erge into a description of the character and working of government. NotesPage =>001 1 M. Junius Silanus, grandson of the yo

arts of tone and nuance with the sure ease of a master. The letter NotesPage =>002 1 As M. Favonius, the friend of Cato, o

Princeps. 2 Whether the Princeps made atonement for the crime and NotesPage =>003 1 Tacitus, in his brief summary of the

hat, the history of the whole revolutionary period could be written NotesPage =>004 1 Plutarch, Antonius 56: δϵι γἀρ ϵἰς Kα

of his loyalty, Pollio at the same time professed his attachment to NotesPage =>005 1 As Pollio has perished, Tacitus and S

f Caesar Augustus, in a fashion that has now become unconventional, NotesPage =>006 1 Pollio’s three letters to Cicero are

ong or coherent enough to seize control of the whole State and form NotesPage =>007 (No Notes) PageBook=>008 a gover

rchic faction- leaders as they were called, the Free State perished NotesPage =>008 1 Thus Tacitus, writing imperial histor

came, it was the peace of despotism. ‘Cum domino pax ista venit. ’7 NotesPage =>009 1 Appian, BC 1, 2, 7: δυναστϵȋαι τϵ σαν

rly much higher than has sometimes been imagined. Of a total of six NotesPage =>010 1 Along with Claudii, Aemilii and Manli

in its last generation, the Roman Commonwealth, ‘res publica populi NotesPage =>011 1 P. Willems, Le Sénat de la république

i. Sempronius Gracchus. The Metelli backed Sulla. The last dynastic NotesPage =>012 1 Compare Münzer’s comments on the deli

risk station, fortune and life in futile political contests. Averse NotesPage =>013 1 Tacitus, Dial. 40, 1: ‘ipsa inimiciti

rough the re-establishment of the peasant farmer. Among the victims NotesPage =>014 1 Sallust, Hist. 1, 55, 9M: ‘illa quies

e, it is true, he developed, negative but by no means despicable. 1 NotesPage =>015 1 H. Strasburger, Concordia Ordinum, Di

The party led by Marius, Cinna and Carbo was defeated. L. Cornelius NotesPage =>016 1 Sallust, BC 38, 3: ‘namque, uti pauci

e general, to the salvation of Rome’s empire and to their own ruin. NotesPage =>017 1 Sallust, Hist, 1, 67 m; 69; 77, 6, &a

cii and Manlii had lost prominence. The Servilii, old allies of the NotesPage =>018 1 Münzer, RA, 53 ff. 2 No Fabius was

ii and the Domitii,6 who became firm supporters of the new order. 6 NotesPage =>019 1 That of Q. Servilius Caepio, cos. 106

licum, left no son of his blood. His sister was twice married, to a NotesPage =>020 1 As Scipio Aemilianus said of one of t

Danube. A little apart stands M. Licinius Crassus, who commanded NotesPage =>021 1 See, above all, the researches of Mün

a few venerable relics, or recent consuls with birth but no weight. NotesPage =>022 1 The family of his wife Tertulla is no

Servilius, husband of Hortensius’ daughter, was cut off before his NotesPage =>023 1 Evidence of the wealth and tastes of

of his political professions. Short of the consulate, it was given NotesPage =>024 1 Plutarch, Cato minor II (67 B.c.). Th

. It was the excellent consul who carried out the sentence of the NotesPage =>025 1 Sallust, BC 53, 5 f.: ‘multis tempest

y: in the contest against Cn. Pompeius Magnus, Cato and his kinsmen NotesPage =>026 1 This was notorious. Cicero could not

ilia and the brother of Ahenobarbus. 1 ‘Adulescentulus carnifex. ’2 NotesPage =>027 1 M. Junius Brutus (tr. pl. 83), the (f

name. After supporting Lepidus to the consulate and encouraging his NotesPage =>028 1 Velleius 2, 29, I, &c, cf. M. Gel

end of the year 62 B.C. with prestige unparalleled and the armies NotesPage =>029 1 H. M. Last, CAH IX, 349. This was pre

ca whose wealth and talents earned him Scipionic friendship and the NotesPage =>030 1 Ad Jam. 9, 9, 2: ‘regum ac nationum c

as expedient, had married a Metella: the aspirant to Sulla’s power, NotesPage =>031 1 Velleius 2, 29, 2. On Pompeius’ kinsh

ndidature of his legate, M. Pupius Piso, the request was granted. 9 NotesPage =>032 1 Plutarch, Pompeius 9, cf. J. Carcopin

i. 8 Then a second defeat. The tribune L. Flavius brought forward NotesPage =>033 1 Plutarch, Pompeius 44; Cato minor 30.

ar’s daughter was betrothed to Servilia’s son, Cato’s nephew. 7 But NotesPage =>034 1 Ad Att. 1, 19, 4. 2 Plutarch, Cicer

impaired as time went on, for some ten years. 7 This capture of the NotesPage =>035 1 The liaison was notorious (Plutarch,

the Metelli, and from Crassus, a combination in no way anomalous. 3 NotesPage =>036 1 Ad Att. 2, 16, 2: ‘quid? hoc quern ad

r hands the most powerful of the provinces and some twenty legions. NotesPage =>037 1 Note the extravagant proposal of the

wn up. Then his cousin C. Lucilius Hirrus announced a proposal that NotesPage =>038 1 Below, p. 45. (??) 1 Ad Att. 4, 15,

the dynast would abide by letter or spirit of his own legislation. NotesPage =>039 1 The proposal was not published until

antage. The Marcelli were rash but unstable, other consuls timid or NotesPage =>040 1 On his ancestry, cf. Cicero, Brutus 2

days later his province was taken from him. The Caesarian tribunes NotesPage =>041 1 For this precise formulation, Lucan,

nsuls in the last three years of the Free State. 4 The influence of NotesPage =>042 1 Caesar, BC 1, 8, 3: ‘semper se rei pu

the party of the Republic and camp of Pompeius embraced ten men of NotesPage =>043 1 Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus (cos

r at last, amenable to guidance or to be discarded if recalcitrant. NotesPage =>044 1 Cicero, Phil. 13, 28 f.: not veraciou

ed the constitution against Caesar. The proconsul refused to yield. NotesPage =>045 (No Notes) Ch. IV CAESAR THE DICTATOR

r extraordinary commands. 3 A rash and factious minority prevailed. NotesPage =>047 1 As, for example, by Mommsen, and rece

y. 3 Caesar was constrained to appeal to his army for protection. NotesPage =>048 1 What is commonly called the ‘Rechtsfr

er of senators, a grievous burden of revenge and recrimination. The NotesPage =>049 1 Ad Att. 7, 15, 2: ‘Cato enim ipse iam

career and inordinate ambition of the Sullan partisan who had first NotesPage =>050 1 Suetonius, Divus Iulius 30, 4 (report

the People, he had to curb the People’s rights, as Sulla had done. NotesPage =>051 1 Ad Att. 8, 11, 2: ‘dominatio quaesita

d be radical and genuine. 3 Only the usurers approved of Caesar, so NotesPage =>052 1 Ad fam. 4, 4, 3 (after the pardoning

contrast between the unscrupulous adventurer who destroyed the Free NotesPage =>053 1 Ad fam. 8, 17, 2. 2 Pro Marcello 23

of Cicero. 4 Moreover, the whole theme of divine honours is fertile NotesPage =>054 1 Below, p. 317 f. 2 Compare especial

e of time the situation might become clearer in one way or another. NotesPage =>055 1 A. D. Nock, CAH X, 489 (with referenc

minds to servitude and monarchy. A faction recruited from the most NotesPage =>056 1 His imperious and arrogant temper was

s in the first place, but also towards clients and dependents. 4 No NotesPage =>057 1 Suetonius, Divus Iulius 86, 2: ‘rem p

aristocrat, recalling the kings of Rome and fatal to any Republic. NotesPage =>058 1 As Caesar observed, ‘magni refert hic

eir coalition with Pompeians and Republicans calls for explanation. NotesPage =>059 1 On L. Junius Brutus, hardly genuine,

yet help to recall the ineffable complexities of authentic history. NotesPage =>060 1 Namely Ap. Claudius Pulcher and the t

hic character. Three of the consulars, condemned in the law courts, NotesPage =>061 1 BC 1, 4, 4: ‘ipse Pompeius ab inimici

le of orators and poets, young men hostile to whatever party was in NotesPage =>062 1 C. Antonius (cos.63), A. Gabinius (58

nds in the Civil Wars, without any strong political ties to explain NotesPage =>063 1 For example, the young Q. Cornificius

er followed Caesar, for all that his wife was a Caecilia Metella. 6 NotesPage =>064 1 For example, L. Nonius Asprenas (Bell

