the command in Spain, not ‘pro consule’ but ‘pro consulibus’ (Cicero, Phil . II, 18). On his high repute as a wit, cf. Cicero

B.C.) and bearing, as his official name, ‘Q. Caepio Brutus’ (Cicero, Phil . 10, 25, &c). For a discussion of other views

e or to be discarded if recalcitrant. NotesPage=>044 1 Cicero, Phil . 13, 28 f.: not veracious, however, for two of th

2 Below, c. V and c. VI. 3 For example, Ahenobarbus’ son (Cicero, Phil . 2, 27). PageBook=>052 To rule, he needed

ken much interest in the matter, Roman Ideas of Deity (1914), 112 ff. Phil . 2, 110, however, is a difficult passage. Yet it

xsistunt honoris imperii potentiae gloriae cupiditates. ’ 5 Cicero, Phil . 1, 38 and Ad fam. 10, 1, 1, adapting to himself

A, 2090 ff. 3 For example, in Thessaly (BC 3, 34, 4; 35, 2; Cicero, Phil . 13, 33). Note also men of Cnidus (SIG3 761; Stra

3 and 80, 2; Cicero, Ad Jam. 6, 18, 1; De div. 2, 23; De off. 2, 29; Phil . 11, 12; 13, 27; Seneca, Controv. 7, 3, 9; Macrob

iam. Galli bracas deposuerunt, latum clavum sumpserunt. 3 Cicero, Phil . 3, 13: ‘est enim ille flos Italiae, illud firmam

his Dictatorship NotesPage=>080 1 Caesar, BC 1, 66, 3; Cicero, Phil . 11, 12; 13, 27, &c, discussed in JRS XXVII (

entio 23; 109; 196; Sallust, BC 17, 4. 4 e.g., L. Visidius (Cicero, Phil . 7, 24) or, earlier, Minatus Magius of Aeclanum(V

2 Suetonius, Vitellius 1 f. 3 Plutarch, Cicero 1 4 L. Visidius ( Phil . 7, 24), cf. the ‘deus Visidianus’ (Tertullian, A

1926), 19 ff. 4 Pro Cluentio 153: ‘illa robora populi Romani. ’ 5 Phil . 7, 24. 6 Sallust, BC 17, 4: ‘ad hoc multi ex c

2 CIL X, 3758. 3 Namely C. Turranius, M. Vehilius and M. Cusinius ( Phil . 3, 25 f.). The gentilicium‘Vehilius’ is rare and

of the family of Vettius Scato, a Marsian insurgent leader. Note also Phil . 11, 4: ‘Marso nescio quo Octavio, scelerato latr

unatius is attested as aedile there on an early inscr., ILS 6231. 3 Phil . 8, 27 and other evidence, cf. Gelzer, P-W X, 987

the situation has changed, the story has gained colour and strength ( Phil . 2, 91). Even if the letter Ad fam. 11, I were to

of Rome NotesPage=>100 1 See further below, p. 164 2 Cicero, Phil . 2, 28 3 Suetonius, Divus Iulius 19, 1. PageB

1 1 Appian, BC 2, 140, 581; 3, 2, 5 2 Ad Att. 14, 6, 2; 20, 4 3 Phil . 10, 7. 4 Phil. 2, 5: ‘quos tu ipse clarissimos

2, 140, 581; 3, 2, 5 2 Ad Att. 14, 6, 2; 20, 4 3 Phil. 10, 7. 4 Phil . 2, 5: ‘quos tu ipse clarissimos viros soles appe

ory order through the researches of O. E. Schmidt (Jahrbücher für cl. Phil ., Supp. XIII (1884), 665 ff.), E. Schwartz (Herme

04 1 Apart from Plutarch, Antonius 10, the only evidence is Cicero, Phil . 2, 71 ff, which betrays its own inadequacy. The

