of Cato, observed: χϵȋρoν ϵ ναι µoναρχίας παρανóµoυ πóλϵµoν ὲµϕύλιoν ( Plutarch , Brutus 12). 2 In the Caesares of Julian (p. 30

e whole revolutionary period could be written NotesPage=>004 1 Plutarch , Antonius 56: δϵι γἀρ ϵἰς Kαίσαρα πἀντα πϵριϵλθϵȋ

of the Republic, begins his Annals with the words ‘urbem Romam’. 2 Plutarch , Caesar 13 ; Pompeius 47. 3 Horace, Odes 2, i,

27 f. 2 Cicero, De off. 1, 25; in a milder form, Pliny, NH 33, 134; Plutarch , Crassus 2. PageBook=>013 compact in 60 B.

us Lucullus (cos. 74), who divorced her, making shocking allegations ( Plutarch , Lucullus 34; Cicero, Pro Milone 73, &c.).

aepio (P-W 11 A, 1775 ff.), Servilia, the second wife of L. Lucullus ( Plutarch , Lucullus 38, cf. P-W II A, 1821), and Porcia, wi

.C. On the influence of Crassus with the Senate in 70 B.C., note esp. Plutarch , Pompeius 22: ĸαὶ ἐν µὲν τ βυνλ µȃλλoν ἳσχυϵν ὁ K

Alt. 12, 20, 2). 4 He served in the East on the staffs of Lucullus ( Plutarch , Lucullus 34) and of Q. Marcius Rex (Dio 36, 17,

essions. Short of the consulate, it was given NotesPage=>024 1 Plutarch , Cato minor II (67 B.c.). The identity of his wif

by making Cicero give testimony at the trial of Clodius for impiety ( Plutarch , Cicero 29). 5 Comm. pet. 6: ‘praeterea adulesc

5 His competitors were Q. Lutatius Catulus and P. Servilius Vatia ( Plutarch , Caesar 7). PageBook=>026 high assembly. B

tem, privatim opulentiam. laudamus divitias, sequimur inertiam. ’ 3 Plutarch , Cato minor 2 (anecdote of his recalcitrance towa

at extension of the corn-dole was carried through by Cato in 62 B.C. ( Plutarch , Cato minor 26). 5 ‘Sallust’, Ad Caesarem 2, 11

nt of Lepidus, capitulating at Mutina to Pompeius, was killed by him ( Plutarch , Pompeius 16, &c.). Ahenobarbus fell in Afric

sman, Q. Pompeius Rufus, cos. 88 B.C., cf. Appian, BC 1, 63, 284. 3 Plutarch , Pompeius 1. 4 Cicero, quoted by Asconius 70 (=

nius 70 (= p. 79 Clark): ‘hominem dis ac nobilitati perinvisum. ’ 5 Plutarch , Pompeius 6. Prosecuted for peculations committed

Papirius Carbo (Cicero, Brutus 230; Val. Max. 5, 3, 5; 6, 2, 8). 6 Plutarch , Pompeius 6 f.; Velleius 2, 29, 1; Bell. Afr. 22,

lius (Appian, Mithr. 95; Josephus, AJ 14, 29). 5 Against Sertorius: Plutarch , Sertorius 19; Orosius 5, 23, 14. Against Mithrid

rius: Plutarch, Sertorius 19; Orosius 5, 23, 14. Against Mithridates: Plutarch , Pompeius 34, &c. For his origin note the ded

e, M. Pupius Piso, the request was granted. 9 NotesPage=>032 1 Plutarch , Pompeius 9, cf. J. Carcopino, Sylla, 127 f. 2

Labienus (Dio 37, 27, 3). 5 Velleius 2, 40, 40; Dio 37, 21, 4. 6 Plutarch , Cicero 23; Cato minor 26; Dio 37, 43, 1. 7 Plu

37, 21, 4. 6 Plutarch, Cicero 23; Cato minor 26; Dio 37, 43, 1. 7 Plutarch , Cicero 23; Dio 37, 38, 2. 8 Plutarch, Cato min

minor 26; Dio 37, 43, 1. 7 Plutarch, Cicero 23; Dio 37, 38, 2. 8 Plutarch , Cato minor 29; Dio 37, 43, 3. 9 Dio 37, 44, 3.