Senate, a steady source of recruitment to the ranks of his legates NotesPage =>065 1 Lucan, Pharsalia 7, 307 2 C. Norban

ncials, had been an admirable governor of Syria, as the clearest of NotesPage =>066 1 On Q. Fufius Calenus, tribune in 61 B

and other men from Picenum might be captured by the arts, the gold NotesPage =>067 1 Cicero, De prov. cons. 10: ‘iam vero

ere the decayed patricians that pinned their hopes on Caesar, and NotesPage =>068 1 On Labienus’ desertion, Dio 41, 4, 4;

ould be made to serve their ends, to enhance person and family. The NotesPage =>069 1 Q. Fabius Maximus, who died in his co

lusenus Quadratus served for some ten years continuous under Caesar NotesPage =>070 1 Bell. Hisp. 19, 6: ‘se Caesarem esse

phlets, travelled, intrigued and negotiated in Caesar’s interests NotesPage =>071 1 BG 3, 5, 2; 4, 21, 1 and 23, 5; 6, 41

r. The faction of Pompeius was unable to move either the propertied NotesPage =>072 1 Ad Att. 8, 15a; 9, 7a and b, &c.

sighted bankers as his adherents, Caesar easily won Rome and Italy. NotesPage =>073 1 Ad Att. 7, 7, 5 (Dec. 50): ‘an public

ompeius Trogus, was the confidential secretary of Caesar. 6 Another NotesPage =>074 1 Ad Att. 8, 11, 2; 9, 10, 3; 11, 6, 2.

f old Catilinarian memories. Neither the families of Roman veterans NotesPage =>075 1 BG 1, 47, 4, cf. 19, 3. For the corre

ius’ town-house. 7 Others to profit from the confiscation of villas NotesPage =>076 1 On P. Sittius (Bell. Afr. 25, 2, &

re provisional in purpose, transient in effect. This was permanent. NotesPage =>077 1 Ad Att. 14, 21, 3; Ad fam. 15, 19, 3;

rth having: it could be got through patronage as well as service. 3 NotesPage =>078 1 The notorious L. Fufidius, ‘honorum o

two consuls in the reign of Caligula. 5 There were immigrant Roman NotesPage =>079 1 C. Fuficius Fango (Dio 48, 22, 3; Cic

the composition and character of the Senate before his Dictatorship NotesPage =>080 1 Caesar, BC 1, 66, 3; Cicero, Phil. 11

voted adherent of Cicero, for activities in whose cause he had been NotesPage =>081 1 W. Schur, Bonner Jahrbücher CXXXIV (1

heir rulers could vie in antiquity, and even in dignity and repute, NotesPage =>082 1 L. Aelius Lamia, ‘equestris ordinis p

neglect of the dynastic houses that ruled them in a feudal fashion. NotesPage =>083 1 Horace, Odes 3, 17, 1: ‘Aeli vetusto

s for their own political ends and for Rome’s greater power; though NotesPage =>084 1 Suetonius, Tib. I, &c. Some versi

n of M. Perperna (cos. 130 B.C.), of a name indubitably Etruscan. 7 NotesPage =>085 1 Pliny, NH 7, 136 (a Tusculan consul w

The Marsi provided the first impulsion to the insurrection, a great NotesPage =>086 1 The composition of the faction of Mar

xpropriation: Arretium and Volaterrae were totally disfranchised. 5 NotesPage =>087 1 The coins of the Italici (BMC, R. Rep

Plancius, from Cicero’s own Volscian country, required and may have NotesPage =>088 1 Velleius 2, 16, 2. 2 Appian, BC 4,

wns of Italy welcomed the resurgence of the Marian faction led by a NotesPage =>089 1 Pro Piando (Plancio?) 19 ff., contras

li were notoriously Marian:7 a certain Granius Petro is found among NotesPage =>090 1 BC 1, 15, 2. 2 ILS 877. 3 For ‘ta

is grandson, a man of taste and talent, won early fame as a speaker NotesPage =>091 1 Plutarch, Caesar 16. For another Caes

r after a civil war would be confronted with the task of creating a NotesPage =>092 1 Ad fam. 10, 31, 2 f. He prosecuted C.

ranks of the Roman Senate, before Sulla as well as after, borne by NotesPage =>093 1 W. Schulze, LE, passim; Münzer, RA, 4

our novi homines were all signalized by military service in Gaul. 7 NotesPage =>094 1 For examples, P. Willems, Le Sénat 1,

ician elements in his party: Antonius from loyalty and Lepidus from NotesPage =>095 1 A. Hirtius was probably the son of a

ld Antonius be strong enough to hold party and government together? NotesPage =>096 (No Notes) Ch. VII THE CONSUL ANTONIU

adopted a firm and even menacing tone. D. Brutus was in despair. 3 NotesPage =>097 1 At least according to Nicolaus, Vita

ce was inflammable. At the recital of the great deeds of Caesar and NotesPage =>098 1 Suetonius, Divus Iulius 84, 2: ‘quibu

bella an uncertain factor. The consuls designate for the next year, NotesPage =>099 1 Ad Att. 14, 10, 1 2 lb. 14, 21, 3:

iscontent, it is true, could be detected among the populace of Rome NotesPage =>100 1 See further below, p. 164 2 Cicero,

is another question. Their generous ardour was not put to the test. NotesPage =>101 1 Appian, BC 2, 140, 581; 3, 2, 5 2 A

Trebonius, D. Brutus and Tillius Cimber. 6 After the assassination NotesPage =>102 1 Ad Att. 14, 20, 4: ‘prorsus ibat res;

e time a steady and resourceful general. He commanded the left wing NotesPage =>103 2 Ad fam. 11, 1, above, p. 97 PageBoo

d to a class of Roman nobles by no means uncommon under Republic or NotesPage =>104 1 Apart from Plutarch, Antonius 10, the

the impostor with death. The Liberators had fled the city. Antonius NotesPage =>105 1 Tacitus commends the voluptuary Petro

tat. Yet some could find the Ides of March a great comfort; and the NotesPage =>106 1 Ad Att. 14, 6, 1 (April 12th): ‘Anton

patronage rested in his hands. Antonius restored an exile but only NotesPage =>107 1 Phil, 1, 2 ff. Cicero does not mentio

vantage. At first he seemed harmless:5 before long, he was seen to NotesPage =>108 1 Ad Att. 14, 13a and 13b, Antonius’ le

ng factor for concord. The surviving consulars kept quiet. The fate NotesPage =>109 1 Cf. Cicero, Phil. 13, 15 2 Below, p

es of Illyricum and of Africa, three legions each. 3 Q. Hortensius, NotesPage =>110 1 Ad Att. 14, 14, 4 2 For details abo

hat a new and incalculable factor had impinged upon Roman politics. NotesPage =>111 1 The situation in Syria is very obscur

ius’; and from 38 B.C. onwards the military leader of the Caesarian NotesPage =>112 1 On the family, see above all Suetoniu

