

s the son of Mucia, Pompeius’ third wife, by her second husband. Sex. Pompeius had married a daughter of L. Scribonius Libo c. 5

rried a kinsman, Ti. Claudius Nero, who had fought for Caesar against Pompeius , for L. Antonius and the Republic in the War of P

ivia fled from the armed bands of Octavianus to take refuge with Sex. Pompeius . 3 Livia was about to give birth to another son n

ing authority with the armies and a provincial clientela like that of Pompeius or the Caesarian leaders, he might still exert th

to a daughter of Antonius. Again, Republicans in the company of Sex. Pompeius might be able to influence Antonius or Lepidus: t

danger of a revived Republican coalition under Antonius, Lepidus and Pompeius , banded to check or to subvert him. Hence the nee

ompeius, banded to check or to subvert him. Hence the need to destroy Pompeius without delay. For the moment Antonius was loyal

ithout a conference, gave him no help. Antonius disapproved, and Sex. Pompeius for his part believed that Antonius would not sup

ed by an initial advantage one of the most trusted of the freedmen of Pompeius had surrendered the island of Sardinia, a war-fle

abinus devised a plan for invading Sicily. The result was disastrous. Pompeius attacked Octavianus as his ships, coming from Tar

he Straits of Messana to join his other fleet from the Bay of Naples. Pompeius won an easy victory. In the night a tempest arose

ght a tempest arose and shattered the remnant of the Caesarian fleet. Pompeius rendered thanks to his protecting deity: in Rome

red a firm footing in the island. They soon overran the greater part. Pompeius was forced to risk all on the chance of another s

tactics of Agrippa decided the battle of Naulochus (September 3rd). Pompeius made his escape and, trusting to the fame of his

hey hunted him down, Furnius, Titius and the Galatian prince Amyntas. Pompeius refused an accommodation; then his friends and as

e with Antonius, some entering his service. 1 At last Titius captured Pompeius and put him to death, either on his own initiativ

forgave the brutal and thankless Titius, whose life had been saved by Pompeius several years earlier. 3 The young Caesar had c

n now urged Lepidus to assert himself. Plinius Rufus, a lieutenant of Pompeius , pent up with eight legions in Messana, offered t

soil. That was politic and perhaps necessary. Of the legionaries of Pompeius a great number, being servile in origin, lacked a

former masters or, failing such, impaled. Certain of the adherents of Pompeius , senatorial or equestrian in rank, were put to de

re as never before. Many no doubt in all classes regretted the son of Pompeius the Great and refused to pardon the man of the pr

of Velitrae:1 to say nothing of aliens and freedmen, of which support Pompeius had no monopoly, but all the odium. 2 C. Proculei

, already considerable, was augmented when the last adherents of Sex. Pompeius passed into his service. None the less, the young

o he deserted politics, save for a brief interval of loyal service to Pompeius in Spain, and devoted his energies to scholarship

8 political activity, a turbulent tribune in the third consulate of Pompeius . Expelled from the Senate by the censors of 50

aesar’s invasion of Italy but the violent ascension and domination of Pompeius , that was the end of political liberty. Sallust

icene, the scribe Cornelius and the unspeakable Fufidius. 4 The young Pompeius , fair of face but dark within, murderous and unre

, not merely of recent wars and monarchic faction-leaders like Sulla, Pompeius and Caesar, but of a wider and even more menacing

ughter and Milo’s wife (Gellius 17, 18); and Lenaeus, the freedman of Pompeius , defended his dead patron by bitter personal inve

n bond. Many of them had attacked in lampoon and invective the dynast Pompeius , his ally Caesar and their creature Vatinius. Wit

re Vatinius. With Caesar reconciliation was possible, but hardly with Pompeius . Cornificius, Cinna, and others of their friends

kings, tetrarchs and petty tyrants abode loyalty, not to Rome, but to Pompeius their patron, whose cause suddenly revived when y

r own right. Caesar did his best to equal or usurp the following of Pompeius , with grants of Roman citizenship or favours fisc

e cause of Caesar’s friend Theopompus. 5 Now standing in the place of Pompeius and Caesar as master of the eastern lands, not on