efeat. The tribune L. Flavius brought forward NotesPage=>033 1 Plutarch , Pompeius 44; Cato minor 30. Cf. Münzer, RA, 349

n, Cato’s nephew. 7 But NotesPage=>034 1 Ad Att. 1, 19, 4. 2 Plutarch , Cicero 29. 3 Ad Att. 1, 16, 8. 4 Ib. 1, 18,

betrothed to a certain Servilius Caepio (Suetonius, Divus Iulius 21; Plutarch , Caesar 14; Pompeius 47). Münzer (RA, 338 f.) arg

his capture of the NotesPage=>035 1 The liaison was notorious ( Plutarch , Brutus 5, &c.) and gave rise to the vulgar a

pos: Nepos got the province of Hispania Citerior after his consulate ( Plutarch , Caesar 21; Dio 39, 54, 1). Their successors, L.

53, when Hirrus was tribune. Cato nearly deprived him of his office ( Plutarch , Pompeius 54). But there were strong and authenti

= p. 34 Clark; Caesar, BG 7, 1, 1. 5 Asconius 31 = p. 35 f. Clark; Plutarch , Cato minor 47, &c. 6 Appian, BC 2, 28, 107

. 6 Appian, BC 2, 28, 107: is ς θϵραπϵίαν τ ς πóλϵως πιĸλƞθϵίς; cf. Plutarch , Pompeius 55; Tacitus, Ann. 3, 28. 7 Asconius 3

Caesar, BC 1, 4, 4; Velleius 2, 29, 2; 33, 3. For Caesar’s ambition, Plutarch , Antonius 6 (cf. Suetonius, Divus Iulius 30, 5):

lpina, or even Illyricum, with a single legion(Appian, BC 2, 32, 126; Plutarch , Caesar 31; Suetonius, Divus Iulius 29, 2). 3 A

credens Alexandro regi, facta consultaque eius quidem aemulus erat’; Plutarch , Pompeius 2. On the orientalism of Pompeius, cf.

π⍴υσ∊ȋπ∊ τòν ∏οµπήïον, ἄγυς ήγυùµ∊νος µὲγα πατ⍴òς ϕου∊ί διαλέγ∊σθσι ( Plutarch , Brutus 4, cf. Pompeius 64). PageBook=>059

, Livy, Per. 110, &c. 4 ILS 8888. 5 Bell. Hisp. 42, 1 ff. 6 Plutarch , Crassus 6. PageBook=>076 nor the native t

262 f. 4 P-W IV, 2802 f. On his wealth, power and ostentation, cf. Plutarch , Pompeius 40; Josephus, BF 1, 155; Seneca, De tra

in P-W IA, 1198. 6 At least seventy millions (Dio 48, 36, 4f.). 7 Plutarch , Caesar 51. PageBook=>077 and estates were

1: ‘Aeli vetusto nobilis ab Lamo. ’ 2 Suetonius, Vitellius 1 f. 3 Plutarch , Cicero 1 4 L. Visidius (Phil. 7, 24), cf. the

(Schulze, LE, 138), though they faked a descent from the Sabine Numa ( Plutarch , Numa 21). The origin of the Caecilii Metelli is

iors swearing a common oath. 2 For example, Q. Poppaedius Silo, cf. Plutarch , Cato minor 2. 3 A large part of Italy must hav

taste and talent, won early fame as a speaker NotesPage=>091 1 Plutarch , Caesar 16. For another Caesarian Granius, cf. BC

. Really an army contractor (Gellius 15, 4, 3), cf. above, p. 71. 4 Plutarch , Pompeius 6. 5 Perhaps for Gabinius (above, p.

ne-legged Pompeian senator Sex. Teidius (Asconius 28 p. 32 Clark, cf. Plutarch , Pompeius 64) may be mentioned. 2 C. Flavius Fi

o means uncommon under Republic or NotesPage=>104 1 Apart from Plutarch , Antonius 10, the only evidence is Cicero, Phil.

s and inconsistent in the ancient authorities (Appian, BC 3, 31, 120; Plutarch , Antonius 16; Suetonius, Divus Aug. 10, 2; Dio 45

obtrusive. L. Cornificius (cos. 35 B.C.), however, an early adherent ( Plutarch , Brutus 27), is quite possible. Note the absence