nature of human character and the deepest springs of human action. NotesPage =>113 1 Perhaps from 40 B.C. The earliest cle

drew near the city. As he entered Rome, a halo was seen to encircle NotesPage =>114 1 Ad Att. 14, 10, 3; 11, 2. 2 Ib. 14,

nciarum (June 1st). 4 This manoeuvre might well alarm the moderates NotesPage =>115 1 He objected that a lex curiata ratify

ne of the Lupercalia. 3 He was promptly thwarted by a Republican or NotesPage =>116 1 Namely, the two consuls, the tribune

utus and Cassius would be able to return to Roman political life. 4 NotesPage =>117 1 Ad Att. 15, 2, 3, below, p. 131. 2

a tone of some anger and impatience. 2 Brutus and Cassius retorted NotesPage =>118 1 Phil, 1, 8: ‘M. Antoni contionem, qua

th what consummate art he worked upon this material in the month of NotesPage =>119 1 Ad fam. 11, 3 (August 4th). 2 Velle

the first thing, next the skill and the resolution to use them. An NotesPage =>120 1 Date and circumstances are vague, var

was recorded, were ever thrown over, and that was for treachery. 2 NotesPage =>121 1 For example Pollio, Ad fam. 10, 31, 2

ce and civil war, Octavianus would have to take the lead and act. 1 NotesPage =>122 1 The whole situation at this time is s

buse of the Liberators. This was on October 2nd. Three or four days NotesPage =>123 1 Cicero, Phil, 1; Ad Jam. 12, 2, 1.

edonian legions and send them or march with them to northern Italy. NotesPage =>124 1 Ad fam. 12, 23, 2: ‘prudentes autem e

o question: Octavianus and his friends were guilty of high treason. NotesPage =>125 1 Nicolaus, Vita Caesaris 31, 131 ff.;

ntonius had failed as a non-party statesman in Roman politics; as a NotesPage =>126 1 Phil. 3, 20 f. Q. Fufius Calenus? 2

n. Yet Octavianus’ relatives were not numerous; 2 and he got little NotesPage =>127 1 His arguments may be discovered from

Nothing else is known of their attitude or activities at this time. NotesPage =>128 1 His father, L. Marcius Philippus (cos

t held dynastic power in the city of Arretium from the beginning. 4 NotesPage =>129 1 Velleius 2, 59, 5. 2 Dio 48, 33, 1.

to leave a large treasure behind him, a temptation to his enemies. NotesPage =>130 1 Ad fam. 12, 23, 2. 2 Appian, BC 3,

e venture. Only two names can be recovered, Agrippa and Maecenas. 9 NotesPage =>131 1 Phil. 2, 93, &c. 2 Nicolaus, Vi

inces. The earliest and most efficient of Octavianus’ agents were NotesPage =>132 1 SEG VI, 102 = L’ann. ép., 1925, 93 (V

as no declared enemy of Antonius; 4 and he had married the daughter NotesPage =>133 1 Below, p. 235. 2 Ad Att. 16, 1, 4:

standing. Which of the principes were ready to give their sanction? NotesPage =>134 1 Phil. 8, 19. 2 Nicolaus, Vita Caesa

the public good for the pursuit of selfish pleasure, might still be NotesPage =>135 1 Cicero, In Pisonem 68 ff. The learned

us and disinterested Piso would hardly lend help or sanction to the NotesPage =>136 1 Caesar, BC 1, 3, 6; Plutarch, Pompeiu

ompeius and Cato. It was clearly the better cause and it seemed the NotesPage =>137 1 Ad fam. 16, 12, 2; Velleius 2, 48, 5.

martyr. Through emissaries and friends he induced Cicero to compose NotesPage =>138 1 Ad Att. 7, 15, 2. 2 He may, however

d to have changed. Antonius gave signs of a readiness to conciliate NotesPage =>139 1 Phil. 1, 1: ‘nec vero usquam discedeb

e attitude. 5 Again, after the assassination of Caesar, nothing but NotesPage =>140 1 Ad Att. 16, 7, ι; Phil. 1, 8. Cf. abo

ember daily letters passed between them. Octavianus now had an army NotesPage =>141 1 Ad Att, 14, 13a; 13b (Cicero’s reply)

f the hazards of supporting the Caesarian revolutionary. Octavianus NotesPage =>142 1 Ad Att. 16, 8 (Nov. 2nd), cf. 16, 9 (

e dupe. When he heard of the failure of the march on Rome, Cicero NotesPage =>143 1 Ad M. Brutum 1, 17, 5: ‘licet ergo pa

a small group of enlightened aristocrats. 1 There was place in the NotesPage =>144 1 For this conception of the De re publ

to turn to the writing of history. 6 Cicero was obdurate: he hoped NotesPage =>145 1 Ad fam. 9, 2, 5. 2 De officiis 1, 2

il over the doubts and misgivings of men who knew his character and NotesPage =>146 1 BC 53, 6, cf. above, p. 25. PageBoo

ties which contemporaries admired as the embodiment of aristocratic NotesPage =>147 1 ‘Maiore enim simultates adpetebat ani

debate, veiled under the name of legality, of justice, of country. NotesPage =>148 1 BG 8, praef. 2: ‘usque ad exitum non

ties and brutally impeded the lawful occupations of important Roman NotesPage =>149 1 Cicero, In Vatinium 14; 30. 2 ‘Vult

ing. 10 Antonius had attacked Dolabella, alleging acts of adultery. NotesPage =>150 1 Or. post red. in senatu 13; De prov.

edit or damage. On the contrary. The Romans possessed a feeling for NotesPage =>151 1 Phil. 2, 99. 2 lb. 11, 9. 3 De of

ed in politics, as a source of power or as a plea in justification. NotesPage =>152 1 Plutarch, Cato minor 21: ὡς γ∈λοῖον ὕ

chs. Again, there were to be found honest men and sincere reformers NotesPage =>153 1 Compare Caesar’s remarks (BC 1, 7, 51

ents. First in value come freedom and orderly government, without NotesPage =>154 1 BC 38, 3: ‘bonurn publicum simulantes

ted or successful, the removal of either a pretender or a tyrant. 7 NotesPage =>155 1 Cf. H. Kloesel, Libertas (Diss. Bresl

supported by the profession of private virtues, if such they should NotesPage =>156 1 Ad Att. 14, 21, 2; 15, 2, 3 (‘timere

sense to acquire new friends without losing the old; or by lofty NotesPage =>157 1 Sallust, BJ 31, 15: ‘sed haec inter b

e often more accessible to appeals to reason than were the generals NotesPage =>158 1 De prov. cons. 20 (cf. 47): ‘quid? si

us fashion: seven years later the plea of Lepidus recoiled upon his NotesPage =>159 1 Appian, BC 5, 17, 69: οὔτ∈ στρατ∈ύ∈σθ

nce and usurpation. But liberty, the laws and the constitution were NotesPage =>160 1 Res Gestae 2. 2 BMC, JR. Emp. I, 29

he name of Caesar: his allies in the Senate would provide the rest. NotesPage =>161 (no notes) Ch. XII THE SENATE AGAINST

the champion of the constitution had become the ally of a Catilina, NotesPage =>162 1 Phil. 3. In a speech to the People on

hinned their company: Afranius, Petreius and Labienus had fallen in NotesPage =>163 1 Phil. 4. 2 M. Valerius Messalla Ruf

r. Sulpicius Rufus), from age, infirmity or despair, were seldom to NotesPage =>164 1 Ad fam. 12, 2, 2. 2 Phil. 13, 29, a

us, the governor of Gallia Narbonensis and Hispania Citerior. Where NotesPage =>165 1 The others were C. Antonius (cos. 63)

vinces of Crete and Cyrene was a fair conjecture. Rumours came from NotesPage =>166 1 D. Brutus called him ‘homo ventosissi