er Antonia in marriage to Pythodorus of Tralles, formerly a friend of Pompeius , a man of fabulous wealth and wide influence in A

and inimitable’. 4 Thus did Antonius carry yet farther the policy of Pompeius and Caesar, developing and perhaps straining the

litische Begriffe, Euergetes-Concordia (Oslo, 1932). 2 SIG3 751 f. ( Pompeius ); 753 (Theophanes): θεῷ Δɩΐ [Έ]λє[νθє] ρὶω ϕιoπάτ

ral. 2 Antonius was delayed in the next year by the arrival of Sex. Pompeius in Asia and by the lack of trained troops. The we

itius, proscribed and a pirate on his own account before joining Sex. Pompeius , shared the fortunes of his uncle as an admiral a

ius. The Catonian faction, after fighting against the domination of Pompeius , recognized a greater danger and hoped to use Pom

domination of Pompeius, recognized a greater danger and hoped to use Pompeius for the Republic against Caesar. Failing in that,

the Republic was doomed, or to trust, like Murcus, the alliance with Pompeius (whose whole family he hated), Ahenobarbus with h

II, 9, 916 (Chalcis). PageBook=>269 The last adherents of Sex. Pompeius deserted to Antonius. 1 His father-in-law L. Scri

Saturninus, a relative of Libo, had also been among the companions of Pompeius . But Catonians and Pompeians do not exhaust the

, 2, 5. 6 Crassus, grandson of M. Crassus (cos. 70 B.C.), with Sex. Pompeius and then with Antonius (Dio 51, 4, 3). M. Octaviu

kingdom its defences were weak, its monarchs impotent or ridiculous. Pompeius or Caesar might have annexed: they wisely preferr

he Senate decided to discuss the acta of Antonius one by one, as when Pompeius requested confirmation of his ordering of the pro

with Corvinus, instead of Antonius: one of the suffecti was to be Cn. Pompeius , a great-grandson of Sulla. Historic names might

based on the presence of the names M. Valerius, L. Cornelius and Cn. Pompeius on the Fasti. These consuls might have been desig

onsul of 32 may be his son by an earlier marriage (PIR2, C 1338). CN. Pompeius was the son of Q. Pompeius rufus (tr. pl. 52 B.C.

cipia to influence Roman opinion in favour of the exiled statesman. 1 Pompeius had sponsored the movement. When Pompeius fell il

onflicting ambitions of two rivals for supreme power. The elder, like Pompeius twenty years before, a great reputation but on th

men. He might be able to employ sea-power with a mastery that neither Pompeius nor the Liberators had achieved when they contend

cation of the date of his desertion. He had previously been with Sex. Pompeius . 3 Plutarch, Antonius 63; Dio 50, 13, 6; Vellei

saved their fathers; 6 M. Aemilius Scaurus, the half-brother of Sex. Pompeius was pardoned, likewise Cn. Cornelius Cinna. 7 Scr

to Roman authority and Roman interests, by whomsoever represented, by Pompeius , by Cassius, or by Antonius. Octavianus deposed a

he dynasts might desire to outshine all the generals of the Republic, Pompeius , Crassus and Antonius, in distant conquest, for g

sty. Sulla established order but no reconciliation in Rome and Italy. Pompeius destroyed the Sullan system; and when enlisted in

from a great house, the grandson of a dynast who had taken rank with Pompeius and Caesar; in military glory he was a sudden riv

colleague, under a mandate to heal and repair the body politic. 4 But Pompeius was sinister and ambitious. That princeps did not

h he would have himself known. 5 Not only that. The whole career of Pompeius was violent and illicit, from the day when the yo

ian, BC 2, 28, 107: ἐζ θεραπείαν τῆζ πόλεωζ ἐπικληθείζ; cf. Plutarch, Pompeius 55; Tacitus, Ann. 3, 28. 5 Suetonius, Divus Aug

the last generation of the Republic, which in politics is the Age of Pompeius . In his youth Caesar’s heir, the revolutionary ad

