Inscriptionum Graecarum. Ch. I INTRODUCTION: AUGUSTUS AND HISTORY PageBook =>001 THE greatest of the Roman historians be

nius, Galba 4, I; Dio 64, I, I; note, however, Tacitus, Ann. 6, 20. PageBook =>002 ‘Pax et Princeps. ’ It was the end of a

ls Augustus a chameleon: Apollo objects and claims him for a Stoic. PageBook =>003 of the law might circumscribe the prero

d or as well known as the writers of biographies appear to imagine. PageBook =>004 violence of his earlier career is a que

04 1 Plutarch, Antonius 56: δϵι γἀρ ϵἰς Kαίσαρα πἀντα πϵριϵλθϵȋν. PageBook =>005 without being an apologia for Cicero or

e introduction to Pollio’s work on the Civil Wars. Cf. below, p. 9. PageBook =>006 free institutions, an assertion which h

emann, yahrbilcher fur cL PhiL, Supplementband xxii (1896), 557 ff. PageBook =>007 from the Republican and Antonian side.

ontrol of the whole State and form NotesPage=>007 (No Notes) PageBook =>008 a government. That was left to Caesar’s

Lucan, Pharsalia r, 84 ff.; Florus 2, 13, 8 ff.; Velleius 2, 44, I. PageBook =>009 in their open strife. 1 Augustus is the

πϵριὲστƞ. 7 Lucan, Pharsalia I, 670. Ch. II THE ROMAN OLIGARCHY PageBook =>010 WHEN the patricians expelled the kings

, namely a nexus of personal obligations, is here followed closely. PageBook =>011 hundred senators the names of some four

riolum petitionis) reveals much of the truth about his candidature. PageBook =>012 Romani’, was a name; a feudal order of

f. 1, 25; in a milder form, Pliny, NH 33, 134; Plutarch, Crassus 2. PageBook =>013 compact in 60 B.C. heralded the end of

s non petiit, cum ei paterent propter vel gratiam vel dignitatem. ’ PageBook =>014 from ambition and wedded to quiet, the

a knight and a freedman for neighbours (Cicero, De legibus 3, 30). PageBook =>015 of their enmity will be reckoned Lucull

assage is Pro Sestio 97 f., on the definition of ‘optimus quisque’. PageBook =>016 It was an alliance of interest and sent

er, in the articles‘ Optimates’ and ‘Populares’ (P-W, forthcoming). PageBook =>017 Sulla prevailed and settled order at Ro

NotesPage=>017 1 Sallust, Hist, 1, 67 m; 69; 77, 6, &c. PageBook =>018 As an oligarchy is not a figment of pol

s. II 134). The Fabii also adopted a Servilius (the consul of 142). PageBook =>019 Aemilii, ambitious, treacherous, and of

4. Ahenobarbus had married a daughter of Cinna (Orosius 5, 24, 16). PageBook =>020 But the core and heart of Sulla’s party

llegations (Plutarch, Lucullus 34; Cicero, Pro Milone 73, &c.). PageBook =>021 Servilius Caepio and to a Porcius, when

p. 20, n. 5. The wife of M. Terentius Varro Lucullus is not known. PageBook =>022 the right wing when Sulla destroyed the

. 4 Only four of the consuls of 79–75 B.C. are heard of after 74. PageBook =>023 After a time the most distinguished of

ctoritatem. ’ About this woman, cf., above all, Münzer, RA, 336 ff. PageBook =>024 prime. 1 But Servilia would not be thwa

teneas, studiosos quos habes. ’ Cf. Ad Att. 1, 1, 4 (Ahenobarbus). PageBook =>025 to few at Rome to achieve distinction,

re Q. Lutatius Catulus and P. Servilius Vatia (Plutarch, Caesar 7). PageBook =>026 high assembly. But the speech and autho

rum fortia facta, cognatorum et adfinium opes, multae clientelae. ’ PageBook =>027 saw personal honour and a family feud.

of Formiae, Val. Max. 6, 2, 8. Ch. III THE DOMINATION OF POMPEIUS PageBook =>028 THE Pompeii, a family of recent ennoble

tus et deletam Italiam urbemque Romanam in libertatem vindicavit. ’ PageBook =>029 subversive designs, he turned upon his

sus in this period, as of Caesar, have commonly been misunderstood. PageBook =>030 and resources of all the East at his ba

ro loco natus’ (In Verrem 11, 5, 181) that is, simply a novus homo. PageBook =>031 licence to write political satire with

on of a centurion from the Volscian country (cf. Pliny, NH 22, 11). PageBook =>032 abruptly divorcing his own wife, took M

, 2. 8 Plutarch, Cato minor 29; Dio 37, 43, 3. 9 Dio 37, 44, 3. PageBook =>033 Pompeius on his return, lacking valid e

une Flavius imprisoned the consul Metellus Celer (Ad Att. 2, 1, 8). PageBook =>034 an ambitious bill providing lands for t

. For a discussion of other views, cf. Münzer in P-W 11 A, 1775 ff. PageBook =>035 Cato had private grounds as well as pub

annos traxit ista dominatio ex fide, quia mutuo metu tenebantur. ’ PageBook =>036 constitution may fairly be designated a

s Crassus (cos. 95 B.C.), cf. P-W XIII, 479 f. Pius died c. 64 B.C. PageBook =>037 Pompeius in reply worked for the restit

s probably not the παλινῳδία to which he refers in Ad Att. 4, 5, 1. PageBook =>038 The basis of power at Rome stands out c

esPage=>038 1 Below, p. 45. (??) 1 Ad Att. 4, 15, 7, &c. PageBook =>039 he be made dictator. 1 Pompeius, openly

s, M. Cicero, M. Marcellus, M. Calidius, M. Cato,. Faustus Sulla. ’ PageBook =>040 Pompeius looked about for new alliances

3 Ad fam. 8, 4, 4: ‘omnis oportere senatui dicto audientis esse. ’ PageBook =>041 venal. 1 Caesar could always count on t

4). For a clear and dispassionate statement of the issue, ib. § 2. PageBook =>042 Caesar would tolerate no superior, Pomp

that Labienus would desert Caesar was probably an important factor. PageBook =>043 M. Antonius and Q. Cassius, their veto

llus (50). No consul since their great-grandfather (cos. III, 152). PageBook =>044 Pompeius and alliance with the Lentuli

onged Gaul by Cn. Domitius (cos. 96), Cicero, In Verrem 11, 1, 118. PageBook =>045 consular rank. 1 With the consuls of th

Lentulitas’, ib. 3, 7, 5. He had ample cause to complain of Appius. PageBook =>046 The policy arose from the brain and wil

ield. NotesPage=>045 (No Notes) Ch. IV CAESAR THE DICTATOR PageBook =>047 SULLA was the first Roman to lead an ar

esar 31; Suetonius, Divus Iulius 29, 2). 3 Appian, BC 2, 30, 119. PageBook =>048 The precise legal points at issue in Ca

n. 2. 3 Suetonius, Divus Iulius 30, 3 (mentioning Cato and Milo). PageBook =>049 At last the enemies of Caesar had succe

e to physical causes. 4 Cf. E. Meyer, Caesars Monarchie3, 299 ff. PageBook =>050 enemies of Caesar had counted upon capi

dice quisque tuetur: victrix causa deis placuit sed victa Catoni. PageBook =>051 defied and then destroyed the Senate’s

and c. VI. 3 For example, Ahenobarbus’ son (Cicero, Phil. 2, 27). PageBook =>052 To rule, he needed the support of the n

a erunt’; 2, 7, 10: ‘ergo in primis auctoritatem pecuniae demito. ’ PageBook =>053 Caelius complained quite early in the C

Caesar’s favourite quotation about tyranny (Cicero, De off, 3, 82). PageBook =>054 State in his ambition and the modest ma

proved that Caesar devised a comprehensive policy of ruler-worship. PageBook =>055 in misunderstandings. 1 After death Cae

stus). 2 Cicero, Pro Sulla 22. 3 Suetonius, Divus Iulius 79, 2. PageBook =>056 At the moment it was intolerable: the a

cf. Suetonius, Divus Iulius 86, 2). 6 F. E. Adcock, CAH IX, 724. PageBook =>057 diverse elements planned and carried ou

acts, might have urged that, after all, they had ‘hired the money’. PageBook =>058 oligarchy could survive if its members

ὲγα πατ⍴òς ϕου∊ί διαλέγ∊σθσι (Plutarch, Brutus 4, cf. Pompeius 64). PageBook =>059 Brutus and his allies might invoke phil

Junius Brutus, hardly genuine, cf. below, p. 85. 2 Below, p. 95. PageBook =>060 Without a party a statesman is nothing.

es), cf. above all Miinzer, RA, 257 ff. Ch. V THE CAESARIAN PARTY PageBook =>061 CAESAR, who took his stand on honour an

ontifex maximus between Scipio, Lentulus Spinther and Ahenobarbus). PageBook =>062 were debarred from public life until re

lated through marriage to Caesar’s grand-nephew, see below, p. 128. PageBook =>063 power and noted for their attacks upon

0 f.; on Caelius, Tacitus, Dial. 25, 3, &c 6 Ad fam. 8, 14, 3 PageBook =>064 their allegiance. 1 Not only senators c

of the Cisalpina in 49 (Appian, BC 2, 41, 165). He died soon after. PageBook =>065 Though astute and elusive, Caesar yet s

e censor in 42 B.C. along with the consular C. Antonius (ILS 6204). PageBook =>066 in Gaul. The active tribune was a marke

4. On his activities in 52 B.C., Asconius 33 = p. 37 Clark, &c. PageBook =>067 testimony, that of his enemies, so conv

ehind them. For this interpretation, cf. JRS XXVIII (1938), 113 ff. PageBook =>068 and the glory of Caesar. Labienus left

illae by the ‘genteiles Iuliei’). 5 Münzer, RA, 356; 358 f.; 424. PageBook =>069 not in vain. In the time of Sulla the F

ppian, BC 2, 26, 102. (Curio was a relative of his, Dio 40, 63, 5.) PageBook =>070 constitution did not matter they were o

, BC 3, 53, 4 f., cf. Cicero, Ad Att. 14, 10, 2 (Scaeva as a type). PageBook =>071 in Gaul and in the Civil Wars. 1 There

le is not very military. 5 Ad fam. 9, 20, 2. 6 Pliny, NH 15, 49 PageBook =>072 on secret and open missions before and

ipsi quis est umquam inventus inimicus aut quis iure esse potuit? ’ PageBook =>073 classes or high finance against Caesar.

