he futility of their noble deed and by the failure of their armies at Philippi ; and the memory of Antonius is overwhelmed by the

the governing class. Though symbolized for all time in the Battle of Philippi , it was a long process, not a single act. Sallust

gustus: the work appears to have ended when the Republic went down at Philippi . That Pollio chose to write no further will readi

mpeius and sharply repressed by Caesar, the aristocracy was broken at Philippi . The parties of Pompeius and of Caesar had hardly

ar’s ghost, as all men know, drove Brutus to his doom on the field of Philippi . The same phantom bore heavily on Antonius and st

nsulate, August 43 B.C. Pinarius, otherwise unknown, was a general at Philippi and probably the same person as the Antonian Pina

dius Saxa, who marched along the Via Egnatia across Macedonia, passed Philippi , and took up a favourable position. Antonius and

e Caesarians under Norbanus and Saxa, they arrived in the vicinity of Philippi , where they took up a strong position astride the

l was lost, Cassius fell upon his sword. Such was the first Battle of Philippi (October 23rd). 2 Both sides drew back, damaged

their situation was desperate, for on the day of the first Battle of Philippi the Republican admirals in the Ionian Sea interce

a contest of despots over the corpse of liberty. The men who fell at Philippi fought for a principle, a tradition and a class n

new allies and peers in rank, Ventidius and Carrinas. On the field of Philippi fell the younger Hortensius, once a Caesarian, Ca

Senate and People steeled themselves to celebrate instead the day of Philippi . Ailing, despondent and under evil auspices, Octa

onfiscation of Italian property and the settlement of the veterans of Philippi , the remnants of twenty-eight legions. Of the act

l decision be reserved for Antonius for the prestige of the victor of Philippi was overwhelming. On the other side, they champio

ans, cf. above, p. 189, n. 5. Fango had been sent by Octavianus after Philippi to take over from Sextius. 4 Appian, BC 5, 53,

. XVI THE PREDOMINANCE OF ANTONIUS PageBook=>214 THE victor of Philippi proceeded eastwards in splendour to re-establish

et up petty kings or deposed them. 1 So did he spend the winter after Philippi . Then his peregrinations brought him to the city

rvene the confiscations and the allotment of lands to the veterans of Philippi were Octavianus’ share in a policy for which they

re in a policy for which they were jointly responsible. The victor of Philippi could not forswear his promises and his soldiers.

omans and respectable knights, the survivors of the proscriptions, of Philippi , of Perusia. With this moral support Antonius c

s was passing out of date. Antonius, however, was still the victor of Philippi ; military repute secured him the larger share of

blican Nursia, and a certain L. Plinius Rufus. 3 To the defeated of Philippi and Perusia it had seemed for a time that the you

ions. Herself in the direct line of the Claudii (her father, slain at Philippi , was a Claudius adopted in infancy by the tribune

lands. Octavianus was generous but firm. 1 The veterans of Mutina and Philippi he now released from service, allotting lands and

is attempt to bring legions across the Ionian Sea for the campaign of Philippi . Then silence again until he becomes consul for t

nd eloquent Messalla, ‘fulgentissimus iuvenis’, fought for liberty at Philippi and was proud of it. He then followed Antonius fo

ht. As yet they were conspicuous by their rarity. The vanquished of Philippi and of Perusia were more amicably disposed to Ant

4 To Pollio fell the duty of confiscating lands in the north after Philippi ; and Pollio is the earliest patron of Virgil, who

ectures of philosophers into the army of the Liberators. He fought at Philippi , for the Republic but not from Republican convict

. It was much more than the rule of the nobiles that had collapsed at Philippi . The doom of empire was revealed the ruling peopl

ady lost the better part of two years not Ventidius but the victor of Philippi should have driven the Parthians out of Asia. Whe

the assassins in will and sympathy, if not in the deed, he fought at Philippi . Then, refusing either to agree with Messalla tha

fallen long ago, not perhaps at Pharsalus, but finally and fatally at Philippi . They knew it, and they knew the price of peace a

of the day would prefer to re-enact the strategy of Pharsalus and of Philippi , reversing the outcome and destroying the Caesari

her of Norbanus had been general, along with Saxa, in the campaign of Philippi . Norbanus himself was married to a great heiress

ivil Wars, Carrinas and Calvisius, and a general from the campaign of Philippi , C. Norbanus. But there were presumably three nob

past was recent and tangible the Ides of March, the proscriptions and Philippi were barely twenty years distant. The corruption