5 The Emperor and his historian understood each other. The authentic Pompeius was politically forgotten, buried in fraudulent l

at they required was not the ambitious and perfidious dynast but that Pompeius who had fallen as Caesar’s enemy, as a champion o

the rival leaders, made Aeneas’ guide exhort Caesar to disarm before Pompeius : tuque prior, tu parce, genus qui ducis Olympo,

ura Catonem. 7 NotesPage=>317 1 Tacitus, Ann. 3, 28: ‘turn Cn. Pompeius , tertium consul corrigendis moribus delectus et g

uncomfortable matter, is no longer fervently advertised. A purified Pompeius or a ghostly and sanctified Cato were not the onl

ct for the times, recommending the establishment of the Principate of Pompeius , and foreshadowing the ideal state that was reali

of one man in the State were admitted, it was not for a princeps like Pompeius . For the rest, it might pertinently be urged th

good imperialist. As he pronounced when he attacked the domination of Pompeius , for the sake of empire it was not worth submitti

civitatis commutari non volet, et civis et vir bonus est. ’ Plutarch ( Pompeius 54) describes Cato in 52 B.C. as πᾶσαν μὲν ἀρχὴν

lic of Augustus:2 very little attention was paid to him at all, or to Pompeius . Genuine Pompeians there still were, loyal to a f

ariegated past, changing in loyalty from Lepidus to Antonius, to Sex. Pompeius and again to Antonius, thence to the better cause

stood in need of instruction. Reunited after the conference of Luca, Pompeius , Crassus and Caesar took a large share of provinc

till less such nobiles as the three Valerii, Cinna’s grandson, or Cn. Pompeius , the descendant of Sulla the Dictator. After 28 B

; 9 in which matter Augustus inherited and developed the practices of Pompeius and of Caesar. NotesPage=>354 1 This is th

lf no sudden novelty, but deriving from common practice of the age of Pompeius , accelerated by the wars of the Revolution and th

the Paeligni. 2 Municipal men in the Senate of Rome in the days of Pompeius were furnished in the main by Latium, Campania an

cipate recall the splendour of that last effulgence before the war of Pompeius and Caesar. He persevered for a long time, hardly

or a political dynast was insistent to promote a deserving partisan. Pompeius , however, could not or would not support the Pice

s aided by such powerful protection as the low-born Afranius had from Pompeius ; and Pompeius’ consul Gabinius was a politician a

ch as M. Lurius and P. Carisius, both of whom had served against Sex. Pompeius and elsewhere. But L. Tarius Rufus, an admiral at

nd was an Aemilia Lepida in whose veins ran the blood of Sulla and of Pompeius . 5 She was the destined bride of L. Caesar, the P

21 and 33). 4 Velleius 2, 76, 1. He had been a praefectus fabrum of Pompeius , of M. Brutus and of Ti. Claudius Nero. PageBoo

in a political emergency. Against Catilina, perhaps, but not against Pompeius or Caesar. When it came to maintaining public con

Mithridates. 3 He was one of the three legates who governed Spain for Pompeius . Of the others, the obscure Petreius was also in

n, but the stabilization of a practice common enough in the armies of Pompeius and Caesar and extended during the revolutionary

n the assumption that Labienus was, from the beginning, a partisan of Pompeius (JRS XXVIII (1938), 113 ff.). 3 Plutarch, Serto

), 113 ff.). 3 Plutarch, Sertorius 19; Orosius 5, 23, 14; Plutarch, Pompeius 34, 36 and 39; Dio37, 5, 4 f. 4 Sallust, BC 59,

r at the head of armies or in the government of provinces, legates of Pompeius and Caesar like Afranius and Labienus and general

towns and trophies commemorated the glory and the vanity of the great Pompeius . Of all that, nothing more. Domitius and Titius w

whole communities and wide regions in his clientela. 2 Descendants of Pompeius survived: no chance that they would be allowed to

ations all this has sufficiently been demonstrated. The domination of Pompeius gave a foretaste of secret rule his Mytilenean cl