. On no known practice or theory could the auctoritas of the Senate NotesPage =>167 1 Phil. 5. Something at least of Calenu

me for negotiation. Even now the situation was not beyond all hope. NotesPage =>168 1 Pro Sestio 137: ‘deligerentur autem i

ius, who had watched over Cicero’s safety during his consulate, not NotesPage =>169 1 Phil. 6 and 7 2 Ib. 7, 3, cf. 5, 5

mbassador Sulpicius Rufus, thereby quarrelling with P. Servilius. 4 NotesPage =>170 1 Phil. 7, 24: ‘vicinos suos non cohort

ine, to join Dolabella. They too went to swell the army of Cassius. NotesPage =>171 1 Ad fam. 12, 2 (Feb. 2nd); 3 (later in

mbassy, he urged, would be futile: to negotiate at this stage would NotesPage =>172 1 Phil, 10, 25 f. 2 Phil. 11 (c. Marc

Rome about March 19th. Antonius for his part planned to crush Pansa NotesPage =>173 1 Phil. 12 (c. March 10th?). 2 Phil.

assius, the Republic appeared to be winning all along the line. The NotesPage =>174 1 Ad fam. 10, 30 (Galba’s report). 2

er and the constitutional party crumbled and crashed to the ground. NotesPage =>175 (No Notes) Ch. XIII THE SECOND MARCH

e charge of the war and the legions of the dead consuls. 2 Orations NotesPage =>162 1 Ad fam. 11, 10, 4: ‘sed neque Caesari

. Shortly after the news of Mutina, the provinces and armies of the NotesPage =>163 1 Phil. 14, 33 (after the Battle of For

us oratory on the soldiers of Pompeius. 2 But not for long Labienus NotesPage =>164 M. Junius Silanus, his kinsman, had act

e forces of his adversaries. On July 28th Plancus composed his last NotesPage =>165 1 Appian, BC 3, 83, 341 ff. 2 Ad fam.

luence of the veterans. 4 The veterans had no wish for war they had NotesPage =>166 1 Ad fam. 10, 24. On Octavianus, ib. §

man had got wind of a witticism of Cicero he was to be praised and NotesPage =>167 1 Ad fam. 10, 11, 2 (the words ‘furor’

allorum and rumoured death of Pansa, it was widely believed in Rome NotesPage =>168 1 Ad fam. 11, 20, 1: ‘laudandum adulesc

r, ready even to go into voluntary exile for the sake of concord. 8 NotesPage =>169 1 The rumour had been spread by Cicero’

cero to Octavianus, the Roman and the Republican lost all patience. NotesPage =>170 1 The evidence does not enable the occu

the consulate in absence8 a move of conciliation that may have been NotesPage =>171 1 Ad M. Brutum 1, 16, 1: ‘pudet condici

. 3 The day was August 19th. Octavianus himself was not yet twenty. NotesPage =>172 1 Appian, BC 3, 92, 382 perhaps not aut

erful of the Caesarian generals. Hence an immediate change of front NotesPage =>187 1 Velleius 2, 69, 5. An uncle of Vellei

he Bellum Italicum and the party of Marius. Lepidus appears to have NotesPage =>188 1 Appian, BC 3, 80, 329 (a certain P. D

him by the Senate earlier in the year for the war against Antonius. NotesPage =>189 1 Ad fam. 10, 21, 4. 2 At least he wa

many volumes which this unprecedented wealth of material evoked. 6 NotesPage =>190 1 Appian (BC 4, 8, 31 ff.) gives what p

duals who owed security, if not enrichment, to the Caesarian party. NotesPage =>191 1 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 27, 1: ‘restiti

her of Brutus. 4 Atticus was also able to save the knight L. Julius NotesPage =>192 1 There are full accounts of his end in

walls and refused to deliver up Sittius. 9 Lucilius Hirrus, a great NotesPage =>193 1 Nepos, Vita Attici 12, 4: according t

mercial class got value for their money in the solid form of landed NotesPage =>194 1 Appian, BC 4, 43, 180, On this person

orator Hortensius, they abated their demands a little, but did not NotesPage =>195 1 Pliny, NH 35, 201: ‘quos enumerare ia

cast off in the choice of magistrates, nominated as they were, not NotesPage =>196 1 Appian, BC 4, 34, 146; Dio 47, 14, 2.

rty and a cause, armies of Roman legions and the hope of vengeance. NotesPage =>197 1 Dio 48, 43, 2. 2 Above, p. 164. 3

Caesar had no doubt left Italy at an early date; and the party was NotesPage =>198 1 Above, p. 43. 2 C. Marcellus (cos.

e, but C. Calvisius Sabinus goes steadily forward. 5 Others, rising NotesPage =>199 1 For example, M. Livius Drusus Claudia

asti. 7 The Antonians Decidius, Ventidius and Canidius, all famed NotesPage =>200 1 Dio 47, 30, 5. Cf. Cicero, Phil. 11,

as prevailed, and out of the blood of Caesar the monarchy was born. NotesPage =>201 1 Seneca, Suasoriae 7, 3: ‘vivet inter

the young Caesar, prostrate from illness, lingered at Dyrrhachium. NotesPage =>202 1 Dio 47, 18, 3. 2 The Lex Rufrena, I

East. Wisdom after the event scores easy triumphs the Republican NotesPage =>203 1 Compare Brutus’ own remarks (Ad M. Br

eam which had visited his favourite doctor. 2 The other wing of the NotesPage =>204 1 Appian, BC 4, 100, 422. 2 Even admi

the younger Hortensius, once a Caesarian, Cato’s son, a Lucullus, a NotesPage =>205 1 Plutarch, Brutus 43. 2 The date is

dispositions, treating Lepidus as negligible. Cisalpine Gaul, they NotesPage =>206 1 Velleius 2, 71, 2 f.: these were all

itary despotism of the Triumvirate or an interested alliance of the NotesPage =>207 1 Appian, BC 5, 3, 12, cf. 22, 87; Dio

eturned without a definite message, but Nerva stayed with Antonius. NotesPage =>208 1 It is impossible to discover the ulti

a time he refused to let Salvidienus pass through the Cisalpina on NotesPage =>209 1 Appian, BC 5, 23, 92 ff. According to

ook up a waiting position, as befitted his character, at Spoletium. NotesPage =>210 1 Appian, BC 5, 20, 80 f. 2 Dio 48, 1

s the end of Perusia, an ancient and opulent city of the Etruscans. NotesPage =>211 1 CIL xi, 67211: ‘M. Ant. imp. ’ Also i

despair. But Italy was encompassed about with enemies. Antonius was NotesPage =>212 1 Dio 48, 14, 4; Appian, BC 5, 49, 207.

ic legions, the odds of war were on the side of the great Antonius. NotesPage =>213 1 Dio 48, 30, 7. 2 Appian, BC 5, 26,

pt and lurked in Egypt, while in Italy his wife and his brother not NotesPage =>214 1 Appian, BC 5, 4, 15 ff. 2 Plutarch,

offer of alliance. 6 Failing a general compact and peace that would NotesPage =>215 1 Dio 48, 27, 1: ὑπό τϵ το ρωτος καὶ ὑπ

hips at all. Not merely did Antonius hold the sea and starve Italy. NotesPage =>216 1 Appian, BC 5, 55, 230 ff. 2 Velleiu

e inheritance, broke up into separate kingdoms and rival dynasties. NotesPage =>217 1 Appian, BC 5, 59, 246 ff. 2 Ib. 5,

lestial nor apocalyptic, but a Roman father with virtus to bequeath NotesPage =>218 1 Horace, Epodes 16, 1 f.: altera iam t

he is an agent here, not merely a date. Antonius’ son, heir to the NotesPage =>219 1 Ecl. 4, 26 f.: at simul heroum laudes

ianus had designated him as consul for the following year. The next NotesPage =>220 1 Ecl. 4, 17. 2 Appian, BC 5, 63, 269