. (under 16 B.C.). For M. Lollius, cf. the fragment of an inscr. from Philippi (L’ann. ep. 1933, 85); for L. Tarius, that from t

ither god had failed him. Divus Julius prevailed over the Republic at Philippi , Apollo kept faith at Actium: vincit Roma fide

may, in a certain sense, be regarded as a triumph of Italy over Rome: Philippi , Perusia and even Actium were victories of the Ca

ce had lost their paternal estates in the confiscations that followed Philippi or the disorders of the Perusine War: they subseq

use. The temple of Mars the Avenger had been vowed by Caesar’s son at Philippi when he fought against the assassins of his paren

ius, Divus Aug. 94 ff. 2 Phil. 5, 43. PageBook=>472 Perusia, Philippi and Actium all had their portents. With victory,

at their expense. They had no illusions about it and they remembered Philippi , with melancholy pride, as the greatest calamity

ers of Brutus broke into the camp and tent of the Caesarian leader at Philippi : he was not there. After the example set by Cae

ics. 2 As he had been among the earliest of the nobiles who fought at Philippi to pass from Antonius to Octavianus, the statemen

er, one of the assassins of the Dictator, had committed suicide after Philippi , also preserved the traditions of libertas and fe

lic from the compact of Pompeius, Crassus and Caesar to the Battle of Philippi . Of earlier historians, he blamed Sallustius for

on to lost causes Pompeius, Libertas and Antonius. Cato’s son fell at Philippi and the Porcii lapsed into obscurity if not extin

itudes of the subsequent struggle, if the Liberators had prevailed at Philippi or Antonius at Actium, the ultimate result might

at ideal, Brutus and Cassius, who had fought against Caesar’s heir at Philippi , could not have been invoked to support his Princ

and their families. Messalla changed sides, passing to Antonius after Philippi and from Antonius before long to Octavianus. Alon

to Libertas. But Libertas was destroyed when Virtus was shattered at Philippi . Political liberty, it could be maintained, was d

restoration of the Free State if Brutus and Cassius had prevailed at Philippi . Such was the conventional and vulgar opinion:3 T

oup d’état of 32 B.C. appears as a spontaneous uprising of all Italy, Philippi is transformed into the victory of Caesar’s heir

59. Antipater the Idumaean, 76, 262. Antistius Labeo, perishes at Philippi , 228. Antistius Labeo, M., Republican and hones

virate, 188 f.; role in proscriptions, 191 f.; campaign and Battle of Philippi , 202 ff.; after Philippi, 214; attitude during th

roscriptions, 191 f.; campaign and Battle of Philippi, 202 ff.; after Philippi , 214; attitude during the Perusine War, 214 f., 2

82 f., 185 f.; Triumvir, 188; role in proscriptions, 191; campaign of Philippi , 202 ff.; Perusine War, 207 ff.; Brundisium, 217

March, 101, 116 ff., 119; in the East, 124, 171 f., 177; campaign of Philippi , 203 ff.; his death, 205; character, 57, 184; his

Spain, 79, 80, 116, 126, 132, 151, 200, 350, 355; in the campaign of Philippi , 200, 202, 204; governor of Syria, 214; killed by

, Caesarian partisan, 62, 111, 165, 197, 327, 368; in the campaign of Philippi , 205; his second consulate, 189, 227; governor of

overnor of Macedonia, 110 f.; with the Liberators, 171, 198; death at Philippi , 205. Hostilius Saserna, C., Caesarian, 79. Hos

Cicero, 183 f.; his distaste for civil war, 183 f., 203; campaign of Philippi , 203 ff.; his suicide, 206. His allies and relati

aly, 119, 124, 163, 167; win eastern armies, 171, 184; in campaign of Philippi , 203 ff.; end of, 205 f.; on the side of Antonius

of Caesar, 61 ff., 94; in the proscriptions, 192, 195; casualties at Philippi , 205 f.; under the Triumvirate, 243 f., 257; on t

B.C.), Caesarian partisan, 65, 200, 235, 325, 327; in the campaign of Philippi , 202, 204; in Spain, 239; proconsul of Asia, 303;

nturion, 89. Pharsalus, Battle of, 50. Philhellenism, 135, 262 f. Philippi , campaign and battle of, 202 ff. Philippics, of C