avaritiae praedam, sed instrumentum bonitati quaerere videretur. ’ PageBook =>074 But Rome had conquered an empire: the f

fr. II = Asconius 4 (p. 5, Clark), &c. 6 Justin 43, 5, 11 f. PageBook =>075 agent of the proconsul was the admirabl

c. 4 ILS 8888. 5 Bell. Hisp. 42, 1 ff. 6 Plutarch, Crassus 6. PageBook =>076 nor the native tribe of the Gaetuli had

least seventy millions (Dio 48, 36, 4f.). 7 Plutarch, Caesar 51. PageBook =>077 and estates were characters as diverse

f. Mommsen, Ges. Schr. IV, 169 ff. Ch. VI CAESAR’S NEW SENATORS PageBook =>078 WHEN a party seizes control of the Comm

adduced in JRS XXVII (1937), 128 f. and BSR Papers XIV (1938), 13. PageBook =>079 Some of Caesar’s equestrian officers ma

r Valerii note C. Valerius Troucillus, Caesar, BG 1, 47, 4, &c. PageBook =>080 citizens as well. The provincia, which

vincial senators even before Caesar, cf. BSR Papers XIV (1938), 14. PageBook =>081 and after. From sheer reason and weight

, despite Cicero’s defence, later became praetor, CIL I2, 819.1278. PageBook =>082 relegated by the consul Gabinius, and t

, 24) or, earlier, Minatus Magius of Aeclanum(Velleius 2, 16, 2). PageBook =>083 with the aristocracy of the capital. Li

‘Cilnium genus praepotens divitiarum invidia pelli armis coeptum. ’ PageBook =>084 The governing class at Rome had not alw

came from Campania (58 f.), the Otacilii from Beneventum (72 ff.). PageBook =>085 nominally plebeian, the new-comers rank

RA, 191 ff. 6 Id., P-W XII, 401. 7 Ib. XIX, 892 ff.; RA, 05 ff. PageBook =>086 But these are exceptions rather than ex

: ‘quam sua libertas ad honesta coegerat arma. ’ 4 Strabo, p. 241 PageBook =>087 general, Q. Poppaedius Silo, and the ea

1, 19, 4, &c. Volaterrae held out till 80 B.C., Livy, Per. 89. PageBook =>088 After a decade of war Italy was united,

zer, P-W III, 1267, invoking the inscrr. CIL XIV, 2622; 2624; 2627. PageBook =>089 received more active assistance. 1 Atin

1304 f. Note also the names of the centurions in Bell. Afr. 54, 5. PageBook =>090 proconsul who, like him, had crushed th

with a Granius of Puteoli, ‘princeps coloniae’ (Val. Max. 9, 3, 8). PageBook =>091 Caesar’s senators. 1 The ex-centurion F

tioning a Q. Poppaedius (N. d. Scav., 1892, 32). 9 Livy, Per. 73. PageBook =>092 in the courts of Rome, making enemies a

uart Jones and by Cary, JRS XXVI (1936), 268 ff.; ib. XXVII, 48 ff. PageBook =>093 res publica constituta and that, after

esarian C. Calvisius Sabinus (cos. 39 B.C.), on whom below, p. 199. PageBook =>094 obscure men. 1 That might be expected:

inius (47), C. Trebonius (45), C. Caninius Rebilus (cos. suff. 45). PageBook =>095 With the designations for the next year

etonius, Divus Iulius 83, 2. For his connexions, above, p. 64, n. 2 PageBook =>096 caution would have repelled the advance

her? NotesPage=>096 (No Notes) Ch. VII THE CONSUL ANTONIUS PageBook =>097 CAESAR lay dead, stricken by twenty-thr

arch 21st or 22nd, cf. S. Accame, Riv. di fil. LXII (1934), 201 ff. PageBook =>098 On the morning of March 17th the Senate

e esset Antonius demonstravit, pessima scilicet et infidelissima. ’ PageBook =>099 the benefactions bestowed by his will u

presses his favourite topic, the failure to assassinate Antonius. PageBook =>100 Hirtius and Pansa, honest Caesarians, w

, p. 164 2 Cicero, Phil. 2, 28 3 Suetonius, Divus Iulius 19, 1. PageBook =>101 in the last months of Caesar’s life, ar

4 Phil. 2, 5: ‘quos tu ipse clarissimos viros soles appellare. ’ PageBook =>102 The manoeuvres of the Republican partis

.). The views of Sternkopf will here be accepted for the most part. PageBook =>103 and before the Dictator’s acta were rat

d the left wing NotesPage=>103 2 Ad fam. 11, 1, above, p. 97 PageBook =>104 on the field of Pharsalus. But Antonius

here, whether as Master of the Horse or without any official title. PageBook =>105 Empire, whose unofficial follies did no

scape notice (Hist, 1, 49) ’magis extra vitia quam cum virtutibus’. PageBook =>106 secured for Brutus and Cassius (who wer

i scilicet amatores et non latrocini auctores’ (Ad Att. 14, 10, 2). PageBook =>107 Roman State had much to be thankful for

2 As emerges from Ad Att. 14, 9, 3 (April 18th). 3 Below, p. 130. PageBook =>108 one, and that not without consulting an

political capacity. We are left with slander or romantic biography. PageBook =>109 be a resourceful politician, presenting

NotesPage=>109 1 Cf. Cicero, Phil. 13, 15 2 Below, p. 136. PageBook =>110 that bore down the heads of the nobilit

us, without legions; his predecessor had been C. Calvisius Sabinus. PageBook =>111 the proconsul of Macedonia, was a Caesa

o be used against Bassus, P-W XIV, 1556. Ch. VIII CAESAR’S HEIR PageBook =>112 BY the terms of his will Caesar appoint

naming the heir, on September 13th (Suetonius, Divus Iulius 83, 1). PageBook =>113 faction took to calling himself ‘Impera

by Cicero, Phil. 13, 24: ‘et te, o puer, qui omnia nomini debes. ’ PageBook =>114 Exorbitant ambition mated with politica

b. 14, 10, 3. 6 Ib. 14, 11, 2 (April 21 st): ‘mihi totus deditus. PageBook =>115 the sun, a portent of royalty. Octavian

. A. Levi, Ottaviano Capopartei (1933), 76 ff.), it matters little. PageBook =>116 as well as extreme Republicans. They kn

of the Roman Empire 1 (1928), 191, on Ad Att. 15, 3, 2 (May 22nd). PageBook =>117 Antonian tribune; then, waiting for a b

s’ wrongly. But even so, the date meant by Cicero is quite certain. PageBook =>118 These hopes were shattered at a blow. T

pularity of Caesar’s heir. 2 Ad Jam. 11, 3, 1; Ad. Att. 16, 7, 7. PageBook =>119 with a firm manifesto (August 4th), tak

4th). 2 Velleius 2, 62, 3; echoes in Cicero, Phil. 2. 113; 10, 8. PageBook =>120 July has already been narrated. He migh

lutarch, Antonius 16; Suetonius, Divus Aug. 10, 2; Dio 45, 6, 2f.). PageBook =>121 inborn and Roman distrust of theory, an

ug. 66, 1 (Salvidienus and Gallus only, perhaps an understatement). PageBook =>122 Next to magnanimity, courage. By nature

the War of Mutina (46, 34, 1 ff.). Ch. IX THE FIRST MARCH ON ROME PageBook =>123 AT the beginning of the month of August

gt;123 1 Cicero, Phil, 1; Ad Jam. 12, 2, 1. 2 Ad fam. 12, 3, 1. PageBook =>124 later, a dark episode Antonius arrested

who was jubilant ‘videtur enim res publica ius suum recuperatura. ’ PageBook =>125 Before he returned, armed revolution ha

2 Ad Att 16, 8, 2. 3 Ib. 16, 15, 3. 4 Appian, BC 3, 42, 174. PageBook =>126 It would surely be easy to incriminate

66, 270), on which see O. E. Schmidt, Philologus LI (1892), 198 ff. PageBook =>127 Caesarian leader his primacy was menace

patriotism of Octavianus, Phil. 3, 15 ff. 2 See Table III at end. PageBook =>128 active help from them in the early mont

. and of M. Appuleius, consuls in 29 B.C. and 20 B.C. respectively. PageBook =>129 Octavianus turned for help to friends o

, 3, 2; for Maecenas’ regal ancestry, Horace, Odes 1, 1, 1, &c. PageBook =>130 The best party is but a kind of conspir

Appian, BC 3, 94, 391 one of the great advantages of the adoption. PageBook =>131 Invective asserts, and history repeats,

ch, Brutus 27), is quite possible. Note the absence of Salvidienus. PageBook =>132 Octavianus may already have numbered am

leius, Antonius’ quaestor, had the Fourth, cf. Phil. 3, 39, &c. PageBook =>133 Roman knights in standing, Salvidienus,

. 15, 22, 1: ‘inimicum Antonio? quando aut cur? quousque ludemur? ’ PageBook =>134 of the Antonian consular Q. Fufius Cale

these relationships, Münzer, RA, 407. Ch. X THE SENIOR STATESMAN PageBook =>135 IN the Senate three men of consular ran

II (1898), 87 ff.: accepted by E. Meyer, Caesars Monarchie3, 163 f. PageBook =>136 of more use to the Commonwealth than th

Münzer, RA, 355 ff.; P-W 11 A, 1798 ff. 3 Suetonius, De rhet. 4. PageBook =>137 levying of a private army against a con

d the NotesPage=>137 1 Ad fam. 16, 12, 2; Velleius 2, 48, 5. PageBook =>138 stronger. Not that Cicero expected war

non aspernatur. ’ 4 In the speech Pro Marcello (autumn, 46 B.C.). PageBook =>139 some kind of open letter, expressing ap

io 46, 34. 4 Ad Att. 15, 29, ι: ‘Sextum scutum abicere nolebam. ’ PageBook =>140 the Senate; there would be a meeting of

dly letter); 10, 10, 2 (an extract from another). 5 Ib. 11, 7, 2. PageBook =>141 deference. 1 Cicero’s return provoked a

sed tamen alendus est et, ut nihil aliud, ab Antonio seiungendus. ’ PageBook =>142 of three thousand veterans in Campania.