Horace. The precaution seems excessive. In a Republic like that of Pompeius , Livia would have been a political force, compara

rs of Marius and Sulla; his grandfather, the enemy of both Caesar and Pompeius , had fallen at Pharsalus; his father was the grea

e dynastic group, namely the descendants of Cinna, Sulla, Crassus and Pompeius . Some missed the consulate and none, so far as is

d with Tiberius’ parents the flight from Italy, the sojourn with Sex. Pompeius and memories of trials in adversity for the Repub

8). 5 Objects bestowed on the infant Tiberius by the sister of Sex. Pompeius were preserved as heirlooms or curiosities (Sueto

elated to the family of L. Scribonius Libo, the father-in-law of Sex. Pompeius ; 1 and there were now descendants of Pompeius and

e father-in-law of Sex. Pompeius; 1 and there were now descendants of Pompeius and Scribonia, who intermarried with certain Livi

The family of L. Arruntius (cos. 22 B.C.), also an associate of Sex. Pompeius , formed a Pompeian connexion. 3 Cn. Cinna, again,

us Libo Drusus, consul and praetor in A.D. 16, were grandsons of Sex. Pompeius . 3 Precisely how, it is not quite clear: the ad

dence for his proconsulate, PIR2 A 200. 3 Tacitus, Ann. 1, 7: ‘Sex. Pompeius et Sex. Appuleius consules primi in verba Tiberii

ld have none of them; and so they receive no praise from the poets. 1 Pompeius was no better, though he has the advantage over C

melior iudicis esse metu. 5 PageNotes. 442 1 On Marius, Sulla and Pompeius , cf. Tacitus, Hist. 2, 38. Marius and Sulla do no

t of the ancient gods. The evil went back much farther than Caesar or Pompeius , being symptom and product of the whole unhallowe

g with avidity upon any dramatic phrase that fitted the domination of Pompeius : nostra miseria tu es magnus. 1 Agents with ski

indispensable to Roman politicians. Crassus had a happier touch than Pompeius . The demagogue Clodius was in his pay. The Dict

ers to display his magnificence and propagate his fame. The monarchic Pompeius possessed a domestic chronicler, the eloquent The

. Livy, like Virgil, was a Pompeian: he idealized the early career of Pompeius , controverting Sallustius. When Pompeius thus bec

4, 34. The term ‘Pompeianus’, however, need not denote an adherent of Pompeius . The Romans lacked a word for ‘Republican’. 3 M

the Transpadani; 1 and Brutus’ father had been besieged at Mutina by Pompeius . In the time of Augustus, Mediolanium preserved w

f the land. Elsewhere in the East Augustus inherited from the dynasts Pompeius , Antonius and Caesar, along with their clientela,

like his predecessors, a god and saviour; not only does he take from Pompeius the title of ‘warden of land and sea’; 7 PageNo

[πáσης ] γ [ς κ] αί θ[α] λáσσης [ ]π[óπ]τ[ην]. Cf. the dedication to Pompeius , ILS 9459 (Miletopolis); above, p. 30. PageBook

e unpopular of his partisans. M. Titius owed benefits to the house of Pompeius . He had made an ill requital. The Pompeii were de

lebs remembered. When Titius presided at games held in the Theatre of Pompeius the people arose in indignation and drove him for

e First Citizen were uniformly and ostentatiously homespun. As with Pompeius , face and mien might be honest and comely. 2 What

set himself to describe the fall of the Republic from the compact of Pompeius , Crassus and Caesar to the Battle of Philippi. Of

e class. The contest had been not merely political but social. Sulla, Pompeius and Caesar were all more than mere faction-leader

d and recent. The dominant figures of the monarchic dynasts, Sulla, Pompeius and Caesar, engross the stage of history, imposin

inal bid for power when, with the Scipionic connexion, they supported Pompeius . The last in the direct line of the Metelli, an e

anch of the patrician Cornelii, the Lentuli, who had also decided for Pompeius against Caesar, but were more fortunate in durati

arcelli were also among the group of consular families that supported Pompeius . Their main line lapsed with Marcellus, the nephe

suffered heavy loss through loyal or stubborn adhesion to lost causes Pompeius , Libertas and Antonius. Cato’s son fell at Philip

