Roman People enjoyed, of the imperium which it exerted over others. PageNotes . 440 1 Tacitus, Hist. 2, 95. PageBook=>441

long way back to find his favourites before the age of the Gracchi. PageNotes . 441 1 Virgil, Aen. 1, 278 f. 2 Livy 9, 18 f.

dedit leges a sanguine ductas ne possem melior iudicis esse metu. 5 PageNotes . 442 1 On Marius, Sulla and Pompeius, cf. Tacit

in virtue of auctoritas and by means of his tribunicia potestas. 5 PageNotes . 443 1 Odes 4, 4, 29. 2 Propertius 2, 7, cf.

f the Roman matron the Claudia who domum servavit, lanam fecit. 7 PageNotes . 444 1 On this legislation and cognate problems

gustus revived ancient military exercises, like the Lusus Troiae. 3 PageNotes . 445 1 The study of Greek philosophy and scienc

the genius of Augustus at Rome, and by priesthoods in the towns. 6 PageNotes . 446 1 L. R. Taylor, JRS XIV (1924), 158 ff.; H

ration,5 passing over the considerable activity of the last decade. PageNotes . 447 1 Odes 3, 6, 1 ff. 2 Ib. 1, 2, 29 f. 3

e city would perish at the hands of its enemies or its mercenaries. PageNotes . 448 1 Pliny, NH 14, 49 ff. Seneca bought the v

rtus’ Rome magnified her valour, for Rome had prevailed over Italy. PageNotes . 449 1 Propertius 4, 6, 57. 2 Aen. 8, 698; Pr

more correctly be regarded as small capitalists than as peasants. 4 PageNotes . 450 1 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 31, 5: ‘proximum a

the virtuous felicity of the nomads: campestres melius Scythae. 4 PageNotes . 451 1 Aen. 12, 827. 2 Georgics 2, 173 f. 3

rentia and all the gossip that infests the back-stairs of monarchy. PageNotes . 452 1 Tacitus, Ann. 3, 53 f. 2 Ib. 3, 55.

pense of the nobiles, as a result of their feuds and their follies. PageNotes . 453 1 Odes 2, 15, 10 ff. 2 Dio 56, 10, 3.

to the majesty of the State and secured loyalty to the new régime. PageNotes . 454 (No Notes) PageBook=>455 Civic virt

ola was the civil servant of whom Augustus might well have dreamed. PageNotes . 455 1 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 90 ff. His protect

service in the legions was unpopular in Italy, the levy detested,3 PageNotes . 456 1 Vibidius (Tacitus, Ann. 2, 48); Titedius

y loath to volunteer for Balkan warfare, eager to evade the levy. 6 PageNotes . 457 1 E. Ritterling, P-W XII, 1781. Some of th

is arts to persuade men to accept the Principate and its programme. PageNotes . 458 1 Velleius 2, 110, 7; Dio 55, 31, 1; Macro

society were merely the paid and compliant apologists of despotism. PageNotes . 459 1 Cicero, Ad Att. 2, 19, 3. PageBook=>

vidence that they were interested in fostering letters or the arts. PageNotes . 460 1 On the Bellum Civile, cf. L. Wickert, Kl

orum, with the greatest concourse and applause of the Roman People. PageNotes . 461 1 Virgil, Aen. 6, 726 f. PageBook=>46

ith an alien queen. Italy is his goal ‘hie amor, haec patria est. ’ PageNotes . 462 1 Odes 3, 3, 69 f. 2 Ib. 3, 24, 62 ff.

ounterpart of Virgil’s epic: res Italas Romanorumque triumphos. 7 PageNotes . 463 1 Ib. 1, 33. 2 Ib. 4, 229 ff. 3 Ib. 6,

ent into hiding then, and not a single slave betrayed his master. 3 PageNotes . 464 1 Livy 1, 16, 3. On Romulus, cf. also abov

ed as ‘Italians’: hinc Augustus agens Italos in proelia Caesar. 4 PageNotes . 465 1 Ad fam. 12, 5, 2. 2 Plutarch, Comp. Di

, C. Propertius Postumus, he might have aspired to senatorial rank. PageNotes . 466 1 Propertius 3, 22, 17. 2 Ib. 1, 22, 3 f

s, but his life is chaste: vita verecunda est, Musa iocosa mea. 5 PageNotes . 467 1 Propertius 3, 11; 4, 6 (Actium); 2, 10;

ons there were distributions of wine and oil. But he could be firm. PageNotes . 468 1 She was a protégée of Marcia, the wife o

rase Libertatis P. R. Vindex, Civibus Servateis or Signis Receptis. PageNotes . 469 1 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 42, 1. 2 Ib., 57

o their armies or thanksgiving when returning from successful wars. PageNotes . 470 1 Res Gestae 24. 2 Aen. 6, 403. 3 Dio

first sight of Caesar’s grandnephew in the company of the Dictator. PageNotes . 471 1 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 94 ff. 2 Phil. 5

o patriotic grief in lapidary commemoration of inordinate length. 3 PageNotes . 472 1 Horace, Epp. 2, 1, 15 f. 2 ILS 137.

does he take from Pompeius the title of ‘warden of land and sea’; 7 PageNotes . 473 1 ILS 82. 2 Cf. J. Gage, Res Gestae Divi

om the peoples of Comata could gather and manifest their loyalty. 7 PageNotes . 474 1 IGRR IV, 1756. 2 OGIS 533 (Ancyra).

estige was tremendous. Who could have entured to compete or oppose? PageNotes . 475 1 For examples of these men, ILS 7013 ff.