ν κορυϕαῖοι Πόπλιος, Oύίβιος, Λ∈ύκιος, πάντων δὲ μάλιστα Kικἐρων. 3 Plutarch , Cicero 44. 4 Ad Att. 16, 14, 2. 5 Ad fam. 12

d help or sanction to the NotesPage=>136 1 Caesar, BC 1, 3, 6; Plutarch , Pompeius 58, and Caesar 37; Dio 41, 16, 4; Cicer

gratias agat, tamen illud apparebit verba rebus esse contraria. ’ Cf. Plutarch , Cicero 45. 2 Ad fam, 9, 14. 3 Phil. 5, 50: ‘

ource of power or as a plea in justification. NotesPage=>152 1 Plutarch , Cato minor 21: ὡς γ∈λοῖον ὕπατον ἔχομ∈ν. 2 Cf.

quaestor of Asia, C. Antistius Vetus of Syria(Ad M. Brutum 1, 11, 1; Plutarch , Brutus 25). P. Lentulus, Trebonius’ quaestor, cl

On Octavianus, ib. § 5 f. 2 Cf. his letters, Ad fam. 10, 31–3. 3 Plutarch , Brutus 12: χϵ ρον ϵ ναι μοναρχίας παρανόμου πόλϵ

um 1, 4a, 4 (May 15th). 3 Appian, BC 3, 82, 337 ft.; Dio 46, 42, 2; Plutarch , Cicero 45 f. If Plutarch is to be believed, Augu

3 Appian, BC 3, 82, 337 ft.; Dio 46, 42, 2; Plutarch, Cicero 45 f. If Plutarch is to be believed, Augustus admitted that he had

e=>187 1 Velleius 2, 69, 5. An uncle of Velleius co-operated 2 Plutarch , Brutus 27. 3 Appian, BC 3, 95, 394. 4 Sueton

aps unjustly. Varius Cotyla was left in control of Comata in 43 B.C. ( Plutarch , Antonius 18): in 41 Ventidius and Calenus were t

full accounts of his end in Livy (quoted by Seneca, Suasoriae 6, 17); Plutarch , Cicero 47 f.; Appian, BC 4, 19, 73 ff. The best

us 2, 71, 2 (Lucullus). 4 Ad M. Brutum 1, 17, 3. He fell in battle, Plutarch , Brutus 51. 5 Ib. 1, 14, 1. 6 For example, th

926. Canidius may be the man who was with Cato in Cyprus in 57 B.C. ( Plutarch , Cato Minor 35). The name ‘Canidius’, familiar en

mpare Brutus’ own remarks (Ad M. Brutum 1, 16 f., above, p. 184). 2 Plutarch , Brutus 28: τ αἰτίᾳ ϕησίν αἰσχύνϵσθαι μ λλον ἢ τ

, once a Caesarian, Cato’s son, a Lucullus, a NotesPage=>205 1 Plutarch , Brutus 43. 2 The date is given by the Calendar

iciana (1924), 193 ff. 3 Appian, BC 4, 115, 479 ff.; Dio 47, 47, 4; Plutarch , Brutus 47. 4 As the poet Lucan observed of Pha

λόγος ἄρ’ σθ’ γὼ δ σϵ ὡς ργον ἤσκουν· σὺ δ’ ἄρ’ δούλϵυϵς τύΧῃ. 3 Plutarch , Brutus 53. 4 Plutarch, Brutus 29: Mάρκον δ’ ‘A

ὡς ργον ἤσκουν· σὺ δ’ ἄρ’ δούλϵυϵς τύΧῃ. 3 Plutarch, Brutus 53. 4 Plutarch , Brutus 29: Mάρκον δ’ ‘Aντώνιον άξίαν ϕησί τ ς άν

2 (M. Favonius, the loyal Catonian). 6 Appian, BC 4, 136, 575. 7 Plutarch , Brutus 50. 8 Appian, BC 5, 2, 4 ff. Among them

d his brother not NotesPage=>214 1 Appian, BC 5, 4, 15 ff. 2 Plutarch , Antonius 25. 3 It will not be necessary to rep

an (Diss. Leipzig, 1936). See further below, pp. 234 ff.; 266 ff. 3 Plutarch , Antonius 24. 4 CIL 12, p. 50. PageBook=>2