16, 14, 2. 7 Ib. 16, 15, 3. 8 Ib. 16, 15, 3. 9 Ib. 16, 14, 1. PageBook =>143 professed the utmost devotion for Cicer

ihil bonorum virorum iudicio optatius, nihil vera gloria dulcius. ’ PageBook =>144 must have congratulated himself on his

Hermes LIX (1924), 73 ff. = Vom Geist des Römertums (1938), 142 ff. PageBook =>145 ranks of the principes for varied talen

civitatis quem dicit alendum esse gloria. ’ 6 Ad Att. 16, 13b, 2 PageBook =>146 to make history. Duty and glory inspire

s character and NotesPage=>146 1 BC 53, 6, cf. above, p. 25. PageBook =>147 recalled his career. His hostility towa

d Octavianus, cf. esp. Ad M. Brutum 1, 16 and 17 (summer, 43 B.C.). PageBook =>148 virtus (without always being able to pr

llum videmus, sed vitae Caesaris. ’ Ch. XI POLITICAL CATCHWORDS PageBook =>149 IN Rome of the Republic, not constraine

post red. in senatu 14 f. 4 De prov. cons. 6. 5 In Pisonem 84. PageBook =>150 financiers in Syria. 1 Marcus Antonius

‘cum optimos viros, turn homines doctissimos’ (De finibus 2, 119). PageBook =>151 Shameless and wicked lie! 1 A few month

lvum adducimus. aurum in Gallia effutuisti, hic sumpsisti mutuum. PageBook =>152 humour and a strong sense of the dramat

r many years later, Ad fam. 5, 10a. 3 Suetonius, Divus Iulius 73. PageBook =>153 The auctoritas of the Senate was natura

rs NotesPage=>153 1 Compare Caesar’s remarks (BC 1, 7, 51.). PageBook =>154 among the champions of the People’s rig

θησαν. Like Sallust, he had studied Thucydides with some attention. PageBook =>155 the profession of which ideals no party

mp. 1, 112. 7 Cf. A. Alföldi, Zeitschr. für Num. XL (1928), I ff. PageBook =>156 It is the excuse of the revolutionary t

, 14: ‘dicam quod dignum est et senatore et Romano homine moriamur. PageBook =>157 be called, being not so much ethical qu

n the reverse the legend ‘Pietas Cos. ’ (BMC, R. Rep. 11, 400 ff.). PageBook =>158 patriotism private enmities should be c

Bell. Afr. 4, 1: ‘si posset aliqua ratione perduci ad sanitatem. ’ PageBook =>159 who led them: salutary compulsion from

g an excellent source): ∈ἰρήνην τ∈ καὶ ἔλ∈ον ἐς ἀτυξοῦντας πολίτας. PageBook =>160 own head. After the end of all the wars

et Brutus et Cassius multis iam in rebus ipse sibi senatus fuit. ’ PageBook =>161 not everything. A leader or a party mig

otesPage=>161 (no notes) Ch. XII THE SENATE AGAINST ANTONIUS PageBook =>162 THE Senate met on December 20th, conven

tu properaturos in provincias exire sed Romae acturos consulatum. ’ PageBook =>163 invoking on the side of insurgents the

alla Rufus (cos. 53) was still alive, but took no part in politics. PageBook =>164 battle. The remnants of the faction wer

nt. i 8 Ad fam. 12, 5, 2, cf. Mommsen, Ges. Schriften IV, 176 ff. PageBook =>165 be seen in the Curia. The remaining fiv

ddam tempus cum homines existimarent te nimis servire temporibus. ’ PageBook =>166 Lepidus stood, if the word can be used

efore ‘iste omnium turpissimus et sordidissimus’ (Ad Att. 9, 9, 3). PageBook =>167 Egypt in October, but no confirmation.

Livy, Per. 118; Dio 46, 29, 2. For Cicero’s proposal, Phil. 5, 46. PageBook =>168 be invoked to confer senatorial rank up

he Unmöglichkeit’, so Schwartz terms it, Hermes XXXIII (1898), 195. PageBook =>169 Caesarians and neutrals alike may have

e, not NotesPage=>169 1 Phil. 6 and 7 2 Ib. 7, 3, cf. 5, 5 PageBook =>170 merely encouraged his neighbours to enl

Pisone legatis, nihil flagitiosius. ’ 3 Phil 8, 27. 4 Phil. 9. PageBook =>171 A state of war was then proclaimed. It

elped Cassius (Ad fam. 12, 14, 6). 5 On these men, above, p. 111. PageBook =>172 On receipt of the dispatch from Brutus

NotesPage=>172 1 Phil, 10, 25 f. 2 Phil. 11 (c. March 6th). PageBook =>173 impair the military fervour of the patr

pones, quae neque senatui neque populo nec cuiquam bono probatur. ’ PageBook =>174 separately. He met and broke the army o

ν ἐπ∈λθοῦσι, τοιάδ∈ ἒργα σὺν∈ὐταξ ίᾳ καὶ σιωπῇ γιγνόμ∈να ἐΦ ορῶσιν. PageBook =>175 victory at Mutina was deceptive and rui

NotesPage=>175 (No Notes) Ch. XIII THE SECOND MARCH ON ROME PageBook =>162 THE public enemy was on the run. All th

ting greatly, cf. F. Blumenthal, Wiener Studien xxxv (1913), 270 f. PageBook =>163 and a monument were to honour the memor

xxxiii(1898), 230; F. Blumenthal, Wiener Studien xxxv (1913), 269. PageBook =>164 East were consigned to Cassius in one a

lutis rationem habuimus’ (Ad fam. 10, 34, 2). 2 Caesar, BC 3, 19. PageBook =>165 intervened. Lepidus was not as vigilant

in acie tironi sit committendum, nimium saepe expertum habernus. ’ PageBook =>166 surviving epistle to Cicero. His style

χϵ ρον ϵ ναι μοναρχίας παρανόμου πόλϵμον μϕύλιον. 4 Phil. 10, 18. PageBook =>167 their estates; and the soldiers serving

nobis, quis populo Romano obtulit hunc divinum adulescentem deus? ’ PageBook =>168 honoured, lifted up and lifted off. 1 C

a me ita fractus est ut eum in perpetuum modestiorem sperem fore. ’ PageBook =>169 that Cicero would usurp the vacant plac

taret et concordia, nec ullam belli civilis praebituros materiam. ’ PageBook =>170 The pressure of events gradually drove

wo letters has been contested on inadequate grounds. 6 Ib. I, 17. PageBook =>171 ‘Read again your words and deny that th

t a centurion’s dramatic gesture in the Senate). 8 Dio 46, 44, 2. PageBook =>172 due to Cicero, still trusting that the

, 383 ff. 3 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 95. Ch. XIV THE PROSCRIPTIONS PageBook =>187 CAESAR’S heir now held Rome after the s

uetonius, Divus Aug. 27, 4. 5 Appian, BC 3, 94, 387, cf, 74, 303. PageBook =>188 after the Battle of Mutina, when he tre

3, 80, 329 (a certain P. Decius, on whom cf. Phil. 11, 13; 13, 27). PageBook =>189 had few partisans of merit or distincti

ecame involved in war with T. Sextius, the governor of Africa Nova. PageBook =>190 The rule of the dynast Pompeius in 60 B

ay towards compensating the lack of prose fiction among the Romans. PageBook =>191 For the youth of Octavianus, exposed to

emphasizes too much the impersonal character of the proscriptions. PageBook =>192 Roman class-feeling and the common sent

ndebatur, quod parum odisse malos cives videretur. ’ 4 Ib. 11, 4. PageBook =>193 Calidus, famed as a poet, but only amon

mably a relative of P. Sittius of Nuceria had spent money on Cales. PageBook =>194 landowner, mustered his adherents and t

., 1929, 166) mentions M. Vinicius, cos. A.D. 30, COS. II A.D. 45). PageBook =>195 property. Freedmen, as usual, battened

rcius Censorinus (Velleius 2, 14, 3). 9 Appian, BC 4, 32, 136 ff. PageBook =>196 abandon the principle. Other taxes, nov

Barbatius Pollio, quaestor of Antonius in 40 B.C., cf. PIR2, B 50. PageBook =>197 elected. Sixteen praetors were created

p. 50. 5 Ib. 12, p. 64, cf. ILS 6204. 6 Appian, BC 4, 37, 155. PageBook =>198 When a civil war seemed only a contest

ff.). Above, p. 171 9 Ad fam. 12, 14 f.; BMC, R. Rep. 11, 481 ff. PageBook =>199 further strengthened by the arrival of

221) but CIL ix, 414 (Canusium) perhaps to his son or his grandson. PageBook =>200 from earlier posts of subordination, ga

son of Pompeius Strabo’s brother. For the Vinicii, above, p. 194. PageBook =>201 for victory or defeat in the eastern la

e of Pontus. 3 Tacitus, Ann. 3, 28. Ch. XV PHILIPPI AND PERUSIA PageBook =>202 ON the first day of the new year Senate

ear Rhegium with the legend ‘Q. Sal. im(p.)’, CIL x, 8337, p. 1001. PageBook =>203 In the meantime, Brutus and Cassius had

Pώμης ϕίλοις · δονλϵύϵɩν γὰρ αὑτ ν αἰτίᾳ μ λλον ἣ τ ν τυραννούντων. PageBook =>204 cause, it is held, was doomed from the

did not deny that Octavianus lurked in a marsh (Pliny, NH 7, 148). PageBook =>205 Caesarians, led by Antonius, broke thro

2: ‘non aliud bellum cruentius caede clarissimorum virorum fuit. ’ PageBook =>206 Livius Drusus. 1 Brutus, their own lead

s Vetus and L. Sestius also survived. 9 Appian, BC 4, 137, 577 f. PageBook =>207 decided, invoking or inventing a propos

τϵς άνίστασθαί γ ς τϵ καὶ στίας o α δορίληπτοι. 4 Dio 48, 9, 4 f. PageBook =>208 men of property against a rapacious pro

2 Dio 48, 5, 4; BMC, R. Rep. 11, 400 ff. 3 Appian, BC 5, 60, 251. PageBook =>209 As the year advanced the situation grew

2 Appian, BC 5, 29, 112: πολϵμϵ ν άv τις αὑτο τὴν ξίωσιν καθαιρ . PageBook =>210 his way to Spain; 1 and now he might ba

5, 33, 130 ff. 7 Ib. 5, 33, 131; cf. ILS 886. 8 Velleius 2, 75. PageBook =>211 Still no sign came from the East. In Pe

6 Ib. 5, 54, 229. 7 Velleius 2, 74, 4; Appian, BC 5, 49, 204 ff. PageBook =>212 The captives were a problem. Many senat

onius, Divus Aug. 12. 5 Velleius 2, 76, 2; Appian, BC 5, 50, 212. PageBook =>213 approaching with an armament from the E

3; Appian, BC 5, 51, 213 f. Ch. XVI THE PREDOMINANCE OF ANTONIUS PageBook =>214 THE victor of Philippi proceeded eastwa

as the mistress of the dynast of Comana. 5 Appian, BC 5, 52, 216. PageBook =>215 merely championed his cause and won Rep