rong in the support of the plebs and the veterans, would have to be NotesPage =>221 1 Nicolaus, Vita Caesaris 26, 96. The i

inus inaugurated his consulship with a triumph. 4 Later in the year NotesPage =>222 1 Below, p. 227. 2 On the provincial

rus, he marched to Samosata on the Euphrates and laid siege to that NotesPage =>223 1 CIL 12, p. 50; Dio 48, 41, 7. Both Di

an legionaries for his own campaigns, agreed to meet his colleague. NotesPage =>224 1 CIL I2, p. 50, cf. 180. The fullest a

may have hoped that his military genius as well as his ships would NotesPage =>225 1 Horace, Sat. 1, 5, 31 ff. The poets w

ther woman. But that was not yet apparent, least of all to Antonius NotesPage =>226 (No Notes) Ch. XVII THE RISE OF OCTAV

tus’ brother was dead, as were those faithful Picenes, Afranius and NotesPage =>227 1 Velleius (2, 77, 3) mentions Ti. Clau

age and divorce were the public tokens of political pacts or feuds. NotesPage =>228 1 Appian (BC 5, 139, 579) names as his

e discarded Scribonia took another husband has not been recorded. 7 NotesPage =>229 1 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 62, 2: ‘cum hac

cting deity: in Rome the mob rioted against Octavianus and the war. NotesPage =>230 1 Lepidus’ son Marcus married Servilia,

gions in Asia, with which force he contended for a time against the NotesPage =>231 1 Dio 48, 49, 4 2 For Bibulus, Appian

6 It was easier to deal with generals than with soldiers. In Sicily NotesPage =>232 1 Appian, BC 5, 139, 579. Libo became c

in the Forum with an inscription to announce that, after prolonged NotesPage =>233 1 Dio 49, 13; Appian, BC 5, 128, 528 ff

set forth on the Ides of March; 4 and Caesar had destined him to be NotesPage =>234 1 Appian, BC 5, 130, 541 f. 2 Ib. 5,

be added P. Alfenus Varus (cos. suff. 39 B.C.), also a new name. 8 NotesPage =>235 1 CIL 12, p. 42. 2 Münzer, P-W XIX, 4

astute careerist who undertook to prosecute the absent Brutus under NotesPage =>236 1 Appian, BC 5, 102, 422; SEG VI, 102 =

y laurels and the memory of victories over a Punic enemy by sea and NotesPage =>237 1 Plutarch, Brutus 27. Nothing is known

dynastic Livia Drusilla, the greatest of them all, were to be amply NotesPage =>238 1 Dio 49, 7, 6. 2 Ib., 14, 3; Velleiu

the soldiery that he was the peer of the great Antonius in courage, NotesPage =>239 1 In the years 36-32 Africa was governe

army knew after the campaigns of 35 and 34 B.C. His was the glory. NotesPage =>240 1 It has sometimes been argued that Oct

splendour and for the gods. He invoked public utility. His minister NotesPage =>241 1 The presence of Agrippa is attested b

peace that was to follow victory in the last of all the civil wars. NotesPage =>242 1 Dio 49, 42, 3; 43, 1 ff. Frontinus, D

far outweighed the nobiles. 2 Some families of the aristocracy had NotesPage =>243 1 Dio 49, 14, 3; Appian, BC 5, 128, 531

bsence. 6 The sovran assembly retained only a formal and decorative NotesPage =>244 1 Dio 49, 43, 6 2 P. Cornelius Scipio

means the only exponents of this Attic tendency in Roman oratory at NotesPage =>245 1 Sallust, BJ 3, 1: ‘neque virtuti hono

gion of the Roman People could come scant consolation in evil days, NotesPage =>246 1 In the Dialogus of Tacitus (25, 3, cf

d aside with disgust. 4 Ambition had spurred his youth to imprudent NotesPage =>247 1 His greatest work, the Antiquitates r

rhythm, wilfully prosaic in collocation of words, hard and archaic NotesPage =>248 1 He was proconsul of Africa Nova in 46

d that preoccupation with human character, especially in its secret NotesPage =>249 1 Seneca, Epp. 114, 17: ‘Sallustio vige

so clearly when alluding to the behaviour of the veteran armies. 4 NotesPage =>250 1 Suetonius, Divus Iulius 53; 81, 2.

aristocracies in the towns of the North Verona, Brixia, Cremona. 3 NotesPage =>251 1 L. Voltacilius Pitholaus: ‘primus omn

ble source of his inspiration (he had inherited her from another),6 NotesPage =>252 1 Above, p. 63. 2 Horace, Sat. 1, 10,

ardships imposed by the Bellum Siculum, revealing the dependence of NotesPage =>253 1 Not that there is any definite eviden

to the nobiles of Rome, could not be conceded to a freedman’s son. NotesPage =>254 1 Varro, RR 1, 2, 3: ‘vos qui multas pe

t aliens and slaves. There had been warning signs. The conservative NotesPage =>255 1 Dio 49, 15, 1. 2 Appian, BC 5, 132,

sus. 5 It was by no means evident how they were to operate a fusion NotesPage =>256 1 Dio 48, 21, 3. 2 Ib. 47, 15, 4. 3

ars had passed. But he was not yet the leader of all Italy. In this NotesPage =>257 1 Nepos, Vita Attici 19 f. Octavianus w

incipem non solum urbis Romae, sed orbis terrarum, esse cuperet. ’1 NotesPage =>258 1 Nepos, Vita Attici 20, 5 Ch. XIX AN

set them up as kings without respect for family or dynastic claims. NotesPage =>259 1 Plutarch, Antonius 36. 2 Strabo, p.

she sought to extort from Antonius portions of Herod’s dominions. 3 NotesPage =>260 1 On these dispositions, including the

kings and gods of timeless antiquity, possessing royal fortunes in NotesPage =>261 1 W. W. Tarn, CAH x, 81. 2 Id., JRS X

of themselves, displaying not tolerant superiority but active good NotesPage =>262 1 M. Rostovtzeff, JRS VII (1917), 27 ff

ssus had done, there to be harried by cavalry and arrows. Even if a NotesPage =>263 1 On the notion of concord and its conn

ses were considerable early and unfriendly testimony reckons them NotesPage =>264 1 Plutarch, Antonius 42 (Titius, as qua

, for Mede and Parthian had at once quarrelled after their victory. NotesPage =>265 1 Velleius 2, 82, 3. Livy, Per. 130, is

with safeguards, in fear of a new civil war between rival leaders. NotesPage =>266 1 Dio 49, 40, 2. 2 Plutarch, Antonius

and Canidius, who had marched on Pompeius’ path to the Caucasus. 7 NotesPage =>267 1 Seneca, De clem. 1, 10, 1: ‘Sallustiu

al; 2 and M. Silanus, a connexion of Brutus, was now an Antonian. 3 NotesPage =>268 1 BMC, R. Rep. 11, 487 f. (gold and sil

sat in the Roman Senate. That mattered little now, it is true. They NotesPage =>269 1 Appian, BC 5, 139, 579. Cf. above, p.