3 Certain noble families, showing their last consuls in the age of Pompeius , became extinct in the Civil Wars. Some, it is tr

nce of the Aemilii and certain other patrician houses, prevailed over Pompeius and the dominant faction of the nobilitas. But th

house of fairly recent nobility, would yet, to the contemporaries of Pompeius , have seemed destined to achieve power in the end

able in politics from early youth. Like Brutus originally an enemy of Pompeius , and through that feud brought into conflict with

y in the last generation of the Free State, Sulla, Cinna, Crassus and Pompeius , were still prominent in the first days of the Em

her generation, with the family of L. Calpurnius Piso (cos. 15 B.C.). Pompeius the Great had descendants only through collateral

Cn. Cornelius Cinna, and the Scribonii, issue of the daughter of Sex. Pompeius . Nor was the house of Sulla extinct an obscure gr

when a Piso, adopted by a Crassus, married a Scribonia descended from Pompeius , but also with the Julio- Claudians in the variou

tinuous list of victims, blended and involved with the descendants of Pompeius and Crassus. A son of L. Calpurnius Piso married

A son of L. Calpurnius Piso married Scribonia, a female descendant of Pompeius ; 6 hence a family foredoomed like the Silani, wit

ial agents of the government, not merely under Augustus but even with Pompeius and Caesar. Once again, Balbus and Theophanes.

le of the Catonian faction or of the four noble houses that supported Pompeius . The patrician Lentuli were numerous, but by no m

Sulla overthrew libertas by force of arms and established dominatio. Pompeius was no better. After that, only a contest for sup

ulla victam armis libertatem in dominationem verterunt. post quos Cn. Pompeius occultior non melior, et numquam postea nisi de p

recompense due to ‘boni duces’ after death. 4 Sulla had been ‘Felix’, Pompeius had seized the title of ‘Magnus’. Augustus, in gl

duced as a faction, the Liberators as enemies of the Fatherland, Sex. Pompeius as a pirate. Perusia and the proscriptions are fo

mperium the Princeps acknowledges his ancestry, recalling the dynasts Pompeius and Caesar. People and Army were the source and

knights, 355 ff., 409, 411; of freedmen, 354,410. Admirals, of Sex. Pompeius , 228; of Octavianus, 230, 236 f., 297; of Antoniu

, M. (cos. 115 B.C.), 20. Aemilius Scaurus, M., stepbrother of Sex. Pompeius , 228, 269, 299, 349 f., 377; his son, 492. Aene

us, Sex., praefectus praetorio, 502. Africa, in relation to Marius, Pompeius and Caesar, 75 f., 82; in 44 B.C., 110; in the Tr

e, of Larisa, 83. Alexander the Great, 54; empire of, 217, 250; and Pompeius , 30, 54; and Octavianus, 305; Roman view of, 441.

. Arruntius Camillus Scribonianus, L. (cos. A.D. 32), descendant of Pompeius , 377, 425, 497. Artavasdes, King of Armenia, 26

ious conspirator, 497. Calpurnius Piso, C. (cos. 67 B.C.), enemy of Pompeius , 35. Calpurnius Piso, C. (cos. A.D. 111), 497.

virtue, 444. Claudia, wife of Brutus, 45, 58. Claudia, wife of Cn. Pompeius (the son of Magnus), 45. Claudia, daughter of P.

portance of, 10, 388; in the Sullan oligarchy, 20 ff.; on the side of Pompeius , 44 f.; Caesarians, 61 f.; total in 48 B.C., 61;

e of, 11, 24 f., 368 ff.; imperium, 162, 315, 326, 330; controlled by Pompeius , 36; under the Triumvirs, 188, 199 f., 243 ff., 3

Magnus, Cn. (cos. A.D. 5), 269, 299, 328, 349 f., 425, 496; with Sex. Pompeius , 269; dubious conspiracy of, 414, 420. Corneliu

ius Lentulus, proscribed, 198. Cornelius Lentulus, adherent of Sex. Pompeius , 228. Cornelius Lentulus, Cn. (cos. 18 B.C.), 373

on the Civil Wars, 9; on the results of civil war, 440, 507, 515; on Pompeius , 9; disapproval of political dynasts, 9, 442, 515

etrius, freedman of Antonius, 201. Demetrius of Gadara, freedman of Pompeius , 76, 385. Democracy, incapable of ruling empire