Ti. Claudius Nero and his wife also came to Greece about this time. PageBook =>216 include Pompeius, Antonius agreed to ar

220. Appian may, however, be exaggerating the prestige of Antonius. PageBook =>217 Salvidienus with the armies of all Gaul

of Casinum set up a ‘signum concordiae’ on October 12th (ILS 3784). PageBook =>218 Was there no end to the strife of citiz

églogue (1930), 57 ff. 3 Cf. A. Alföldi, Hermes LXV. (1930), 369. PageBook =>219 to his son, and a Roman matron. 1 The i

achronistic opinions concerning the historical situation in 40 B.C. PageBook =>220 leadership of the Caesarian party, shou

hat we possess only the ‘Official version’ of Salvidienus’ treason. PageBook =>221 two eponymous consuls, C. Calvisius S

on, as commonly held (e.g. PIR2, C 353). 2 Appian, BC 5, 66, 277. PageBook =>222 watched. As far as concerned the senato

pp. 234 ff.; 266 ff. 3 Plutarch, Antonius 24. 4 CIL 12, p. 50. PageBook =>223 the next proconsul, Pollio, celebrated

26, 3 (wrongly dated). 6 Ib. 48, 41, 1; Josephus, AJ 14, 393 ff. PageBook =>224 place. There was delay and allegation

9, 24, 1; Plutarch, Antonius 34; Strabo, p. 501. 5 Below, p. 260. PageBook =>225 The winter passed, and in the spring of

Roman Empire 1, 231 ff.; M. A. Levi, Ottaviano Capoparte 11, 71 f. PageBook =>226 be enlisted to deal with Pompeius. But

226 (No Notes) Ch. XVII THE RISE OF OCTAVIANUS XVII pg227-242 PageBook =>227 AT Brundisium Caesar’s heir had again b

Official phraseology, cf. Velleius 2, 84, 3. 3 Velleius 2, 77, 4. PageBook =>228 Labienus. Yet Pompeius still retained i

cf. Horace, Epodes 4, 19: ‘contra latrones atque servilem manum. ’. PageBook =>229 Octavianus abruptly divorced Scribonia,

perhaps he had been previously married to Scribonia, before 40 B.C. PageBook =>230 Octavianus now had a war on his hands e

child of L. Domitius and Antonia, bears the name of Domitia Lepida. PageBook =>231 Caesar’s heir was damaged and discredit

ufficient matter for ridicule (quoted in Suetonius, Divus Aug. 16). PageBook =>232 generals of Antonius. Gradually and rel

αρά τϵ αυτ καὶ παρὰ το ς ὅπλοις, ἃτϵ καὶ ἱσχυρότϵρος αὐτο ὤν, χϵιν. PageBook =>233 now stood some forty legions diverse in

ς σϕϵτ ροις θϵο ς συνίδρνον. 7 Dio 49, 15, 5 f. 8 Above, p.113. PageBook =>234 disturbances, order had been restored b

nd in the Belium Siculum (ib. 5, 112, 469). 4 Val. Max. 8, 11, 2. PageBook =>235 his deputy in the Dictatorship, magiste

ations of this mysterious character are not unequivocally recorded. PageBook =>236 But now, after Brundisium, the soldiers

he joined Octavianus. On his origin, cf. above, p. 199 and p. 221. PageBook =>237 the Lex Pedia. 1 Of the family of Q. La

B.C., but willing to be recommended to D. Brutus (Ad fam. 11, 22). PageBook =>238 land. But Cornificius received or usurp

val of M. Antonius, probably in 37 B.C. (Nepos, Vita Attici 12, 2). PageBook =>239 remunerated for their daring and their

mphalia show (CIL 12, p. 50 and p. 77). About Gaul, no information. PageBook =>240 vigour and resource. To this end he dev

ncluding the whole of Bosnia: which is neither proved nor probable. PageBook =>241 The work and services of Agrippa and of

d and discussed by F. W. Shipley, Mem. Am. Ac. Rome IX (1931), 7ff. PageBook =>242 Agrippa had already begun the repair of

(Milo was her second husband). Ch. XVIII ROME UNDER THE TRIUMVIRS PageBook =>243 IT was ten years from the proscriptions

a number of sons of highly respectable houses of praetorian rank). PageBook =>244 perished during the last twenty years,

f. 5 Sallust, BJ 85, 17. 6 Dio 48, 43, 1 f., cf. above, p. 196. PageBook =>245 existence, for the transactions of high

jurist (Gellius 7, 5, 1), that was not the reason of his promotion. PageBook =>246 the best all bone and nerve, but liab

. 2 Tacitus, Dial. 25, 6 3 Ib, 18, 5 4 Quintilian 10, 1, 113. PageBook =>247 for that system of ritual, act and form

n for ten years more (Jerome, Chron., p. 164 H). 4 Sallust, BJ 4. PageBook =>248 political activity, a turbulent tribune

lustium verear’; ib. 102: ‘immortalem illam Sallusti velocitatem. ’ PageBook =>249 in vocabulary, with brief broken senten

55, 17 and 22 M. 5 Ib. 2, 16 m: ‘oris probi, animo inverecundo. ’ PageBook =>250 thoughts and darker operations, which i

ia horum cognoscat neque rem ullam nisi tempus interesse iudicet. ’ PageBook =>251 History and oratory furnished suitable

rome, Chron., p. 148 gives Cremona as the birth-place of Bibaculus. PageBook =>252 The new poets, as they were called, pos

ess of Antonius. Her subsequent attachments have not been recorded. PageBook =>253 abandoned poetry for a career of war an

puted. 4 Quintilian 10, 1, 89: ‘versificator quam poeta melior. ’ PageBook =>254 Italy on imported corn, may have reinfo

terras, ecquam cultiorem Italia vidistis? ’ 2 Horace, Sat. 1, 5. PageBook =>255 Horace had come to manhood in an age of

ivus Aug. 32, 1. 3 Dio 49, 43, 5. 4 Ib. 49, 13, 1 ff.; 34, 3 f. PageBook =>256 sentiments of the beneficiaries of the

lly L. R. Taylor, The Divinity of the Roman Emperor (1931), 100 ff. PageBook =>257 between absolute monarchy and national

s (19, 4). 2 Ib. 21, 4. Balbus probably died not long after this. PageBook =>258 brief lull when many feared the imminen

>258 1 Nepos, Vita Attici 20, 5 Ch. XIX ANTONIUS IN THE EAST PageBook =>259 AFTER Brundisium the prestige of Antoni

bo, p. 568. 4 Dio 48, 33, 5. 5 Strabo, p. 660. 6 Ib., p. 574. PageBook =>260 He had Caesar’s eye for talent. After t

Josephus is clear and valuable, AJ 15, 75 ff.; 79; 88; 91 f.; 131. PageBook =>261 She coveted the whole of his kingdom, t

3 J. Kromayer, Hermes XXIX (1894), 582 ff.; W. W. Tarn, CAH x, 66. PageBook =>262 inherited estates or the fruits of merc

million denarii. His daughter was to marry Polemo, King of Pontus. PageBook =>263 will. Regard for Hellenic sentiments wo

ription): ’Aντώνιὸν μέγαν | κἀμὶμητὸν. Cf. Plutarch, Antonius 28. | PageBook =>264 Roman army reached Ctesiphon, it might

orial salutation (ILS 886) may have been won earlier, in 40-39 B.C. PageBook =>265 at not less than a quarter of his whole

(Ottaviano Capoparte II, 134 ff.), discountenancing sentimentality. PageBook =>266 Antonius betrothed his son Alexander He

forthcoming work of Mr. M. Grant on the aes coinage of the period. PageBook =>267 It was later remarked that certain of h

VIII, 726 ff. (forthcoming). On Sosius and Canidius, above, p. 200. PageBook =>268 Antonius had been a loyal friend to Cae

o cos. ’ (BMC, R. Rep. 11, 522). Cf. also IG XII, 9, 916 (Chalcis). PageBook =>269 The last adherents of Sex. Pompeius des

ify: on him, cf. F. Münzer, Hermes LXXI (1936), 229; ABOVE, P. 128. PageBook =>270 were nobiles, yet this was a revolution

loited this attractive theme. They had no reason to spare Antonius. PageBook =>271 consuls and the constitution on his sid

p. 278. 2 As Strabo (p. 671) so clearly states. 3 Dio 42, 6, 3. PageBook =>272 he also removed Cyprus from Roman contr

e=>272 1 Dio 42, 35, 5. 2 Phil 2, 97. 3 Ad Att. 14, 12, 1. PageBook =>273 Egypt itself, however much augmented, c

: Antonius was not βασιλύϛ. 3 W. W. Tarn, JRS XXII (1932), H9 ff. PageBook =>274 When he dwelt at Athens with Octavia, A

ch, Antonius 57. 4 W. W. Tarn, JRS XXII (1932), 141; CAH x, 82 f. PageBook =>275 is not certain that her ambition was gr

ius 56: ἔδєɩ γάρ єἰς Kαὶσαρα πάντα πєριєλθєîν. Ch. XX TOTA ITALIA PageBook =>276 THE year 33 B.C. opened with Octavianus

ius 55. 3 Dio 49, 41, 6. 4 lb. 50, 1, 4; Plutarch, Antonius 55. PageBook =>277 family scandal, and the private vices o

ir proof that the Triumvirate had come to an end, legally at least. PageBook =>278 steps to have his position legalized. H

s Gestae 25): the total strength of the Senate was over a thousand. PageBook =>279 Octavianus alleged that he suffered the

os. 88 B.C.) and Cornelia, the daughter of Sulla. 4 Dio 50, 7, I. PageBook =>280 consuls were on his side. Antonius stoo

at any time contract a legally valid marriage with a foreign woman. PageBook =>281 able to retain all his partisans or pre

a et omnibus venalis’, had been detected in peculation by Antonius. PageBook =>282 qualities which men always cared afterw

ar was forgery necessary? and how easily could forgery be detected? PageBook =>283 that Antonius had abruptly left a court

8 Valuable evidence in Dio 50, 10, 3 ff.; Plutarch, Antonius 58. PageBook =>284 was compelled to secure the loyalty of

lia sponte sua et me be[lli] quo vici ad Actium ducem depoposcit. ’ PageBook =>285 by the honourable treatment of Bononia,

h. der bayerischen Ak. der Wiss., phil.-hist. Abt., N.F. 15 (1937). PageBook =>286 Italy then had been foreign, and the ac

tinius’ joke). 2 Ad Att. 8, 16, ι; 9, 5, 3. 3 Above, pp. 86 ff. PageBook =>287 Shame that the Marsian and the Apulian

