esar and of Antonius, was a pessimistic Republican and an honest man. Of tough Italic stock, hating pomp and pretence, he

and feuds of their families; and history never belied its beginnings. Of necessity the conception was narrow only the ruli

nly the lower magistracies or even new-comers, sons of Roman knights. Of the latter, in the main deriving from the local a

proportion was clearly much higher than has sometimes been imagined. Of a total of six NotesPage=>010 1 Along with

eir own right, exercising a power beyond the reach of many a senator. Of such dominating forces behind the phrases and the

ong the financiers. The Roman constitution was a screen and a sham. Of the forces that lay behind or beyond it, next to

4), C. Claudius Pulcher (pr. 56) and P. Clodius Pulcher (tr. pl. 58). Of the daughters, one was married to Q. Marcius Rex

onest earnings, for his cellar, his game-park and his fish-ponds. 3 Of the Senate’s generals, Metellus Pius contended fo

eir family. 2 Next came their cousins, the three sons of Ap. Pulcher. Of these Claudii, the character of the eldest was ma

s to inherit some measure of Crassus’ influence with the aristocracy. Of the candidates for the consulate, Milo had been c

ity. 3 With these four families was now joined the faction of Cato. Of his allies and relatives, Lucullus and Hortensius

ambition had ruined the Roman State and baffled itself in the end. 4 Of the melancholy that descended upon Caesar there s

s see L. G. Pocock, A Commentary on Cicero in Vatinium (1926), 29 ff. Of former Pompeian tribunes, L. Flavius joined Caesa

11, 3); cf. also Caesar, BC 3, 18, 3 (Libo, Lucceius and Theophanes). Of his influence and his intrigues there is abundant

9 Some of Caesar’s equestrian officers may have been ex-centurions. Of the senators stated once to have served in the ra

townward there, an altar and a traditional religious observance. 6 Of certain local dynastic families it could in truth

to the descendant of Etruscan kings or even to an Italian magnate. Of the consulate there had been scant prospect in th

lamity. 1 Both the acts and the party of Caesar survived his removal. Of necessity, given the principles and nature of the

of the ex-consuls and the acquiescence of the Senate were requisite. Of the consuls, Antonius was not to be had, Dolabell

The majority was for order and security. They were not to be blamed. Of consulars, the casualties in the Civil Wars had b

ia by his first wife, by Atia another Octavia and a son, C. Octavius. Of the two children of Atia, the daughter was subseq

spoke, at the session of August 1st, there was no man to support him. Of the tone and content of Piso’s proposal there is

n his amicitia and bade him take warning from the fate of Caesar. 1 Of any immediate intentions the Liberators said no w

public enemy. The rash youth appeared to have played into his hands. Of the legal point, no question: Octavianus and his

tongue of flame shot up and hovered over his head, a royal portent. 2 Of the origin and family of M. Agrippa, friends or e

e Dictator, a revolutionary under the sign of the avenging of Caesar. Of that purpose, no secret, no disguise. To be sure,

atulations, the counsels, and the alliance of a senior statesman. 2 Of that persistent delusion, Cicero cannot be acquit

ith what chance of success on a long calculation, or even on a short? Of the wisdom of raising up Caesar’s heir, through v

t of the constitution8 but they might be necessary to save the State. Of that the Senate was supreme judge. What if it had

There was no Fabius now of consular rank, no Valerius, no Claudius. 2 Of the Cornelii, whose many branches had produced th

re evident and irreparable than in the ranks of the senior statesmen. Of the Pompeian consulars, an eminent but over- laud

them were perverted by base emotions, by envy of Cicero’s renown. 7 Of the surviving consulars three were absent from It

ypt. Yet the East was not altogether barren of hope for the Republic. Of the whereabouts of the Liberators there was still

early be expedient to give the youth a senior consular for colleague. Of the intrigues concerning this matter there is sca

in Macedonia heard a report that Cicero had actually been elected. 2 Of a later proposal there is evidence not lightly to