(April 15th): ‘optime iam etiam Bruto nostro probari Antonium. ’ 2 Phil . 1, 6; 2, 5. 3 This is strongly emphasized by G

is hands. Antonius restored an exile but only NotesPage=>107 1 Phil , 1, 2 ff. Cicero does not mention here, among the

ng consulars kept quiet. The fate NotesPage=>109 1 Cf. Cicero, Phil . 13, 15 2 Below, p. 136. PageBook=>110 t

a near relative of Pompeius (Suetonius, Divus Aug. 4, 1). 4 Cicero, Phil . 3, 15. 5 The young Octavius, in Spain for a ti

MC, R. Rep. 11, 411 ff. 2 Antonius’ own words are quoted by Cicero, Phil . 13, 24: ‘et te, o puer, qui omnia nomini debes.

la, Caesennius Lento, and two others possibly Decidius Saxa and Cafo, Phil . 8, 26, cf. J RS XXVII (1937), 135 f. 2 Ad Att.

nterpretatus est, et si verum fatemur, salutare id terris fuit. ’ 3 Phil . 1, 8, cf. Ad Att. 16, 7, 1. 4 So Cicero was in

es conveniret, nostri Romam redirent. ’ Compare the parallel passage, Phil , 1, 8: ‘rem conventuram: Kalendis Sextilibus sena

and impatience. 2 Brutus and Cassius retorted NotesPage=>118 1 Phil , 1, 8: ‘M. Antoni contionem, quae mihi ita placui

Ad fam. 11, 3 (August 4th). 2 Velleius 2, 62, 3; echoes in Cicero, Phil . 2. 113; 10, 8. PageBook=>120 July has alr

as on October 2nd. Three or four days NotesPage=>123 1 Cicero, Phil , 1; Ad Jam. 12, 2, 1. 2 Ad fam. 12, 3, 1. Pag

a non-party statesman in Roman politics; as a NotesPage=>126 1 Phil . 3, 20 f. Q. Fufius Calenus? 2 Appian, BC 3, 46

ufius Calenus? 2 Appian, BC 3, 46, 188; 58, 241; Dio 45, 13, 5. 3 Phil . 10, 22 (Saxa and Cafo); the activities of Ventid

Cicero’s defence of the morals, family and patriotism of Octavianus, Phil . 3, 15 ff. 2 See Table III at end. PageBook=&

mes can be recovered, Agrippa and Maecenas. 9 NotesPage=>131 1 Phil . 2, 93, &c. 2 Nicolaus, Vita Caesaris 18, 5

On his profiteering, Ad fam. 15, 17, 2; his father,ib. 13, 26, 2. 2 Phil . 11, 11 ff.; 13, 26 ff. 3 Ib. 3, 23. The tribun

not recorded. L. Egnatuleius, Antonius’ quaestor, had the Fourth, cf. Phil . 3, 39, &c. PageBook=>133 Roman knight

principes were ready to give their sanction? NotesPage=>134 1 Phil . 8, 19. 2 Nicolaus, Vita Caesaris 28, III: ἦσαν

onius gave signs of a readiness to conciliate NotesPage=>139 1 Phil . 1, 1: ‘nec vero usquam discedebam nec a re publi

tion of Caesar, nothing but NotesPage=>140 1 Ad Att. 16, 7, ι; Phil . 1, 8. Cf. above, p. 117. 2 Ib. 16, 7, 7: ‘nec

bus esse contraria. ’ Cf. Plutarch, Cicero 45. 2 Ad fam, 9, 14. 3 Phil . 5, 50: ‘Omnis habeo cognitos sensus adulescentis

t animo quam gerebat’, as Pollio wrote (Seneca, Suasoriae 6, 24). 2 Phil . 3, 19: ‘quorum consiliorum Caesari me auctorem e

Page=>150 1 Or. post red. in senatu 13; De prov. cons. 9 ff. 2 Phil . 2, 74 f. 3 Ib. 2, 77. 4 Suetonius, Divus Aug

contrary. The Romans possessed a feeling for NotesPage=>151 1 Phil . 2, 99. 2 lb. 11, 9. 3 De officiis I, 150 f.