2 Gellius 15, 4, 4. 3 Dio 49, 22, 3 f., &c. 4 Ib. 49, 24, 1; Plutarch , Antonius 34; Strabo, p. 501. 5 Below, p. 260.

aecenas, of later notoriety. 2 The accounts in Dio 48, 54, 1 f. and Plutarch , Antonius 35, are clearly hostile to Antonius, de

ry of victories over a Punic enemy by sea and NotesPage=>237 1 Plutarch , Brutus 27. Nothing is known of his family or att

ithout respect for family or dynastic claims. NotesPage=>259 1 Plutarch , Antonius 36. 2 Strabo, p. 569; IGRR IV, 1694.

(Alexandria: a private inscription): ’Aντώνιὸν μέγαν | κἀμὶμητὸν. Cf. Plutarch , Antonius 28. | PageBook=>264 Roman army r

early and unfriendly testimony reckons them NotesPage=>264 1 Plutarch , Antonius 42 (Titius, as quaestor); 40 (Ahenobarb

rmy. 2 Q. Dellius subsequently became an historian (Strabo, p. 523; Plutarch , Antonius 59), possibly a very influential source

war between rival leaders. NotesPage=>266 1 Dio 49, 40, 2. 2 Plutarch , Antonius 56. 3 On the provincial governors of

d by Antonius on confidential missions, to bring Cleopatra to Tarsus ( Plutarch , Antonius 25), in Judaea in 40 B.C. (Josephus, AJ

e was sent on a mission to Egypt by Antonius in the following winter ( Plutarch , Antonius 36). 7 M. Insteius from Pisaurum (Cic

7 M. Insteius from Pisaurum (Cicero, Phil. 13, 26) fought at Actium ( Plutarch , Antonius 65). Q. Didius, attested as governor of

nd then with Antonius (Dio 51, 4, 3). M. Octavius, admiral at Actium ( Plutarch , Antonius 65), perhaps a son of the consul of 76

s preceded by a coup d’état: Antonius had the NotesPage=>270 1 Plutarch (Antonius 54) and Dio (49, 41, 1 ff.) are lavish

literature and legend, is another matter. It NotesPage=>274 1 Plutarch , Antonius 26: ὡϛ ἡ‘Aϕρὸδὶτη κωμάϛὸι παρ ά τὸν Δɩό

ῷτῆϛ ‘Aσὶαϛ. 2 M. A. Levi, Ottaviano Capoparte 11, 103 f.; 144. 3 Plutarch , Antonius 57. 4 W. W. Tarn, JRS XXII (1932), 14

chaft des Antonius und des Octavian (Diss. Leipzig, 1936), 31 ff. 5 Plutarch , Antonius 56: ἔδєɩ γάρ єἰς Kαὶσαρα πάντα πєριєλθє

;276 1 The order of events, not always clearly indicated by Dio and Plutarch , the only full sources for the years 33 and 32 B.

ished by Kromayer, Hermes XXXIII (1898), 37 ff. 2 Dio 50, I, 3 ff.; Plutarch , Antonius 55. 3 Dio 49, 41, 6. 4 lb. 50, 1, 4

I, 3 ff.; Plutarch, Antonius 55. 3 Dio 49, 41, 6. 4 lb. 50, 1, 4; Plutarch , Antonius 55. PageBook=>277 family scandal

t he had not been NotesPage=>280 1 BMC, R. Rep. n, 526 ff. 2 Plutarch , Antonius 56. 3 On the question of the ‘marriag

s a vivid picture of Plancus’ performance in the role of Glaucus. 4 Plutarch , Antonius 58; Dio 50, 3, 1 ff.; Velleius 2, 83. D

δíᾳ τὰ γεγραμμένα διῆλθε καὶ παρεσημήατo τόπʋυϛ τινὰϛ εὐκατηγʋρήτʋνϛ ( Plutarch , Antonius 58). The hypothesis of forgery, at leas

civil population and the soldiery. Octavianus NotesPage=>283 1 Plutarch , Antonius 58. 2 Velleius 2, 83, 3. It was C. Co

publication of the will is not given so much importance and effect by Plutarch (Antonius 58 f.), while Velleius omits this attra