Judas the Galilaean. Rome’s rule was hated still, for good reasons. PageNotes . 476 1 Josephus, AJ 16, 310. Eurycles owned the

ical error of calculation, not to any defect of personal integrity. PageNotes . 477 1 Livy, Per. 138, cf. Dio 54, 32, 1. 2 D

s responded loyally, with loud cursing of the detestable upstart. 9 PageNotes . 478 1 The men of Lugdunum describe themselves

ad to be. That was admitted. But was Augustus the ideal Princeps? 3 PageNotes . 479 1 Tacitus, Ann. 1, 10. 2 According to Su

s more clement than Dux. Some dismissed it as ‘lassa crudelitas’. 6 PageNotes . 480 1 On his appearance and habits, see the fu

e law courts to utter sentiments of no little frankness and vigour. PageNotes . 481 1 Tacitus, Ann. 1, 10: ‘interfectos Romae

f of the year instructing his pupils, the other in writing books. 7 PageNotes . 482 1 Tacitus, Ann. 4, 34, cf. Ovid, Ex Ponto

ions, though to friends only and not to an indiscriminate public. 5 PageNotes . 483 1 Tacitus, Ann. 3, 75: ‘sed Labeo incorrup

tice is well attested. The words, he said, must follow the sense. 5 PageNotes . 484 1 Tacitus, Ann. 4, 34. 2 Plutarch, Anton

was a city notorious for material prosperity and for moral worth. 4 PageNotes . 485 1 Tacitus, Dial. 21, 7. 2 Hist. 1, 1: ‘i

feared for his bitter tongue and incorrigible love of independence. PageNotes . 486 1 The Transatlantic term ‘uplift’ might gi

io; and its ablest exponents were bitter enemies of the government. PageNotes . 487 1 Suetonius, Vitellius 2, 1. 2 Seneca, C

us praecipites et, dum iacet in ripa, calcemus Caesaris hostem. 3 PageNotes . 488 1 Tacitus, Hist, 1, 1: ‘ita neutris cura p

typical glories of imperial literature and the last of the Romans. PageNotes . 489 1 Velleius 2, 36, 3; ‘inter quae maxime no

ronted by an organized party and an organized system of government. PageNotes . 490 1 Juvenal 8, 1. 2 lb. 3, 60 ff. PageBo

22 B.C., a not very distinguished partisan of Caesar the Dictator. PageNotes . 491 1 On their burial-place, cf. Mommsen in CI

h with her husband, young Lepidus. Scaurus was spared after Actium. PageNotes . 492 1 It is not certain that the delator Porci

he needed their descendants. The heir to his power was a Claudian. PageNotes . 493 1 Ann. 2, 37 f. 2 Alleged paramours of J

to the evil destiny of his family conspiracy and a violent death. 4 PageNotes . 494 1 Tacitus, Ann. 1, 7: ‘per uxorium ambitum

ella’, who survived until the last year of the Emperor Vespasian. 2 PageNotes . 495 1 Cf. Velleius’ remarks on the ‘felicitas’

re grandson in the Principate of Augustus produced consular sons. 6 PageNotes . 496 1 Neither L. Marcius Philippus (cos. suff.

rian. Another branch of the Pisones, however, lasted even longer. 9 PageNotes . 497 1 For example, the Furii, the Scribonii an

fus was banished after an attempt to assassinate his grim parent. 4 PageNotes . 498 1 On the descendants of Taurus, with consu

family of C. Antistius Vetus (cos. suff. 30 B.C.) lasted longer. 6 PageNotes . 499 1 She married the obscure T. Ollius (Tacit

in existence few direct descendants even of a Triumviral consul. 10 PageNotes . 500 1 His wife had given birth to six children

escendants of noble houses and impoverished senators from Latium. 5 PageNotes . 501 1 PIR1, P 109. For his full name, C. Sallu

e armies in his provincia, and only three men of consular standing. PageNotes . 502 1 D. Valerius Asiaticus, consul under Cali

e true fear, folly or ambition spurred Galba to empire and to ruin. PageNotes . 503 1 Suetonius, Galba 6, 2 f. 2 For Paullin

stus’ marshal Vinicius from the resentment of Valeria Messallina. 4 PageNotes . 504 1 ILS 986. The precise meaning of ‘nobilis

he western provinces in the cosmopolitan Senate of the Antonines. 1 PageNotes . 505 1 Compare the results shown by P. Lambrech

he subject, which he was in the habit of delivering as a lecture. 3 PageNotes . 506 1 Note, in the militia equestris, C. Stert

ction, like his father- in-law and like the best Romans of his day. PageNotes . 507 1 Tacitus, Ann. 3, 65: homines ad servitut

moved to despair of his work. ‘Nobis in arto et inglorius labor. ’5 PageNotes . 508 1 Nepos, Vita Catonis 3, 3; cf. Pliny, NH