aggressor, his war was preceded by a coup d’état: Antonius had the NotesPage =>270 1 Plutarch (Antonius 54) and Dio (49, 4

rom the companies of publicara the farming of the tithe of Asia ; 3 NotesPage =>271 1 Below, p. 278. 2 As Strabo (p. 671)

pecially the empire in the East, had been the ruin of the Republic. NotesPage =>272 1 Dio 42, 35, 5. 2 Phil 2, 97. 3 Ad

man wife, Antonius had been hailed as the god Dionysus incarnate. 3 NotesPage =>273 1 W. W. Tarn, CAH x, 81. The rulers of

in history, apart from literature and legend, is another matter. It NotesPage =>274 1 Plutarch, Antonius 26: ὡϛ ἡ‘Aϕρὸδὶτη

on forged to destroy Antonius changed the shape of the whole world. NotesPage =>275 1 Tarn (CAH x, 76) concedes that Antoni

vived during the War of Perusia, were intensified obscure ancestry, NotesPage =>276 1 The order of events, not always clear

mviral powers had come to an end. 6 He was not dismayed: he took no NotesPage =>277 1 For the details, K. Scott, Mem. Am. A

owed by more than three hundred senators, Republican or Antonian. 3 NotesPage =>278 1 Dio 49, 41, 4 f. 2 lb. 50, 2, 3: ὁ

and the constitution still mattered, Antonius had a valid plea both NotesPage =>279 1 Dio 50, 2, 7. 2 Antiquarians and co

onal allegiance. Generous but careless, in the past he had not been NotesPage =>280 1 BMC, R. Rep. n, 526 ff. 2 Plutarch,

ius. Neither sustained loyalty to Antonius nor rapid desertion were NotesPage =>281 1 Suetonius, Nero 4 (a clash between Ah

ole of a champion of polite letters, alleged among other enormities NotesPage =>282 1 The truth of the matter is lost for e

vish bribes among the civil population and the soldiery. Octavianus NotesPage =>283 1 Plutarch, Antonius 58. 2 Velleius 2

pearance of spontaneity. This fair show of a true vote was enhanced NotesPage =>284 1 Dio 50, 10, 4. 2 Pliny, NH 37, 10:

yalty, and the towns of Italy offered public vows for his safety. 6 NotesPage =>285 1 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 17, 2; Dio 50,

urn renegade and live in Parthia: milesne Crassi coniuge barbara? NotesPage =>286 1 Cicero, Post red. in sen. 39: cum me

y, did men realize to the full the terrible danger that had menaced NotesPage =>287 1 Horace, Odes 3, 5, 5 ff. 2 Lucan, P

tis. 4 Nor is surmise entirely vain about the manner in which the NotesPage =>288 1 Horace, Epodes 9; Odes 1, 37. Virgil,

war was like. On a cool estimate, the situation was ominous enough. NotesPage =>289 1 Cicero, Phil. 7, 23 f. 2 M. Nonius

, carrying the eagles in victory to the Euphrates and the Caucasus? NotesPage =>290 1 Cf. M. A. Levi, Ottaviano Capoparte 1

h all the traditional pomp of an ancient rite. With Antonius he had NotesPage =>291 1 Velleius 2, 86, 4: ‘mea, inquit, in A

st pretext. 7 Octavianus took with him across the seas the whole of NotesPage =>292 1 As Dio very clearly states (50, 6, 1)

n prolia Caesar cum patribus populoque, peatibus et magins dis. 1 NotesPage =>293 1 Virgil, Am. 8, 678 f. Ch. XXI DUX

depleted his army. 2 But he made up the losses by fresh levies and NotesPage =>294 1 J. Kromayer, Hermes XXXIII (1898), 60

encompassed and shut in. Famine and disease threatened his forces. NotesPage =>295 1 As Tarn argues, CQ XXVI (1932), 75 ff

tempora flammas laeta vomunt, patriumque aperitur vertice sidus. 7 NotesPage =>296 1 Plutarch, Antonius 59 (misdated, cf.

blazing on his head; in the air above, the gods of Rome, contending NotesPage =>297 1 For the hypothesis, largely based on

as an embarrassment if she lived :5 but a Roman imperator could not NotesPage =>298 1 Aem. 8, 688. 2 Velleius 2, 88. 3

As for the Antonians later captured, four were put to death, among NotesPage =>299 1 Plutarch, Antonius 77 ff.; Dio 51, II

ions of the Roman People. That did not matter now. The gifts to the NotesPage =>300 1 Dio 51, 8, 2 f. (Turullius); Velleius

onquest, for glory, for aggrandizement—and to extinguish the recent NotesPage =>301 1 Res Gestae 27, cf. Virgil, Georgics 2

alvisius in Gaul and Spain. 5 In Syria a safe man became proconsul, NotesPage =>302 1 e.g. Virgil, Aen. 7, 606; Horace, Ode

or parallel as yet in the history of Rome. An assertion of imperial NotesPage =>303 1 Appian (BC 4, 51, 221) records that h

Rome. To Venus, the divine ancestress of the Julian house, Jupiter NotesPage =>304 1 Virgil, Aen. 6, 852 f. 2 Dio 51, 4,

e—‘Romulus ac parens patriae conditorque alter urbis’. 8 In Romulus NotesPage =>305 1 Aen. 1, 286 ff. 2 Cf. A. Alföldi, R

worthy’ members were expelled or persuaded to depart. The point and NotesPage =>306 1 Georgics 3, 27. On the cult of Romulu

ted into the patriciate. Octavianus could count upon certain of his NotesPage =>307 1 Res Gestae 34: ‘in consulatu sexto et

rhaps not a proconsul and was certainly not of consular standing. 3 NotesPage =>308 1 If he received tribunicia potestas fo

st farther than any army of the Roman People or monarch of Egypt. 4 NotesPage =>309 1 Messalla had left Syria, perhaps succ

ld be helped. The nobilis and the consular, those were the enemies. NotesPage =>310 1 Ovid (Amores 3, 9, 63) describes the

ot impaired by the public acts of his sixth and seventh consulates. NotesPage =>311 1 A. Gwosdz, Der Begriff des römischen

late the term ‘princeps’ Greeks employed a word that meant ‘dux’. 5 NotesPage =>312 1 Propertius 2, 10, 4 (military); 16, 2

killed by Roman senators, so one legend ran, before his assumption NotesPage =>313 1 Dio 53, 12 ff. (not quite satisfactor

Roman magistrate, invested with special powers for a term of years. NotesPage =>314 1 Dio 53, 16, 8: ὡς καί πλєῖόν τι ἢ καί

. Rome’s peculiar greatness was due not to one man’s genius or to NotesPage =>315 1 Cicero, Phil, 11, 17, cf. 28. 2 Aug

itution, down to his third consulate and the power he held by force NotesPage =>316 1 Cicero, De re publica 2, 2: ‘nostra a

ng the blessed dead: secretosque pios, his dantem iura Catonem. 7 NotesPage =>317 1 Tacitus, Ann. 3, 28: ‘turn Cn. Pompei

3 That would be comforting, if true. It only remains to elucidate NotesPage =>318 1 Odes I, 12, 47. 2 Plutarch, Cicero

nding between the different classes of society. 3 Such was also the NotesPage =>319 1 E. Meyer, Caesars Monarchie, 174 ff.;

it that freedom could exist even under a constitutional monarchy. 6 NotesPage =>320 1 Quoted by Macrobius (2, 4, 18): ‘quis

st citizen’. 4 Only a votary of truth turned courtier and flatterer NotesPage =>321 1 Ad M. Brutum 1, 17, 4 (above, p. 138)

cket the bounty for the legionaries when they retired from service. NotesPage =>322 1 Res Gestae 34: post id tem[pus a]ucto

ks of ‘pax et princeps’; 3 others would have said ‘pax et dominus’. NotesPage =>323 1 Tacitus, Ann. 1 , 9: ‘non regno tamen

anent and unshaken: the era of rival military leaders had closed. 6 NotesPage =>324 1 Dio 53, 11, 5; cf. 53, 17, 1: καì ἀπ’

s Balbus. 4 As for Murena, he was the brother-in-law of Maecenas. 5 NotesPage =>325 1 ILS 893. 2 Dio 51, 23, 1. 3 Above

nd Syria, becoming proconsul of all those regions himself. That was NotesPage =>326 1 Dio 53, 12. Dio assigns a part of Spa

riumphales, only one was to hold command of an army again, and that NotesPage =>327 1 Strabo, p. 840: διαψῶν ἄλλʋτε άλλωζ τ

omprised three military provinces, Illyricum, Macedonia and Africa. NotesPage =>328 1 Sex, Appuleius (PIR2, A 961), was the

es in the first four years of the new dispensation (27- 23 B.C.). 5 NotesPage =>329 1 Cf. below, p. 394. 2 M. Lollius in

vast resources of personal domination over the empire of the world. NotesPage =>330 1 C. Antistius Vetus (cos suff. 30 b.c.