καὶ τὸ κράτʋϛ ἐϛ τὴν Aἴγυπτʋν μεταθήσει. 5 Ib. 5, 4. 6 Ib. 5, 3; Plutarch , Antonius 60. 7 Plutarch, Antonius 58. 8 Valu

τʋν μεταθήσει. 5 Ib. 5, 4. 6 Ib. 5, 3; Plutarch, Antonius 60. 7 Plutarch , Antonius 58. 8 Valuable evidence in Dio 50, 10

7 Plutarch, Antonius 58. 8 Valuable evidence in Dio 50, 10, 3 ff.; Plutarch , Antonius 58. PageBook=>284 was compelled

the nobiles employed ‘homines nominis Latini et socios Italicos’. 5 Plutarch , Cato minor 2 (Poppaedius). Cf. Florus 2, 5, 1: ‘

vomunt, patriumque aperitur vertice sidus. 7 NotesPage=>296 1 Plutarch , Antonius 59 (misdated, cf. Dio 50, 13, 8; Vellei

date of his desertion. He had previously been with Sex. Pompeius. 3 Plutarch , Antonius 63; Dio 50, 13, 6; Velleius 2, 84, 2; S

leius 2, 84, 2; Suetonius, Nero 3, 2. He died shortly afterwards. 4 Plutarch , Antonius 63. Like Pompeius Magnus (SIG3 762), An

names of the commanders on either side are given by Velleius 2, 85, 2 Plutarch , Antonius 65; Dio 50, 13, 5; 14, 1. Also Appian,

later captured, four were put to death, among NotesPage=>299 1 Plutarch , Antonius 77 ff.; Dio 51, II, 4 (Proculeius); Plu

ge=>299 1 Plutarch, Antonius 77 ff.; Dio 51, II, 4 (Proculeius); Plutarch , Antonius 79 (Gallus). Proculeius had been holdin

cessit quam professioni eius, qua semper usus erat, congruebat. ’ 3 Plutarch , Antonius 81. 4 Res Gestae 27: ‘Aegyptum imperi

6. 4 Appian, BC 2, 28, 107: ἐζ θεραπείαν τῆζ πόλεωζ ἐπικληθείζ; cf. Plutarch , Pompeius 55; Tacitus, Ann. 3, 28. 5 Suetonius,

only remains to elucidate NotesPage=>318 1 Odes I, 12, 47. 2 Plutarch , Cicero 49. 3 For example, and above all, E. Me

em statum civitatis commutari non volet, et civis et vir bonus est. ’ Plutarch (Pompeius 54) describes Cato in 52 B.C. as πᾶσαν

, cos. suff. A.D. 7, is not known: perhaps the son of Brutus’ friend ( Plutarch , Brutus 50), perhaps a relative of Lucilius Hirru

s the son of her intimate friend Urgulania. 4 NotesPage=>385 1 Plutarch , Lucullus 6. 2 Mommsen, Ges. Schr. IV, 311 ff.

e beginning, a partisan of Pompeius (JRS XXVIII (1938), 113 ff.). 3 Plutarch , Sertorius 19; Orosius 5, 23, 14; Plutarch, Pompe

VIII (1938), 113 ff.). 3 Plutarch, Sertorius 19; Orosius 5, 23, 14; Plutarch , Pompeius 34, 36 and 39; Dio37, 5, 4 f. 4 Sallu

iend of Tiberius, Tacitus, Ann. 4, 15: Lucilius the friend of Brutus, Plutarch , Brutus 50; Antonius 69. 2 Velleius 2, 101, 3.

talos in proelia Caesar. 4 PageNotes. 465 1 Ad fam. 12, 5, 2. 2 Plutarch , Comp. Dionis et Bruti 5; Suetonius, De rhet. 6.

men from the colony of Berytus in 4 B.C. (Josephus, AJ 17, 287). 2 Plutarch , Comp. Dionis et Bruti 5; Suetonius, De rhet. 6.

otes. 482 1 Tacitus, Ann. 4, 34, cf. Ovid, Ex Ponto 1, 1, 23 f. 2 Plutarch , Brutus 53. 3 Pliny (NH 36, 33) speaks of his ‘

ust follow the sense. 5 PageNotes. 484 1 Tacitus, Ann. 4, 34. 2 Plutarch , Antonius 59; Strabo, p. 523. 3 Pliny, NH 7, 14