ecome quite respectable. 4 Pro C. Rabino Postumo 3 f. and 43 f. 5 Phil . 3, 15: ‘videte quam despiciamur omnes qui sumus

tesPage=>156 1 Ad Att. 14, 21, 2; 15, 2, 3 (‘timere otium’). 2 Phil . 12, 3. 3 Ad Att. 15, 7 (used of Ser. Sulpicius

cificatio’ (Cicero to Lepidus, Ad fam. 10, 27, 2, below, p. 173). 4 Phil . 2, 113: ‘et nomen pacis dulce est et ipsa res sa

ei publicae commoda privatis necessitudinibus habuisse potiora. ’ 3 Phil . 5, 50: Omnis Caesar inimicitias rei publicae con

re NotesPage=>160 1 Res Gestae 2. 2 BMC, JR. Emp. I, 29. 3 Phil . 3 and 5, passim. 4 Ib. 3, 3: ‘non enim effudit

nstitution had become the ally of a Catilina, NotesPage=>162 1 Phil . 3. In a speech to the People on the same day he

Afranius, Petreius and Labienus had fallen in NotesPage=>163 1 Phil . 4. 2 M. Valerius Messalla Rufus (cos. 53) was

despair, were seldom to NotesPage=>164 1 Ad fam. 12, 2, 2. 2 Phil . 13, 29, above, p. 45. 3 Above, p. 94. One of t

, had died in office. That left six consulars of the years 48-45. 4 Phil . 8, 22. 5 Ad fam. 12, 4, 1. 6 Ib. 10, 28, 3

s 48-45. 4 Phil. 8, 22. 5 Ad fam. 12, 4, 1. 6 Ib. 10, 28, 3 7 Phil 8, 30: ‘nam illud quidem non adducor ut credam, e

or theory could the auctoritas of the Senate NotesPage=>167 1 Phil . 5. Something at least of Calenus’ speech can be

2 Res Gestae 1; Livy, Per. 118; Dio 46, 29, 2. For Cicero’s proposal, Phil . 5, 46. PageBook=>168 be invoked to confer

coolly disregarding the law were by no means adequate or unequivocal ( Phil . 5, 7 ff.). Firstly, the law violated Caesar’s Le

ver Cicero’s safety during his consulate, not NotesPage=>169 1 Phil . 6 and 7 2 Ib. 7, 3, cf. 5, 5 PageBook=>17

fus, thereby quarrelling with P. Servilius. 4 NotesPage=>170 1 Phil . 7, 24: ‘vicinos suos non cohortatus est solum ut

l autem foedius Philippo et Pisone legatis, nihil flagitiosius. ’ 3 Phil 8, 27. 4 Phil. 9. PageBook=>171 A state

Philippo et Pisone legatis, nihil flagitiosius. ’ 3 Phil 8, 27. 4 Phil . 9. PageBook=>171 A state of war was then

age=>171 1 Ad fam. 12, 2 (Feb. 2nd); 3 (later in the month). 2 Phil . 10, of uncertain date. 3 Phil, 10, 13; ILS 946

b. 2nd); 3 (later in the month). 2 Phil. 10, of uncertain date. 3 Phil , 10, 13; ILS 9460 (Delos). On the relationship wi

e relationship with Brutus, cf. Münzer, RA, 342 ff. 4 M. Appuleius ( Phil . 10, 24), probably quaestor of Asia, C. Antistius

d be futile: to negotiate at this stage would NotesPage=>172 1 Phil , 10, 25 f. 2 Phil. 11 (c. March 6th). PageBoo

tiate at this stage would NotesPage=>172 1 Phil, 10, 25 f. 2 Phil . 11 (c. March 6th). PageBook=>173 impair t