the victory, retained rank and standing, like Sosius and Furnius. 3 NotesPage =>349 1 Res Gestae 25. 2 Dio 52, 42, 1 ff.;

idable collection of hard-faced men enriched by war and revolution. NotesPage =>350 1 Namely M. Insteius, Q. Nasidius and M

eady process, guided by the firm hand of a national administration. NotesPage =>351 1 Pro Sestio 97: ‘quis ergo iste optimu

l fund being established for the purpose (the aerarium militare). 6 NotesPage =>352 1 Cicero, De re publica 1, 43: ‘tamen i

of placing centurions in charge of regiments of native auxiliaries. NotesPage =>353 1 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 49, 1. 2 Ib.

us inherited and developed the practices of Pompeius and of Caesar. NotesPage =>354 1 This is the type of ‘sanguine factus

Revolution. Peace and a well-ordered state can do without such men. NotesPage =>355 1 Caesar, BG 3, 5, 2 &c.; BC 3, 60,

bonensis acquired ‘equestris nobilitas’ in the financial service. 8 NotesPage =>356 1 See especially A. Stein, Der r. Ritte

om Placentia; 4 a patrician Manlius married a woman from Asculum; 5 NotesPage =>357 1 Josephus, BJ 2, 117 f.; AJ 18, 29 ff.

badge of senatorial birth (the latus clavus) and a certain fortune. NotesPage =>358 1 Suetonius, Cal. 23, 2 (Aufidius Lurco

lower of Italy, good opulent men from the colonies and municipia. 3 NotesPage =>359 1 Augustus at first fixed it at a mere

t part, long ago by assimilation to the Latin form of nomenclature. NotesPage =>360 1 Velleius 2, III, 2 (in A.D. 7). On hi

ax-gatherer T. Flavius Sabinus. With these families lay the future. NotesPage =>361 1 P. Paquius Scaeva of Histonium (ILS 9

town of criminal notoriety, now furnished Rome with two consuls. 7 NotesPage =>362 1 Tacitus, Ann. 3, 48. Lanuvium is only

ed on his tomb, of being the first senator from all the Paeligni. 4 NotesPage =>363 1 L. Apronius, cos. suff. A.D. 8, and C

tin or to Sabine ancestors to say nothing of the Kings of Rome. 4 NotesPage =>364 1 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 46. Perhaps the

in fact the devoted clients of the Princeps and behaved as such. 2 NotesPage =>365 1 Dio makes Maecenas advise Augustus to

ter number of his partisans had already been promoted and rewarded. NotesPage =>366 1 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 48: ‘nec aliter

of the Roman People which extended far beyond the bounds of Italy. NotesPage =>367 1 Tacitus, Ann. 11, 24: ‘manent posteri

ore, whatever the fate of the Princeps, the coalition would endure. NotesPage =>368 (No Notes) XXV. THE WORKING OF PATRON

s. Which was fitting. Knights themselves would not have complained. NotesPage =>369 1 Cf. C. Cichorius, R. Studien, 285 ff.

He had already restored the Republic once he could not do it again. NotesPage =>370 1 Dio 54, 14, 1. 2 lb. 53, 28, 4; 54,

to take the life of the Princeps, he was imprisoned and executed. 4 NotesPage =>371 1 Dio 54, 6, 2 ff. Consular elections i

long with them the sons of novi homines ennobled in the Revolution. NotesPage =>372 1 ILS 7448 f. attests the German bodygu

cheapening of the consulate. In effect, it went now by nomination. NotesPage =>373 1 C. Furnius (cos. 17 B.C.) and L. Tari

he study of the law (‘illustres domi artes’) ennobled their adepts. NotesPage =>374 1 Tacitus, Ann. 1, 15. 2 Cicero, Pro

reatise on the science of botany, which he dedicated to Augustus. 7 NotesPage =>375 1 Tacitus, Ann. 3, 75. 2 On the ‘novi

Lentuli saved and transmitted the stock of the patrician Cornelii. NotesPage =>376 1 Dio 54, 20, 3; L’ann. ép., 1936, 18.

most alert and most astute, but not the whole body, of the nobiles. NotesPage =>377 1 T. Quinctius Crispinus Sulpicianus (c

o tie whatever of marriage or of friendship retained after divorce. NotesPage =>378 1 Cicero, Cato maior 37: ‘quattuor robu

and Lepida was transferred without delay to the elderly Quirinius. NotesPage =>379 1 Taurus’ son, however, married the dau

ndour of Maecenas and Sallustius Crispus, mere knights in standing. NotesPage =>380 1 Dio 55, 13, 6. 2 For the details, M

priests turned their energies to intrigue or portentous banquets. 9 NotesPage =>381 1 Dio 48, 32, 2. 2 Ib. 54, 29, 5. 3

en meritorious adherents not yet consular, like the Aelii Lamiae. 9 NotesPage =>382 1 He was pontifex at least as early as

ing the Bellum Perusinum and committed suicide when all was lost. 4 NotesPage =>383 1 For examples, cf. below, p. 406, n. 3

Tiberius. Seianus himself became the leader of a political faction. NotesPage =>384 1 Velleius 2, 69, 5. 2 Ib. 2, 104, 3.

utius Silvanus, who was the son of her intimate friend Urgulania. 4 NotesPage =>385 1 Plutarch, Lucullus 6. 2 Mommsen, Ge

epidus, only four of them find any mention in subsequent history. 1 NotesPage =>387 1 Cf. above, p. 197. PageBook=>388

out fighting a Roman nominee on the throne of Armenia (20-19 B.C.)4 NotesPage =>388 1 Above, p. 327 f. 2 Tacitus, Hist. 1

terrify the owners of property he was to receive a bounty in money. NotesPage =>389 1 Dio 54, 6, 5. 2 Ib. 54, 12, 4f. On

or 13 B.C. in Illyricum M. Vinicius began the Bellum Pannonicum. 6 NotesPage =>390 1 Cf. JRS XXIII (1933), 19 ff. A number

s retired, bitter and contumacious, to a voluntary exile at Rhodes. NotesPage =>391 1 Dio 54, 20, 3 f. (under 16 B.C.). For

the record of their achievements has been defaced and obliterated. NotesPage =>392 1 Horace, Epp. 2, I, I f. 2 Odes 4, 9

e brigand tribes of the Taurus, the Homonadenses and the Isaurians. NotesPage =>393 1 This intention is palpable and flagra

e share of the Princeps: he also took over Sardinia, and kept it. 4 NotesPage =>394 1 The legion XII Fulminata may have bee

ugh, the proconsul could invoke the advice of experienced soldiers. NotesPage =>395 1 Cyprus and Narbonensis in 22 B.C. (Di

f Pompeius and Caesar and extended during the revolutionary wars. 7 NotesPage =>396 1 Among Piso’s legates were Q. Marcius

The legate of Syria might be a menace to the government in Rome. NotesPage =>397 1 Fleets are now commanded by Roman kni

as proconsul of Asia; 7 subsequently, it may be, legate of Syria. 8 NotesPage =>398 1 He is attested at some time between 1

ich, indeed, both Silvanus and Piso could recall hereditary ties. 7 NotesPage =>399 1 Florus 2, 31. Date unknown: c. 15 B.C