>287 1 Horace, Odes 3, 5, 5 ff. 2 Lucan, Pharsalia 1, 134 f. PageBook =>288 Rome and Italy. The lesson was reiterat

1). 4 A. v. Premerstein, Vom Werden und Wesen des Prinzipats, 53. PageBook =>289 oath was imposed. In the military colon

first man to be accorded a public funeral in Sulmo (CIL IX, 3082). PageBook =>290 Antonius, the Roman imperator, wishing

nkers and men of property probably received some kind of assurance. PageBook =>291 Those who were not deceived by the arti

refers to a speech or pamphlet of Pollio contra maledicta Antonii. PageBook =>292 severed his amicitia, their feud was pr

ιϛ ὄτɩ καì τὸ πλεῖστʋν καì τò κράτɩστʋν ‘Pωμαίων ὁμʋγνωμʋνʋῦν ἔχʋɩ. PageBook =>293 the Senate and a large number of Roman

dis. 1 NotesPage=>293 1 Virgil, Am. 8, 678 f. Ch. XXI DUX PageBook =>294 THE adversary spent the winter in Greec

The casualties in Media and Armenia have often been over-estimated. PageBook =>295 augmented the total of his legions to t

) attests local recruiting in Syria in 38 B.C. 2 Dio so, 14, 1 f. PageBook =>296 Then the odds moved more heavily agains

so Appian, BC 4, 38, 161 (for Messalla). 7 Virgil, Aen. 8, 680 f. PageBook =>297 But Octavianus, though ‘dux’, was even

3 Velleius 2, 86, 2. 4 Cf. W. W. Tarn, JRS XXI (1931), 179 ff. PageBook =>298 against the bestial divinities of Nile.

ected by BMC, R. Emp. I, III. 5 Cf. E. Groag, Klio XIV(1914), 63. PageBook =>299 order the execution of a woman. After n

). 8 Dio 51, 2, 5. Aquillius Florus and his son were also killed. PageBook =>300 them the last of the assassins of the D

;c. 6 For details of these arrangements, cf. Tarn, CAH X, 113 ff. PageBook =>301 children of Cleopatra, whatever they mi

s 2, 171; 3, 30; 4, 560 ff. 2 Dio 51, 20, 6 f. 3 Res Gestae 27. PageBook =>302 memory of civil strife. Rome expected (

ibullus 1, 7, 3 ff.; CIL I2, p. 50 and p. 77 (Sept. 25th, 27 B.C.). PageBook =>303 M. Tullius Cicero (cos. suff. 30 B.C.),

cient ceremony of the Augurium Salutis was revived (Dio 51, 20, 4). PageBook =>304 policy and an omen of victory was then

ta cuique rerum suarum possession. ’ 5 Virgil, Georgics 1, 500 f. PageBook =>305 unfolded the annals of the future. On t

tque sinas cum nomine Troia. ’ 7 Livy 5, 51 ff. 8 Ib. 5, 49, 7. PageBook =>306 there was to hand an authentic native h

Saenia (Tacitus, Ann. 11, 25). L. Saenius was cos. suff. in 30 B.C. PageBook =>307 meaning of this ‘reform’ will emerge la

ctorque volentes | per populos dat iura. ’ 4 Tacitus, Ann. 3, 28. PageBook =>308 marshals, such as Agrippa, Calvisius an

iption (ILS 8810) gives Crassus the title he deserved (αὐτʋκράτωρ). PageBook =>309 Yet Crassus was granted the bare distin

nt prolata, Thebaide, communi omn[i]|um regum formidine, subacta. ’ PageBook =>310 Octavianus could tolerate misdemeanour,

On this topic see above all J. Gage, Rev. hist, CLXXI (1933), 1 ff PageBook =>311 A settlement that yielded certain provi

cero, Phil. 11, 36: ‘dominatum et principatum. ` 4 Odes 4, 14, 6. PageBook =>312 The word ‘princeps’, as applied to Augu

cf. now E. Kornemann, Klio XXXI (1938), 81 ff. Ch. XXII PRINCEPS PageBook =>313 IN his sixth and seventh consulates C.

(53, 16, 7). Perhaps he was warned and checked by wise counsellors. PageBook =>314 into Heaven. That was too much like Cae

on ὅση στρατɩωτɩκῆς φρουφᾶς. ἔχєɩ χρєίαν See further below, p. 326. PageBook =>315 For the grant of such a mandate there w

eius 2, 89, 3: 'imperium magistratuum ad pristinum redactum modum,' PageBook =>316 one age, but to many men and the long p

ὑμῖν ὑγιᾶ πʋιήσαζ (from the funeral oration delivered by Tiberius). PageBook =>317 and lost in war. 1 His murders and his

f which, JRS XXVIII (1938), 125. 6 Aen. 6, 834 f. 7 lb. 8, 670. PageBook =>318 Virgil did not need to say where Caesar

reborn in Augustus, cf. A. Oltramare, Rev. ét. lat. X(1932), 58 ff. PageBook =>319 the political doctrine of Cicero. In th

s: not irrelevant to Cicero’s own past experience and future hopes. PageBook =>320 opinion of Augustus, for the Revolution

ibertas, quae non in eo est ut iusto utamur domino, sed ut nullo. ` PageBook =>321 But Cicero might have changed, pliable

a of the rule of the ‘optimus civis’ from Panaetius through Cicero. PageBook =>322 would pretend that internecine war and

LX (1925), 348 ff. Vom Geist des Römertums, 1 ff. 3 Above, p. 284 PageBook =>323 Augustus was by far the wealthiest man

itque iura quis pace et principe uteremur. acriora ex eo vincula. ’ PageBook =>324 A later historian dates from this ‘cons

ceding epoch the age of the δυναστεῖαι. Compare Appian, BC 1. 2, 7. PageBook =>325 The choice of means did not demand deep

0, 1. Perhaps his full name was A. Terentius Varro Licinius Murena. PageBook =>326 So much for the consulate. In the manne

ζ ἔχʋντα ἤκαì α ὑτὰκαθ’ ἑαυτὰ μέγα τι νεωτερίσαι δυνάμενα κατέσχεν. PageBook =>327 the only immediate change from Triumvir

rvinus. 3 L. Cornificius, L. Autronius Paetus and Sex. Appuleius. PageBook =>328 in his old age, twenty years from his c

, Bithynia-Pontus, Crete and Cyrene, Sicily, Sardinia with Corsica. PageBook =>329 These regions were far from peaceful, b

ate of Galatia, annexed in 25, was M. Lollius (Eutropius 7, 10, 2). PageBook =>330 Of these six legati Augusti pro praetor

t Corinth (L’ann. ép., 1919, 2). XXIII. CRISIS IN PARTY AND STATE PageBook =>331 THE pretext of a special mandate from S

and Maecenas, to prevent any trouble. PageNote. 331 (No Notes) PageBook =>332 Augustus came to Gaul. A vain expectati

ff. 6 Dio 54, 5, 1 (mentioning the τρυϕή and ὠμότης of Carisius). PageBook =>333 In Citerior the next three legates all

χρ τo. 6 But difficult to identify precisely, cf. P-W VI, 1993 f. PageBook =>334 Murena was implicated. The criminals we

us in fratres animi paterni. ’ 5 Josephus, BJ 1, 398; AJ 15, 345. PageBook =>335 The Republic had to have consuls. To ta

C.). Horace dedicated Odes 1, 4 to him. 4 Horace, Odes 1, 2, 25f. PageBook =>336 The anxiety was public and widespread:

a man from the tribunate (Dio 52, 42, 3). 4 Tacitus, Ann. 3, 56. PageBook =>337 With his keen taste for realities and i

ppa is found, not there, but in Gaul and Spain (Dio 54, 11, 1 ff.). PageBook =>338 It was not for ostentation but for use

25, operated in Ethiopia (Dio 54, 5, 4 &c). 5 Dio 53, 32, 1. PageBook =>339 Men might recall another associate of B

et | saecula qui rursus Latio. ’ 6 Res Gestae 5; Dio 54, 1, 1 ff. PageBook =>340 The life of the Princeps was frail and

the legal term (Dio 53, 28, 3), becoming quaestor in the next year. PageBook =>341 Even had they not been the step-sons of

the legal term (Dio 53, 38, 3), becoming quaestor in the next year. PageBook =>342 The Roman loathed the effeminate and si

t that Tiberius’ retirement to Rhodes has coloured earlier history. PageBook =>343 Some at least of the perils which this

or Naulochus and an azure flag in honour of Actium (Dio 51, 21, 3). PageBook =>344 Agrippa’s nature was stubborn and domin

on of monarchy as νδoξoς δoυλϵία, cf. Aelian, Varia historia 2, 20. PageBook =>345 Though the patrician Claudii were held

emann, Doppelprinzipat u. Reichsteilung im Imperium Romanum (1930). PageBook =>346 To the Principate of Augustus there cou

e and his luck, was all that and more. PageNote. 346 (No Notes) PageBook =>347 Augustus might not be a second Caesar:

lleius 2, 127, 2: ‘etenim magna negotia magnis adiutoribus egent. ’ PageBook =>348 The appointment of a single deputy-lead

of παραδυναστϵύoντϵς (ib. 53, 19, 3). XXIV. THE PARTY OF AUGUSTUS PageBook =>349 THE modest origins of the faction of Oc

was specially adlected to consular rank in 29 B.C. (Dio 52, 42, 4). PageBook =>350 Scaurus and Cn. Cinna were not especial

s even are at all prominent under the Principate. 2 Dio 51, 4, 6. PageBook =>351 No hint of a Republican reaction here.

cis impediti. ’ 2 Above, p. 284. 3 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 41, 1. PageBook =>352 The Roman Commonwealth in the days of t

4 Dio 54, 25, 5 f. 5 Res Gestae 16. 6 Ib. 17; Dio 55, 25, 2 ff. PageBook =>353 The soldier in service looked to August

. CIL XI, 6058. 5 Cf. JRS XXVII (1937), 128 f., and above, p. 78. PageBook =>354 By a regular feature of the Augustan sy

w, p. 410, on Licinus and on Vedius Pollio (the son of a freedman). PageBook =>355 Thus was the equestrian order steadily

the Principate, however, the position soon declines in importance. PageBook =>356 None the less, the military knight foun

, cf. PIR1 P 472. 8 Tacitus, Agr. 4, 1 (Agricola’s grandfathers). PageBook =>357 Not only that Roman knights could gover