, 178 ff., 188, 217, 221, 225, etc. Divine honours, 53 f., 256; for Pompeius , 30, 263; Caesar, 53 ff., 263; Antonius, 263, 273

al, 82 f., 89, 91 f., 289, 292, 360 ff., etc. East, the, clientela of Pompeius in, 30, 74, 76, 261; of Caesar, 262; of Antonius,

atuleius, L., quaestor of Antonius, 126, 132. Egypt, in relation to Pompeius and Caesar, 37, 76; troops in, 111, 124; augmente

s. Faesulae, prolific person from, 469. Fannius, C., adherent of Sex. Pompeius , 228. Fannius Caepio, Republican and conspirato

lavius Vespasianus, T., see Vespasian, the Emperor. Fleets, of Sex. Pompeius , 228; of Octavianus, 231, 295; of Antonius, 231,

in the Senate, 78, 354; wealth, 76, 195, 354; of Caesar, 76, 130; of Pompeius , 76, 385; with Sex. Pompeius, 228; holding milita

th, 76, 195, 354; of Caesar, 76, 130; of Pompeius, 76, 385; with Sex. Pompeius , 228; holding military commands, 201; unpopular i

consul, 373. Gabinius, A. (cos. 58 B.C.), as tribune, 29; legate of Pompeius , 31, 32; consul, 36, 82, 94, 374; governor of Syr

rs, 110, 165, 202; the clientela of the Domitii, 44, 74 f., 79 f.; of Pompeius , 74 f.; Caesarian partisans, 74 f.; senators from

Gallia. Gellius Poplicola, L. (cos. 72 B.C.), censor and legate of Pompeius , 66. Gellius Poplicola, L. (cos. 36 B.C.), Anto

e, 249, 452 f., 455; of municipal men, 455; of peasants, 454, 456; of Pompeius , 317 f. PageBook=>550 Illyricum, in the pr

ns, 25, 64, 68; early career, 25, 29, 32; consulate and alliance with Pompeius , 8, 33 f.; his consular province, 36; at Ravenna

.; his consular province, 36; at Ravenna and Luca, 37; relations with Pompeius , 40 ff.; responsibility for the Civil War, 47 ff.

to Julia, 34; marries Claudia, 45; marries Porcia, 58; his hatred of Pompeius , 27, 58; relations with Caesar, 58; motives for t

.C.), notorious renegade, 325, 349; legate of Lepidus, 178; with Sex. Pompeius , 189, 227; an Antonian, 268; deserts Antonius, 29

315 f., 324; ‘higher legality’, 160 f., 168, 172, 285. Legates, of Pompeius , 31, 67, 396; of Caesar in Gaul, 67, 94 f., 199;

y of, 442, 455 f. Leges Juliae, 426, 443 ff. Lenaeus, freedman of Pompeius , 250. Lentulus, see Cornelius. Lepidus, see Aem

esarian, 22, 36, 64. Licinius Crassus, M. (cos. 30 B.C.), with Sex. Pompeius , 269; with Antonius, 266, 269; deserts Antonius,

C.), his eastern command, 21, 29, 48, 385; in retirement, 23; against Pompeius , 33; insolently treated by Caesar, 56; derided by

3; against Pompeius, 33; insolently treated by Caesar, 56; derided by Pompeius , 74; his wives, 20, 21; relatives, 21 f., 44. L

477; husbands, 499, 518. Lollii, 31, 362. Lollius, L., legate of Pompeius , 31. Lollius, M., of Ferentinum, 362. Lollius,

Lucania, senators from, 238, 360. Lucceius, L., opulent friend of Pompeius , 35, 407. Lucilia, wife of Cn. Pompeius Strabo, 3

., satirist, 30 f. Lucilius Hirrus, C. (tr. pl. 53 B.C.), cousin of Pompeius , 31, 38 f., 363 proscribed, 193 f.; his wealth, 3

partisan from Picenum, 92, 95. Minucius Thermus, Q., partisan of Sex. Pompeius , 228. Mithridates the Great, 17. Mithridates of

. Mytilene, Pompeian and Caesarian partisans from, 76, 263; honours Pompeius and Theophanes, 263. Narbo, 80; altar at, 473.