Antonius for his part planned to crush Pansa NotesPage=>173 1 Phil . 12 (c. March 10th?). 2 Phil. 13. 3 Ib. 13, 2

to crush Pansa NotesPage=>173 1 Phil. 12 (c. March 10th?). 2 Phil . 13. 3 Ib. 13, 22 ff. 4 Ad fam. 10, 6, 3: ‘ha

ine. The NotesPage=>174 1 Ad fam. 10, 30 (Galba’s report). 2 Phil . 14 (April 21st). 3 Ad fam. 10, 33, 1: ‘quo si

Italiae respexerint. nam et robur et suboles militum interiit. ’ 4 Phil . 11, 39: ‘nihil enim semper floret; aetas succedi

ws of Mutina, the provinces and armies of the NotesPage=>163 1 Phil . 14, 33 (after the Battle of Forum Gallorum): ‘er

rch, Brutus 12: χϵ ρον ϵ ναι μοναρχίας παρανόμου πόλϵμον μϕύλιον. 4 Phil . 10, 18. PageBook=>167 their estates; and

14, 1: ‘ὄργανον enim erat meum senatus: id iam est dissolutum. ’ 5 Phil . 5, 43: ‘quis tum nobis, quis populo Romano obtul

NotesPage=>169 1 The rumour had been spread by Cicero’s enemies, Phil . 14, 15 f. 2 Ad M. Brutum 1, 4a, 4 (May 15th).

ognized the claims of Brutus and Cassius to the consulate in 41 B.C., Phil . 8, 27, cf. Dio 46, 30, 4; 35, 3. 8 Compare the

inuere potuerit. ’ 4 Ib. I, 18 1 ff. 5 Appian, BC 3, 88, 361. 6 Phil . 5, 47, above, p.167. 7 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 2

e=>188 1 Appian, BC 3, 80, 329 (a certain P. Decius, on whom cf. Phil . 11, 13; 13, 27). PageBook=>189 had few pa

anidius, all famed NotesPage=>200 1 Dio 47, 30, 5. Cf. Cicero, Phil . 11, 4. 2 Dio 48, 41, 1 ff. 3 C. Norbanus was

rratives of Dio and Appian. 5 Calvisius was an Antonian in 44 B.C. ( Phil . 3, 26). There is no evidence how soon he joined

ther they got the franchise from Caesar or from Augustus. 5 Cicero, Phil . 13, 33: ‘magnum crimen senatus, de Theopompo, su

inter (Plutarch, Antonius 36). 7 M. Insteius from Pisaurum (Cicero, Phil . 13, 26) fought at Actium (Plutarch, Antonius 65)

the ruin of the Republic. NotesPage=>272 1 Dio 42, 35, 5. 2 Phil 2, 97. 3 Ad Att. 14, 12, 1. PageBook=>273

te, the situation was ominous enough. NotesPage=>289 1 Cicero, Phil . 7, 23 f. 2 M. Nonius Gallus, active for August

ero, De re publica 1, 68: ‘ex nimia potentia principum. ’ 3 Cicero, Phil . 11, 36: ‘dominatum et principatum. ` 4 Odes 4,

was due not to one man’s genius or to NotesPage=>315 1 Cicero, Phil , 11, 17, cf. 28. 2 Augustus claimed to have exe

3 Macrobius 1, 11, 22. Patavium was for the Senate in 43 B.C., cf. Phil . 12, 10. PageBook=>465 If Livy, Horace and

f the Dictator. PageNotes. 471 1 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 94 ff. 2 Phil . 5, 43. PageBook=>472 Perusia, Philippi an

ische Schriftstellerei des C. Asinius Pollio’, Jahrbücher für cl. Phil , Supp. XXII (1896), 557 ff. PageBook=>532

˜Die letzten KÃ.mpfe der römischen Republik’, Jahrbiicher für cl. Phil ., Supp. XIII (1884), 665 ff. ——— ‘P. Ve

IV (1924), 158 ff. ——— The Divinity of the Roman Emperor. Am. Phil . Ass., Philological Monographs I. Middletown (Con