In Pisonem, fr. 9 = Asconius 2 (p. 2 f., Clark). 5 Pro Sulla 25. PageBook =>358 and the maternal grandfather of Livia D

gustus is not to be taken too seriously here. 5 Cf. above, p. 81. PageBook =>359 It was not so: the property qualificati

ro’s brother (Comm. pet. 53), ‘equites et boni viri ac locupletes’. PageBook =>360 They were the backbone of Augustus’ fac

s of the insurgent Italici as ‘municipalia ilia prodigia’(2, 6, 6). PageBook =>361 Some were recent upstarts, enriched by

.). 5 Suetonius, Vitellius 2, 2. 6 Suetonius, Divus Vesp. 1, 3. PageBook =>362 Others already had gone farther, securi

or earlier members of this family, Cicero, Pro Cluentio 25 and 165. PageBook =>363 Another Samnite was M. Papius Mutilus (

rimus omnium Paelign. senator | factus est et eos honores gessit. ’ PageBook =>364 As has been shown, Augustus affirmed an

acitus, Ann. II, 24 (‘oratio claudi caesaris’). Cf. above, p. 84 f. PageBook =>365 The widened and strengthened oligarchy

fficia togati ac sine regio insigni more clientium praestiterunt. ’ PageBook =>366 The cultivated Juba, the husband of Ant

. C. Julius Severus (OGIS 544). 3 Cf. BSR Papers XIV (1938), 1 f. PageBook =>367 Caesar’s liberalism is inferred from hi

cum, they are treated as a part of Italy, even for fiscal purposes. PageBook =>368 Augustus, himself of a municipal family

e. NotesPage=>368 (No Notes) XXV. THE WORKING OF PATRONAGE PageBook =>369 THE Princeps and his friends controlled

in force before 23 B.C.: it was probably established in 29-28 B.C. PageBook =>370 The Senate had been purged once. That w

rcise with reference to the various magistracies, see CAH x, 163 f. PageBook =>371 Agrippa departed from Rome before the e

92; cf. Dio 54, 10, 1 (where, however, not a word about Egnatius). PageBook =>372 Egnatius Rufus was a cheap victim. Publ

he proportion is twenty-five to ten. 3 Not counting Varro Murena. PageBook =>373 From 18 to 13 B.C. only two novi homine

nd Spain, which probably still had two armies, cf. below, p. 394 f. PageBook =>374 Election by the people might be a mere

ilius Scaurus (on the latter, cf. also Tacitus, Ann. 3, 66; 6, 29). PageBook =>375 Under the new order Cicero would have w

cated Odes 2, 9 to Valgius; on his botanical work, Pliny, NH 25, 4. PageBook =>376 For the upstart of ability, ‘militaris

Aug. 71, 2. 3 Compare esp. the remarks of E. Groag, P-W VI, 1784. PageBook =>377 The dim descendants of forgotten famili

of C. Sulpicius Galba (cos. suff. 5 B.C.), cf. Suetonius, Galba 3. PageBook =>378 Of the use of the dynastic marriage, Au

d soon after and her second husband Barbatus died in his consulate. PageBook =>379 As time went on, more and more aristocr

. 5 Tacitus, Ann. 3, 22 f., cf. PIR2, A 420, and Table IV at end. PageBook =>380 Power, distinction and wealth, the Prin

tonius, Divus Aug. 72, 1. 6 Velleius 2, 14, 3. 7 Dio 53, 27, 5. PageBook =>381 The fortunes of the great politicians w

, 1387). 8 Ib. Pliny had seen the woman. 9 Macrobius 3, 13, 11. PageBook =>382 Whether admission to the various colleg

, the Aelii Lamiae, Appuleii, Asinii, Cocceii, Silii, Statilii Sec. PageBook =>383 The acts and devices whereby the politi

aefectus fabrum of Pompeius, of M. Brutus and of Ti. Claudius Nero. PageBook =>384 The next generation was Caesarian. His

orius, Hermes XXXIX (1904), 470, is hazardous: see Table VI at end. PageBook =>385 Influences more secret and more siniste

s of Agrippina, the mother of Nero. 2 Suetonius, Divus Vesp. 3. PageBook =>386 The assiduities of the young patrician

nsible restoration of their ancient dignity. XXVI. THE GOVERNMENT PageBook =>387 THOUGH by no means as corrupt and ineff

in subsequent history. 1 NotesPage=>387 1 Cf. above, p. 197. PageBook =>388 The years before Actium filled up the g

p;c. On this matter, cf. now L. R. Taylor, JRS XXVI (1936), 161 ff. PageBook =>389 Spain and Gaul were very different. It

tae 12. The monument was not completed and inaugurated until 9 B.C. PageBook =>390 The army now numbered twenty-eight legi

n 14 and in 13 B.C. presumably the last proconsul of that province. PageBook =>391 In Macedonia M. Lollius (19-18 B.C.) an

ad r[ip]am fluminis | Dan[u]i.’ 5 For the details, CAH x, 358 ff. PageBook =>392 When Agrippa, deputy and son-in-law of

. 3 For example, Piso and Ahenobarbus receive no ode from Horace. PageBook =>393 Above all, there is a singular lack of

arguments in support of this theory, cf. Klio XXVII (1934), 122 ff. PageBook =>394 The partition of provinces between Prin

D. 6). Other acquisitions were Galatia, Raetia, Noricum and Judaea. PageBook =>395 To the Senate he had restored no milita

s ἀπò т ς κ∈ίνου δ∈ξιâς κα γνώμης ἀπ∈σταλμένος (OGIS 458 II, 1. 45) PageBook =>396 The centurions provided the bone and ne

o, holding that post in A.D. 22 (ILS 940, cf. Tacitus, Ann. 3, 74). PageBook =>397 But even so, in the fully developed sys

2 Cf. above, p. 330. 3 Tacitus, Ann. 1, 80; 6, 39; Dio 58, 25, 4. PageBook =>398 After Varro, Agrippa is the next attest

t Quirinius is still not absolutely excluded (below, p. 399, n. 4). PageBook =>399 P. Sulpicius Quirinius (cos. 12 B.C.) p

East, cf. Münzer, RA, 43 f. On that family, cf. also below, p. 422. PageBook =>400 More important than Syria or Galatia we

uite well have been a legate of Moesia in the period 9 B.C.–A.D. 6. PageBook =>401 As for the Rhine, it is not certain who

us 2, 31; Orosius, 6, 21, 18; Dio 55, 28, 3 f.). 5 Below, p. 421. PageBook =>402 For certain services in the city August

f. (Messalla); ILS 889 (Sabinus). 5 Frontinus, De aq. 98 and 116. PageBook =>403 Then came the affair of Egnatius Rufus,

foreign affairs in A.D. 8, Dio 55, 33, 5. 8 Tacitus, Ann. 6, 11. PageBook =>404 Ten years later, when Augustus departed

24, 8; Suetonius, Tib. 9, 2). 7 Suetonius, Divus Claudius 25, 1. PageBook =>405 For the senator no hope or monument of

e, however, about the date of this innovation. XXVII. THE CABINET PageBook =>406 ‘EADEM magistratuum vocabula. ’1 Names

the time of Augustus, cf. J. G. C. Anderson, JRS XVN (1927), 47 f. PageBook =>407 When he comes to narrate the Principate

∈ì κρατoύντων τ ν τϵ παραδυναστϵυóντων σϕíσɩ βoυλήματα ὑπoπτϵύϵταɩ. PageBook =>408 The taking of counsel before grave deci

rios in negotiis publicis’ (Suetonius, Tib. 55). 4 Dio 53, 21, 5. PageBook =>409 The rotatory committee of the Senate an

negotiis par, eo acrior quo somnum et inertiam magis ostentabat. ’ PageBook =>410 Maecenas had suppressed the conspiracy

laudius. 9 It was handed to the consul in 23 B.C., Dio 53, 30, 2. PageBook =>411 In these matters Augustus required expe

live. Messalla was augur for fifty-five years (Macrobius 1, 9, 14). PageBook =>412 A sacerdotal lawyer, conservative and p

ugustus was given this power, explicitly. 3 Josephus, AJ 17, 229. PageBook =>413 It was not intended that there should b

ra dicere: qui si vixissent, inter dissimulantes fuissent’ (ib. 4). PageBook =>414 The historian might with no less propri

publican Tiberius, mindful of his Pompeian ties (below, p. 424 f.). PageBook =>415 The Princeps, the members of his family

thout a consular legate (ILS 1055). 2 Dio 69, 1; SHA Hadr. 4, 10. PageBook =>416 Agrippa and Livia had thwarted the dyna

pes rebatur; simul modestiae Neronis et suae magnitudini fidebat. ’ PageBook =>417 Tiberius revolted. Obdurate against the

es specie recusantis flagrantissime cupiverat. ’ 4 Res Gestae 14. PageBook =>418 Thus the two orders, which with separat

ien XL (1918), 150 ff.; XLI (1919), 74 ff. XXVIII. THE SUCCESSION PageBook =>419 THREE dangers ever beset the domination

00, 1: ‘sensit terrarum orbis digressum a custodia Neronem urbis. ’ PageBook =>420 When Cinna conspired against his life o

eius’ designation (2, 114, 5) for M. Aemilius Lepidus, cos. A.D. 6. PageBook =>421 But with Augustus dying before his sons

Fasti 6, 801 ff. 3 OGIS 458. 4 ILS 935. 5 Suetonius, Nero 4. PageBook =>422 There was more in him than that either

s. These Plautii have their mausoleum near Tibur (ILS 921, &c). PageBook =>423 So Livia worked for power. But it is by

sul of A.D. 7 is a Junius Silanus by birth. 5 See Table V at end. PageBook =>424 L. Calpurnius Piso (cos. 15 B.C.) occup

m et obsequii ignarum, insita ferocia a patre Pisone’ (Ann. 2, 43). PageBook =>425 C. Sentius Saturninus was related to th

itus, Ann. 2, 30): precisely how, no evidence. 6 Above, p. 400 f. PageBook =>426 Julia was accused of immoral conduct by

candi licentia metiebatur, quicquid liberet pro licito vindicans. ’ PageBook =>427 Augustus was bitter and merciless becau

Groag, Wiener Studien XLI (1919), 84 ff. 3 Suetonius, Tib. 11, 4. PageBook =>428 The position of Tiberius had long been

Caesar (ib. 4, 1). 5 Tacitus, Ann. 2, 42, cf. Suetonius, Tib. 8. PageBook =>429 In the meantime Gaius prosecuted his tr

ects that Livia had something to do with the match (P-W IV A, 837). PageBook =>430 His diplomatic foresight was handsomely

onversatio hominum vitia eius assentatione alentium. ’ 5 ILS 140. PageBook =>431 There was no choice now. Augustus adopt

er. ’ 5 lb. 2, 104, 5. 6 Cf. CAH x, 364 ff., and above, p. 400. PageBook =>432 The final blow was to fall in A.D. 6, w