,1 a person called L. Cornificius marked down Brutus as his prey. 2 Of the jurors, though carefully selected, one man ga

had few partisans of merit or distinction; which is not surprising. Of his lieutenants, Laterensis in shame took his own

er of Clodius and of Fulvia, hence the step-daughter of Antonius. 3 Of the provinces of the West, Antonius for the prese

under fear and portents. Soothsayers were duly summoned from Etruria. Of these experts the most venerable exclaimed that t

suls for a single year and designating them a long time in advance. Of consulars and men of authority in the Senate ther

d Paullus, retired to Miletus and lived on for a time unmolested. 6 Of the supposed dozen survivors among the consulars,

ge and casualties are most clearly evident among the army commanders. Of the imposing company of Caesar’s legates in the G

ment of the Triumvirate, four of them are found holding high command. Of these, T. Sextius and Q. Fufius Calenus soon disa

eius 2, 71, 2 f.: these were all (including Drusus) related together. Of nobiles there also perished Sex. Quinctilius Varu

nt of the veterans of Philippi, the remnants of twenty-eight legions. Of the acts and policy of the dynasts, the share of

e governor, Decidius Saxa, to sore straits. Antonius arrived at Tyre. Of trouble in Italy, the most disquieting rumours we

ianus and the slowness of communication by sea in the dead of winter. Of the earlier stages of the dissensions in Italy, A

t been very successful. 2 He felt that he was well out of the tangle. Of subsequent events in Italy, the war in Etruria an

e better part of two years, sacrificing ambition, interest and power. Of an appeal to arms, no thought in his mind the cha

ovincial than Italian soil. That was politic and perhaps necessary. Of the legionaries of Pompeius a great number, being

eace in the four years that had elapsed since the Pact of Brundisium. Of government according to the spirit and profession

ty. The young military leader awoke to a new confidence in himself. Of his victories the more considerable part, it is t

, cf. above, p. 199 and p. 221. PageBook=>237 the Lex Pedia. 1 Of the family of Q. Laronius (cos. suff. 33) and ind

ad already married an heiress, Caecilia, the daughter of Atticus. 8 Of the associates of Octavianus so far as now reveal

remaining the alternatives seemed to be fast friendship or open war. Of the former, the chances grew daily less as Octavi

is leadership of the Caesarian party and monarchy over all the world. Of the Caesarian leaders, neither could brook an equ

ding the Triumvirs, and iterations, there were thirty- eight consuls. Of these, three are difficult to classify (C. Norban

or Calvus found Cicero firm and masculine enough for their taste. 3 Of those great exemplars none had survived; and they

at was not so long ago. But they had changed with the times, rapidly. Of the Republicans, the brave men and the true had p

above all the Armenian horse of Artavasdes, for this was essential. Of his Roman partisans Antonius took with him Titius

s and allies, marched out again and conferred with the King of Media. Of an invasion of Parthia, hope was deferred or aban

enators his provincial governors, generals, admirals and diplomats. 3 Of his earlier Caesarian associates, the marshals Ve

of Antonius, who journeyed from Rome to the conference of Tarentum. 6 Of no note in the arts of peace were certain militar

st of his family, refused to accept amnesty from Caesar the Dictator. Of the company of the assassins in will and sympathy

uld recall a distant and dissipated youth in the circle of Clodius. 4 Of this literary, social and political tradition the

n doubly buried, in erotic romance as well as in political mythology. Of the facts, there is and was no authentic record;

provinces which he built up appears both intelligible and workable. Of the Roman provinces which Antonius inherited in A

dom. 4 In this deep design Antonius was but her dupe and her agent. Of the ability of Cleopatra there is no doubt: her i

hand, the united front was not achieved merely through intimidation. Of the manner in which the measure was carried out t

lientela of the Antonii 2 And some certainly did, Dio 51, 4, 6. 3 Of one of the Claudii, presumably the Censor, Sueton

with concept and phrasing not beyond the reach of valid conjecture. 3 Of the Roman State, of Senate and People, no word. T

n the morning of September 2nd his ships rowed out, ready for action. Of his admirals, the principal were Sosius and Popli

of Rome :2 it could not stand the trial of arms—or even of diplomacy. Of an invasion of Asia and Syria there was no danger

exed in 25, was M. Lollius (Eutropius 7, 10, 2). PageBook=>330 Of these six legati Augusti pro praetore, only one w

ts yet from the salutary compulsion to derive honour and advancement. Of this imposing total, so Augustus proudly affirmed

olutionary age. Obscurity of birth or provincial origin was no bar. Of the great plebeian marshals a number had perished

iage to their peers in other towns, and desperately proud of birth. 1 Of some the town or region is attested; in others th

be known, and from his acts, which were liable to misrepresentation. Of his acts, one of the most significant might appea

d them all. The descendants of the Narbonensian partisans remained. 1 Of the men from Spain, Saxa and Balbus were dead, bu

ates come back, monopolized at first by Augustus, Agrippa and Taurus. Of the consuls of the period 25-19 B.C., eight come