Marius, 19, 65; restored to power by Sulla, 17 ff.; attitude towards Pompeius , 30 f., 43 ff., 198; towards Caesar, 59; in the p

ment, 11, 13, 24, 45, 358, 374; promoted by Marius, 86, 94; allies of Pompeius , 31 f.; in the Caesarian party, 80 ff.; in the Tr

gustus, 322, 370, 468 ff., 478. Plinius Rufus, L., partisan of Sex. Pompeius , 228, 232. Plotina, wife of Trajan, 415; her orig

s, 502. ‘Pompeianus’, meaning of, 317, 464. Pompeii, origin of, 28. Pompeius , Cn. (cos. suff. 31 B.C.), 279, 328. Pompeius,

eii, origin of, 28. Pompeius, Cn. (cos. suff. 31 B.C.), 279, 328. Pompeius , Q. (cos. 141 B.C.), 30, 85. Pompeius, Sex. (so

. suff. 31 B.C.), 279, 328. Pompeius, Q. (cos. 141 B.C.), 30, 85. Pompeius , Sex. (son of Magnus), 45; pietas of, 157, 228; i

culum, 228 ff.; defeat and death of, 231 f.; relatives, 228, 424 f. Pompeius , Sex. (cos. 35 B.C.), 200. PageBook=>559 P

excessive honours at Rome, 32; at Miletopolis, 30; at Mytilene, 263; Pompeius as a precedent for Augustus, 316; his posthumous

2; condones bribery, 34, 100; hates Italians and bankers, 26; opposes Pompeius , 33 f.; against Caesar, 34; his policy in 52 B.C.

23; influence on Brutus, 58; philosophical studies, 57; feuds against Pompeius and Caesar, 26 f., 46; laudations of Cato, 56, 13

yle, 248 f., 485 f.; on Roman politics, 16, 154; on Libertas, 515; on Pompeius , 249; on Caesar and Cato, 25, 146, 250; on human

us, 213, 219, 229; her other husbands, 229. Scribonia, wife of Sex. Pompeius , 213; her descendants, 425, 496 f. Scribonia, wif

76, 110. Scribonius Libo, L. (cos. 34 B.C.), father-in-law of Sex. Pompeius , 45, 213, 215, 221, 228; joins Antonius, 232, 269

and influence, 23 f., 69; liaison with Caesar, 35, 58; her hatred of Pompeius , 58, 69; as amatchmaker, 58, 69, 491; profits fro

on, 256. Sicily, enfranchized by Antonius, 116, 272; seized by Sex. Pompeius , 189; conquered by Octavianus, 230 ff.; as a sena

eek historian, 486. Tisienus Gallus, defends Nursia, 210; with Sex. Pompeius , 228. Titedius Labeo, minor novus homo, 456. Ti

in, 80. Titius, M. (cos. suff. 31 B.C.), proscribed, 193; with Sex. Pompeius , 227; as an Antonian, 232, 264, 266, 267, 281; a

1, 13, 94; relations with publicani, 14; with Cato, 137 f., 146; with Pompeius , 29 f., 37, 45, 137 f.; with Caesar, 138 f.; acti

62 ff.; his views upon Octavianus after Actium, 304 f.; on Troy, 305; Pompeius and Caesar, 317; Catilina and Cato, 317; Italy, 4

1 B.C.). Groag’s elucidation of the connexion with the descendants of Pompeius and Sulla through the marriage between Faustus Su

IUS This table illustrates the alliances between the descendants of Pompeius , Sulla, Crassus, and L. Piso (cos. 15 B.C.), cf.

cf. above, pp. 424 and 496 f. For the Calpurnii and the posterity of Pompeius through the line of the Scribonii, cf. the stemma