3: ‘rudem sane bonarum artium et robore corporis stolide ferocem. ’ PageBook =>433 The strength of body and intractable te

epidus (2, 114, 5) as being ‘nomini ac fortunae Caesarum proximus’. PageBook =>434 These were eminent men. Lepidus, of Sci

berius), cf. F. Marsh, The Reign of Tiberius (1931), 43 f., cf. 67. PageBook =>435 Such are the two Vibii from the small t

proconsul in A.D. 6 (Dio 55, 28, 3 f.; Velleius 2, 116, 2, &c). PageBook =>436 When Tiberius invaded Bohemia in A.D. 6

p. 83, 15: ‘virum gravem, moderatum, sed mersum et vino madentem. ’ PageBook =>437 They never let out a secret. It will be

); for the betrothal of his daughter, Tacitus, Ann. 2, 43; ILS 184. PageBook =>438 M. Aemilius Lepidus was in charge of Hi

lures facilius munia rei publicae sociatis laboribus exsecuturos. ’ PageBook =>439 The business of the deification of Augu

rs Iunii Silani proconsulis Asiae. ’ XXIX. THE NATIONAL PROGRAMME PageBook =>440 SO far the manner in which power was se

it exerted over others. PageNotes. 440 1 Tacitus, Hist. 2, 95. PageBook =>441 Not until libertas was lost did men fee

is is the undertone of the whole preface to Livy’s History of Rome. PageBook =>442 Marius was an exemplar of ‘Itala virtus

pereundi perdendique omnia invexere. ’ 5 Propertius 4, 11, 47 f. PageBook =>443 The same proud insistence on the inheri

s 3, 3, 1. 4 Ib. 3, 24, 27ff. 5 Res Gestae 6; Dio 54, 16, 1 ff. PageBook =>444 The principal laws designed to curb lic

Aug. 89, 2; Livy, Per. 59. 6 Propertius 4, 11, 36. 7 ILS 8403. PageBook =>445 Their names were more often heard in pu

ac senatori hausisse. ’ 3 On this, cf. H. M. Last, CAH x, 461 ff. PageBook =>446 In the towns of Italy there was a count

e L. R. Taylor, The Divinity of the Roman Emperor, 181 ff.; 215 ff. PageBook =>447 The Roman People could not be pure, str

20; Livy 4, 20, 7: ‘templorum omnium conditorem aut restitutorem. ’ PageBook =>448 Two deities deserved special honour. In

des 3, 2, 1 ff. 3 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 41, 1. 4 Odes 3, 24, 9. PageBook =>449 Augustus appealed to the virtues of a w

8), 369 ff. 5 Propertius 3, 22, 21 f. 6 Horace, Odes 3, 6, 5 f. PageBook =>450 The last generation saw the Marsian and

children. 5 Ib. 3, 6, 37 f. 6 Georgics 2, 532 ff., cf. 167 ff. PageBook =>451 It is by no means certain what class of

hre, for the edification of his freedmen (CIL XI, 600: Forum Livi). PageBook =>452 The patriotic poet might deplore the se

frugalitatis atque etiam rusticitatis antiquae retinet ac servat. ’ PageBook =>453 That there was a certain duplicity in t

follies. PageNotes. 453 1 Odes 2, 15, 10 ff. 2 Dio 56, 10, 3. PageBook =>454 That will not suffice to prove that the

nd secured loyalty to the new régime. PageNotes. 454 (No Notes) PageBook =>455 Civic virtue of this kind could exist i

, Divus Aug. 40, 5). 4 Cf. the remarks of A. D. Nock, CAH x, 467. PageBook =>456 Not every novus homo, however, or provi

t of Velleius 2, 130, 2; Tacitus, Ann. 4, 4; Suetonius, Tib. 48, 2. PageBook =>457 The material was not available. Recruit

τ ν στɑτενομένων’); and there was danger of mutiny (Dio 56, 12, 2). PageBook =>458 No new legions could be raised. As a pa

4, 6. 3 Ovid, Fasti 1, 217 f. XXX. THE ORGANIZATION OF OPINION PageBook =>459 IN Rome of the Republic the aristocracy

ogists of despotism. PageNotes. 459 1 Cicero, Ad Att. 2, 19, 3. PageBook =>460 The Republican politician adopted and p

is so plausible that it can dispense with the support of Porphyrio. PageBook =>461 As was fitting, the poets favoured by t

se of the Roman People. PageNotes. 461 1 Virgil, Aen. 6, 726 f. PageBook =>462 That did not matter. The New State had

69 f. 2 Ib. 3, 24, 62 ff. 3 Aen. 1, 286 ff. 4 Ib. 6, 791 ff. PageBook =>463 And so Aeneas follows his mission, sacr

4 Ib. 6, 96 f. 5 Ib. 1, 263 f. 6 Ib. 12, 190 f. 7 Ib. 8, 626. PageBook =>464 Like other literary compositions foster

, 11, 22. Patavium was for the Senate in 43 B.C., cf. Phil. 12, 10. PageBook =>465 If Livy, Horace and Virgil had private

unpublished observations of Mr. G. E. F. Chilver. 4 Aen. 8, 678. PageBook =>466 Augustus was singularly fortunate in di

s (e.g. 1, 1, 9) is the nephew of L. Volcacius Tullus, cos. 33 B.C. PageBook =>467 Propertius preferred his Cynthia, his A

lowest class of society, had any cause to suspect him (ib. 351 f.). PageBook =>468 Despite earlier vaunts of erotic prowes

o damnasti facta senatus | nec mea selecto iudice iussa fuga est. ’ PageBook =>469 When famine came and the mob complained

e Creation of Belief’ (The British Academy, Raleigh Lecture, 1937). PageBook =>470 It is a little surprising that the rich

ff. (2 B.C.); Res Gestae 21 and 29; Suetonius, Divus Aug. 29, 1 f. PageBook =>471 Around the Forum stood the mailed statu

PageNotes. 471 1 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 94 ff. 2 Phil. 5, 43. PageBook =>472 Perusia, Philippi and Actium all had th

Notes. 472 1 Horace, Epp. 2, 1, 15 f. 2 ILS 137. 3 ILS 139 f. PageBook =>473 From Rome sentiment radiated forth to t

. the dedication to Pompeius, ILS 9459 (Miletopolis); above, p. 30. PageBook =>474 not only do cities compete, pouring the

us, Divus Aug. 60. 6 Josephus, AJ 15, 268 ff. 7 Livy, Per. 139. PageBook =>475 As in Galatia or in the cities of Asia,

ribuni ex civitate Nerviorum’ (ib., 141). Ch. XXXI THE OPPOSITION PageBook =>476 THE army had made one emperor and could

e whole island of Cythera as his private property (Strabo, p. 363). PageBook =>477 In Gaul, where the freedman Licinus ext

Executed Three Hundred Persons In One Day). 5 Pliny, NH 9, 117 f. PageBook =>478 Yet on the whole the provinces were con

7 CIL IX, 5853. 8 Velleius 2, 79, 5. 9 Tacitus, Ann. 3, 22 f. PageBook =>479 Augustus, the patronus of the plebs, co

us, Ann. 1, 10 not against the Principate but against the Princeps. PageBook =>480 That might be doubted. The person and h

lem. 1, 11, 2; Statius, Silvae 4, 1, 32: ‘sed coepit sero mereri. ’ PageBook =>481 Though there were notorious instances o

‘satis est enim si hoc habemus ne quis nobis male facere possit. ’ PageBook =>482 These outbursts of liberty flattered th

5 Dio 54, 15, 7. 6 Ib. 8 because he snored. 7 Dig. 1, 2, 2, 47. PageBook =>483 His freedom of speech cost him promotio

. 56, 4. 5 Seneca, Controv. 4, praef. 2. 6 Seneca, Suas. 6, 27. PageBook =>484 The fashion quickly spread and propagat

rs poetica 311: ‘male hercule eveniat verbis, nisi rem sequuntur. ’ PageBook =>485 Augustus and Pollio were crisp, hard, u

3; Pliny, Epp. 1, 14, 6; Martial II, 16, 8. Cf. also above, p. 464. PageBook =>486 A critic armed with the acerbity of Pol

NH 7, 55; Tacitus, Ann. 4, 21: ‘sordidae originis, maleficae vitae. PageBook =>487 Cassius prosecuted Augustus’ friend Non

aeculo ista ingeniorum supplicia coeperunt quo ingenia desierant! ’ PageBook =>488 It was impossible to tell the truth abo

ranquillum, animo exsomnem. ’ 5 Ib. 2, 104, 2. 6 Ib. 2, 116, 2. PageBook =>489 Velleius, a typical government writer,

, Caligula 16, 1. 3 Ib. 34, 2. Ch. XXXI THE DOOM OF THE NOBILES PageBook =>490 ‘STEMMATA quid faciunt? ’1 The satirist

of government. PageNotes. 490 1 Juvenal 8, 1. 2 lb. 3, 60 ff. PageBook =>491 The nobiles lost power and wealth, disp

otes. 491 1 On their burial-place, cf. Mommsen in CIL 12, p. 376. PageBook =>492 Banded with these four families, the Ca

De ben. 4, 31, 3 f.; on his marriage to Aemilia Lepida, Ann. 3, 23. PageBook =>493 His son became consul under Tiberius, a

ecuted in A.D. 14 by Asprenas the proconsul of Africa (Ann. 1, 53). PageBook =>494 That was fitting. From the day when the

ording to Dio (59, 22, 6 f.), Caligula promised him the succession. PageBook =>495 Lacking the primeval and patrician dist

2, 4); for the date of her death, cf. Suetonius, Divus Vesp. 23, 4. PageBook =>496 Such was the end of certain noble house

ty conjectural, cf. PIR2 C, facing p. 362. See also Table V at end. PageBook =>497 By paradox all of these families at fir

(PIR2, C 285) and consuls sixty years later (PIR2, C 295 and 317). PageBook =>498 So much for the nobiles. The successful

nsular son, but no further descendants. 4 Seneca, De clem. 1, 15. PageBook =>499 Lollius, too, had only one son. M. Papi