Piso acquired more favour as a patron than from his own productions. Of the younger generation of the Vinicii, the one wa

by heart. 4 Nobiles did not need to adduce proficiency in the arts. Of the novi homines, C. Ateius Capito won promotion

he Caesarian party continued to be the certain avenue of advancement. Of his political adherents, a number were unamiable,

2 Without his favour, no novus homo could have reached the consulate. Of the nobiles, many of the most eminent were attach

lba (cos. suff. 5 B.C.), cf. Suetonius, Galba 3. PageBook=>378 Of the use of the dynastic marriage, Augustus’ own d

daughters of the profligate Antonius knew each a single husband only. Of the two Marcellas, the elder married Agrippa and

ere lured by matrimony into the family and following of the Princeps. Of his allies among the young nobiles the most able,

gentibus quae imp. R. saecc. I, II, III fuerunt (Diss. Berlin, 1909). Of the families of the old plebeian nobility thus ho

B.C. PageBook=>390 The army now numbered twenty-eight legions. Of these, fourteen or fifteen were now available in

or dynastic reasons, for the glory of the Princeps and his stepsons. Of the great plebeian marshals commanding armies und

s. 3 He was one of the three legates who governed Spain for Pompeius. Of the others, the obscure Petreius was also in high

difference lies more in continuous and repeated provincial commands. Of an unbroken career at the head of armies or in th

rs of Galatia already discussed, there is a total of ten eminent men. Of these, three are novi homines, next to Agrippa an

ius, Quirinius and Vinicius, all with long careers of useful service. Of the rest, no fewer than five were related in some

trophies commemorated the glory and the vanity of the great Pompeius. Of all that, nothing more. Domitius and Titius were

he Republic. But was Augustus’ design beneficial to the Roman People? Of that, a patriotic Roman might have his doubts. Th

Tiberius dwelt at Rhodes. His career was ended, his life precarious. Of that, none could doubt who studied dynastic polit

revenge. Yet Tiberius must have had a following among the nobiles. Of the dynastic houses of the patrician nobility now

to reach the consulate, but the family was intact and influential. 4 Of the more recent novi homines, L. Tarius Rufus, th

pted Agrippa Postumus, the last surviving son of Agrippa and Julia. Of the true sentiments of Senate and People when the

gionary armies certainly not Ahenobarbus or Paullus Fabius Maximus. Of the earlier generation of Augustus’ marshals, C.

row and definite. How far they won acceptance it is difficult to say. Of the efficacy of mere legislation in such matters,

person and habits of Augustus were no less detestable than his rule. Of his morals, the traditional stories of variegated

ps by mentioning his own manifest unsuitability for such an honour. 6 Of the pre-eminence of Labeo in legal scholarship th

he compact of Pompeius, Crassus and Caesar to the Battle of Philippi. Of earlier historians, he blamed Sallustius for his

io’s comments upon this interesting document have not been preserved. Of the style at least he will have approved, if it r

Caesar’s enemy contracted with the daughter of Antonius and Octavia. Of the family of Brutus, his sister, Cassius’ wife,

istinction and power through the patronage of Caesar and of Augustus. Of the Fabii, Persicus, the illustrious friend of Cl

de madenti’ (4, 154). 9 P-W XVII, 877 f.; for the stemma, ib., 870. Of all noble houses, however, the Acilii Glabriones,

ver quite reckoned Cicero among the martyrs in the cause of Libertas. Of the authentic champions of that ideal, Brutus and

oud or perversely brilliant. The Aemilii were flimsy and treacherous. Of the Sulpicii, Ser. Galba and his ugly hunchback f