60, 27, 4. 6 Down to the consul of A.D. 96, in direct succession. PageBook =>500 The Etruscan A. Caecina was prolific. 1

th the Julio-Claudians is surely too tenuous to have mattered much. PageBook =>501 Even Nerva seems an anachronism. He was

uis pauper e Latio senator foret? oppleturos omnia divites illos. ’ PageBook =>502 The harm had already been done. The mil

nt military man of the time, whose name is missing (CIL XII, 3169). PageBook =>503 When his position becomes stronger, and

stri familia, ignoto patre. ’ 4 Ib. 1, 49 (ultimate and damning). PageBook =>504 The lesson was not lost. Nero was the d

o 60, 27, 4: τήν δέ δή ήσυàχίαν ἂγων καί τà έavτoύ πρàττων έσὠζετο. PageBook =>505 The nobiles were pushed aside from powe

’accession au trône dy Hadrien à la mort de Commode (1936), 183 ff. PageBook =>506 The consular Fasti furnish the most pat

acrobius 2, 4, 18 (above, p. 320). 3 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 85, 1. PageBook =>507 The argument and the moral may readily

tum nec Tiberii Caesaris prima tempora loquitur. ’ 3 Hist, 1, 50. PageBook =>508 Captured and enslaved by the traditions

4 Tacitus, Agr. 1, 1. 5 Ann. 4, 32. Ch. XXXIII PAX ET PRINCEPS PageBook =>509 WHEN a party has triumphed in violence

’ 2 For a brief panegyric of Saturninus, see Velleius 2, 105, 1. PageBook =>510 As among the low-born and unprincipled

2, 10, 2: ‘hunc nobilissimae simplicitatis iuvenem Cn. Domitium. ’ PageBook =>511 Augustus set especial store by the patr

Ib. I, 7, 19f. 7 ILS 886 gives the inscription on this monument. PageBook =>512 With that to his credit Plancus could s

ntinus, De aq. 102 (though this has been disputed): cf. PIR1, V 90. PageBook =>513 In his life and in his writings Pollio

145 ff. 4 Ann. 3, 28. 5 Gibbon, Decline and Fall, c. VII, init. PageBook =>514 They could be safe and happy at last. A

state under Domitian, Nerva and Trajan, without a break (ILS 1448). PageBook =>515 The Republic, with its full record of g

et leges, nec bene famam eloquentiae Cicero tali exitu pensavit. ’ PageBook =>516 The admirer of ancient eloquence could

ασιλϵομένους τϵ ἂνϵν δονλίας καί δημοκρατονμένονς ἂνϵν διχοσταίας . PageBook =>517 Libertas, it was widely held in senator

5 Ib.: ‘sacvi proximis ingruunt. ’ 6 Seneca, De clem. 1, 4, 2. PageBook =>518 M . Aemilius Lepidus enjoyed the friend

ben. 2, 20, 2: ‘cum optimus civitatis status sub rege iusto sit. ’ PageBook =>519 Such was the ‘felicissimus status’, as

ere, per ilium navigare, libertate atque fortunis per ilium frui. ’ PageBook =>520 The loyal town-council of the colony of

usque pernicie. nam ut illi viribus opus est, ita et huic capite. ’ PageBook =>521 His rule was personal, if ever rule was

ge=>521 1 Tacitus, Ann. 1, 9. 2 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 28, 2. PageBook =>522 The last decade of Augustus’ life was c

6 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 101, cf. E. Hohl, Klio xxx (1937), 323 ff. PageBook =>523 This precious document, surviving in pr

o XXII (1928), 261 ff.), has not always been sufficiently regarded. PageBook =>524 While the Princeps lived, he might, lik

r, Princeps 1 (1936). 94. APPENDIX: THE CONSULS 80 B.C.–A.D. 14 PageBook =>525 THE consular Fasti of the years 509 B.C

. Pulcher 78 M. Aemilius Q. f. Lepidus: Q. Lutatius Q. f. Catulus PageBook =>526 77 D. Junius D. f. Brutus: Mam. Aemiliu

. Fabius Q. f. Maximus: C. Trebonius C. f.C. Caninius C. f. Rebilus PageBook =>527 44 C. Julius C. f. Caesar V: M. Antoniu

anus 24 Imp. Caesar Divi f. Augustus X: C. Norbanus C. f. Flaccus PageBook =>528 23 Imp. Caesar Divi f. Augustus XI: A.

Cossus Cornelius Cn. f. Lentulus: L. Calpurnius Cn. f. Piso (Augur) PageBook =>529 A.D. A. Plautius: A. Caecina (Severus

eius Sex. f.: Sex. Appuleius Sex. f. �LIST OF WORKS REFERRED TO PageBook =>530 ACCAME, S. ‘Decimo Bruto dopo i funer

t d’histoire orientales II (1933–34) = Mélanges Bidez, 287 ff. PageBook =>531 DRUMANN, K. W., and GROEBE, P. Geschich

us Pollio’, Jahrbücher für cl. Phil, Supp. XXII (1896), 557 ff. PageBook =>532 KORNEMANN, E. Doppelprinzipat und Reich

87 ff. RICHARDSON, G. W. ‘Actium’, JRS XXVII (1937), 153 ff. PageBook =>533 RITTERLING, E. Fasti des römischen Deu

R. ‘M. Titius and the Syrian Command’, JRS XXVI (1936), 161 ff. PageBook =>534 TAYLOR, L. R. ‘Seviri Equitum Romanor

person: in most cases the bare reference is given, without comment. PageBook =>535 Acerrae, 79, 91; honours Gaius and Luci

371. Aemilius Paullus, L. (cos. 50 B.C.), 41, 69, 164, 192, 197. PageBook =>536 Aemilius Paullus, L. (cos. A.D. 1), 422

76, 378, 421, 494; executed, 426; importance of, 427; his son, 494. PageBook =>537 Antonius, L. (cos. 41 B.C.), 115, 116,

473 f.; governors, 103, 111, 136, 220, 266 f., 303, 395, 398, 477. PageBook =>538 Asinii, from Teate Marrucinorum, 382, 5

431, 432, etc.; descendants, 493 ff.; his marriages, 189, 213, 229 PageBook =>539 Aulienus, Sex., equestrian officer from

t of Octavianus, 131, 142, 208. Caecina, A., Etruscan nobleman, 82. PageBook =>540 Caecina Severus, A. (cos. suff. 1 B.C.)

ed in 32 B.C., 290; favourable to the Principate, 351, 451 f., 476. PageBook =>541 Cappadocia, King of, 260, 301. Capua,

dius Caecus, Ap. (censor 312 B.C.), 84, 285, 494; his progeny, 378. PageBook =>542 Claudius Cleonymus, Ti., Greek in eques

trative, 403 f.; judicial, 408 f. Concilia, provincial, 474, 477. PageBook =>543 Concordia, 363. Concordia ordinum, 16

n the East, 171 f.; defeat and death, 203; his character, 69, 150 f PageBook =>544 Cornelius Dolabella, P. (cos. A.D. 10),

f Africa, 239, 292; rebuilds temple of Diana, 402; his origin, 237. PageBook =>545 Cornificius, Q., Caesarian partisan, 63

75, 79 f.; feud with Plancus, 281. Domitiopolis, in Cilicia, 281. PageBook =>546 Domitius Afer, Cn. (cos. suff. A.D. 39)

of Etruscan origin, 85 f.; Etruscan nomenclature, 93, 129 f., 362. PageBook =>547 Etruscans, see Etruria. Eunoe, mistre

ullan primipilaris, 78, 249. Fufius, son of Q. Fufius Calenus, 213. PageBook =>548 Fufius Calenus, Q. (cos. 47 B.C.), Caes

r, son of Drusus, 422, 437, 505; betrothals of his children, 437 f. PageBook =>549 Germany, invasions of, 391, 474; legate

; of municipal men, 455; of peasants, 454, 456; of Pompeius, 317 f. PageBook =>550 Illyricum, in the provincia of Caesar,

Julius Caesar (Octavianus), C. (cos. suff. 43 B.C.), see Augustus. PageBook =>551 Julius Caesar, L. (cos. 64 B.C.), 64; a

ceps, 358, 409 ff. Labienus, Q., ‘Parthicus imperator’, 223, 259. PageBook =>552 Labienus, T., legate of Caesar, 31, 90,

27), 424, 497. Licinius Crassus Mucianus, P. (cos. 131 B.C.), 60. PageBook =>553 Licinius Lucullus, L. (cos. 74 B.C.), h

t Actium, 297; wealth, 380. Lusitania, origin as a province, 395. PageBook =>554 Lusus Troiae, 445. Lutatii, 19, 492.

, T., soldier from Urvinum, 353, 354. Marmaridae, war against, 399. PageBook =>555 Maroboduus, King of the Marcomanni, 400

tan senator, 361. Mutina, Battle of, 174. Mutina, War of, 169 ff. PageBook =>556 Mylasa, 260. Mytilene, Pompeian and C

Marcellus, 341. Octavia, half-sister of Augustus, 112, 378, 421. PageBook =>557 Octavianus, see Augustus. Octavii, 19

Peducaeus, Sex., legate of Caesar, 64, 111, 199; his family, 235. PageBook =>558 Peducaeus, T. (cos. suff. 35 B.C.), 200

31 f.; relatives, 228, 424 f. Pompeius, Sex. (cos. 35 B.C.), 200. PageBook =>559 Pompeius Macer, procurator of Augustus,

cti, equestrian, 70 f., 353, 355 f. Praefectus annonae, 357, 403. PageBook =>560 Praefectus Aegypti, 300, 309 f., 338, 3

of Julia, 426. Quintilian, see Fabius. Quirinius, see Sulpicius. PageBook =>561 Rabirius, epic poet, 488 f. Rabirius

lius. Satire, 489; does not attack the wealthy and powerful, 490. PageBook =>562 Satrius, M., Picene landowner, 92. Sa

icus (cos. 48 B.C.), 492. Servilius Caepio, Q. (cos. 106 B.C.), 19. PageBook =>563 Servilius Caepio, Q. (pr. 91 B.C.), 21.

ice, 506. Stoicism, 57, 247, 321, 461, 519. Suessa Aurunca, 30. PageBook =>564 Suetonius, on the Restoration of the Re

friends and partisans, 383, 423, 433 ff.; his literary style, 484. PageBook =>565 Tibur, 95, 357, 422, 511. Ticida, L.,

assassin of Caesar, 95, 206, 269, 300. Tusculum, 85, 88 f., 362. PageBook =>566 Ulpius Traianus, M. (cos. A.D. 91), see

, 231, 241; as a type of novus homo, 199 f.; nomenclature, 93, 200. PageBook =>567 Venus Genitrix, 471. Venus victrix, 6

; his favourite proverb, 343; a favourable verdict on Agrippa, 509. PageBook =>568 Virgil, see Vergilius. Viri militares