P. Vinicius and P. Silius, the sons of two of Augustus’ marshals. 6 NotesPage =>400 1 Dateless operations on and beyond the

the aediles and of the censors if and when censors were appointed. NotesPage =>401 1 Probably not Ahenobarbus, attested he

years later. Plancus and Lepidus resigned before the year was out. NotesPage =>402 1 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 37. 2 Ib. 29,

s or because he disapproved, need not be too harshly scrutinized. 8 NotesPage =>403 1 Dio 55, 26, 4 f. 2 Ib. 54, 8, 4. On

orbidding senators to admit soldiers to their morning receptions. 7 NotesPage =>404 1 Dio 54, 19, 6. 2 Tacitus, Ann. 6, 1

ter, in the heart of the governing oligarchy, in court and cabinet. NotesPage =>405 1 Dio 52, 42, 6 (except Sicily, and lat

he Roman Senate the real and ultimate power needs to be discovered. NotesPage =>406 1 Tacitus, Ann. 1, 3. 2 As was permit

his native distrust of oratory, of democracy and of public debate. NotesPage =>407 1 Dio 53, 19, 3: ἐκ δ δ το χρóνου κ∈íνο

n from personal friends, representative senators and legal experts. NotesPage =>408 1 Dio 53, 21, 4; Suetonius, Divus Aug.

ecision and vigour beneath the ostentation of indolence and vice. 2 NotesPage =>409 1 Seneca, Epp. 101, 10 ff, on Maecenas’

divulged only if and when he handed in his accounts to the State. 9 NotesPage =>410 1 Tacitus, Ann. 1, 6. 2 ILS 109: ‘P.

e oldest surviving consular in the early years of the Principate. 4 NotesPage =>411 1 Observe the raising of new taxes in A

en like Lollius, Quirinius and Piso will have had something to say. NotesPage =>412 1 Tacitus, Ann. 3, 75, cf. above, p. 38

icians were needed. They were available among the party-chieftains. NotesPage =>413 1 Which explains the origin of Narbonen

f two unbroken hours. The malcontent was overwhelmed and converted. NotesPage =>414 1 Reproduced by Dio 55, 14 ff. (A.D. 4)

he cabinet, several political crises and several political murders. NotesPage =>415 1 Groag inclines to suspect the agency

he capital and strengthening the resources of the Claudian faction. NotesPage =>416 1 Suetonius, Tib. 7, 2 f. 2 Tacitus,

e corporation of Roman knights hailed him as Princeps Iuventutis. 4 NotesPage =>417 1 Tacitus, Ann. 1, 4: ‘iram et simulati

of Rome, the future succession and the destiny of the whole world. NotesPage =>418 1 Ovid, Ars am. I, 194: ‘nunc iuvenum p

menace to his rule. On the contrary, it proved his surest support. NotesPage =>419 1 Velleius 2, 100, 1: ‘sensit terrarum

Gaius and Lucius remained, and next to them the Claudian connexion. NotesPage =>420 1 At least, so Seneca says (De clem. 1,

scribed as cruel, arrogant and extravagant, a skilled charioteer. 5 NotesPage =>421 1 Varus’ wife was Claudia Pulchra (PIR2

political alliance with the Plautii was good Claudian tradition. 3 NotesPage =>422 1 Propertius 4, 11, 63 ff. See Table IV

de alliances among themselves and with the family of the Pisones. 5 NotesPage =>423 1 Messalla’s family-relations are excee

pendence of temper, enjoyed the trust and the esteem of Tiberius. 6 NotesPage =>424 1 The family of Piso, like that of Mess

t no immediate benefit to her son. The whole episode is mysterious. NotesPage =>425 1 ILS 8892. 2 Note M. Livius Drusus L

n and family8 was it necessary that there should be public scandal? NotesPage =>426 1 Velleius alone (2, 100, 4 f.) gives t

sive to Julia, breaking off the marriage in the name of Tiberius. 3 NotesPage =>427 1 For this view, cf. esp. E. Groag, Wie

ican noble did, the sacred claims of fides, remembered the affront. NotesPage =>428 1 Suetonius, Tib. 12 f.; Velleius 2, 10

urt to the exile of Rhodes without impairing his own advancement. 6 NotesPage =>429 1 Velleius 2, 102, 1 f. 2 As Cn. Piso

s wasted away and perished far from Rome (February 21st, A.D. 4). 5 NotesPage =>430 1 Tacitus, Ann. 3, 48: ‘incusato M. Lol

duus, the ruler of a Bohemian kingdom, was isolated on all sides. 6 NotesPage =>431 1 Quoted by Suetonius (Tib. 23): ‘quoni

itrary and effective. Agrippa is described as brutal and vicious. 5 NotesPage =>432 1 Suetonius, Tib. 16, 1; cf. Tiberius’

mbition, Asinius Gallus the ambition only: L. Arruntius had both. 4 NotesPage =>433 1 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 23, 2: ‘Quintil

on the Fasti the palpable influence of the aristocratic Claudian. 5 NotesPage =>434 1 Velleius 2, 114, 5 (Illyricum); 125,

in succession as proconsuls of the turbulent province of Africa. 9 NotesPage =>435 1 Lucilius Longus the friend of Tiberiu

rd view, but no less trusted by Tiberius than the excellent Piso. 7 NotesPage =>436 1 Velleius 2, 112, 1 f.; Dio 55, 29, 1.

se infant daughter was betrothed to the eldest son of Germanicus. 7 NotesPage =>437 1 ILS 8996. Cossus’ son, Lentulus Gaetu

and admitted that there could be no division of the supreme power. NotesPage =>438 1 Velleius 2, 125, 5. His daughter too

the Julii and the Claudii ran true to form, despotic and murderous. NotesPage =>439 1 Tacitus, Ann. 1, 6, cf. the acute and

and evil deeds against the novi homines prominent in the oligarchy. NotesPage =>509 1 Seneca, Epp. 94, 46: ‘M. Agrippa, vir

iatorial shows. This Ahenobarbus left a son, entirely detestable. 3 NotesPage =>510 1 Seneca, De ben. 4, 30, 1 ff. (above,

, he had seldom been responsible for the shedding of Roman blood. 7 NotesPage =>511 1 C. Sulpicius Galba (cos. suff. 5 B.C.

and lively to the end, Messalla with failing powers until A.D. 13.7 NotesPage =>512 1 Velleius 2, 83, 1. Plancus’ memory wa

y that prevailed it meant the victory of the non-political classes. NotesPage =>513 1 Ann. 1, 3. 2 Lucretius 2, II ff.

er that they would be challenged to put their ideals into practice. NotesPage =>514 1 ILS 8393. 2 Eprius Marcellus in Tac

oratory. 7 There were the Gracchi and Cicero but was it worth it? 8 NotesPage =>515 1 Sallust, Hist, I, 7 M: ‘nobis primae

eir power as illicit, in a word, as ‘dominatio’, not ‘principatus’. NotesPage =>516 1 Dial. 41, 4. 2 Ann. 4, 33. 3 De c

ading servility. A sensible man could find it. And such there were. NotesPage =>517 1 Tacitus, Agr. 3, 1. 2 Hist. 1, 1.

uld provide: nunquam libertas gratior exstat quam sub rege pio. 6 NotesPage =>518 1 Tacitus, Ann. 4, 20: ‘unde dubitare c

to him who was the author of their lives, liberty and prosperity. 8 NotesPage =>519 1 Augustus’ letter, quoted by Gellius 1

gorated the whole and could not have been severed without damage. 8 NotesPage =>520 1 ILS 140, 1. 7f.: ‘maxsumi custodis im

less made the task of his successor more delicate and more arduous. NotesPage =>521 1 Tacitus, Ann. 1, 9. 2 Suetonius, Di

last will and testament, to be edited and published by Tiberius. 6 NotesPage =>522 1 Pliny, NH 7, 149: ‘iuncta deinde tot

over ultimate derivation and exact definition as a literary form. 4 NotesPage =>523 1 Res Gestae 2: ‘[et] postea bellum inf

and in his ambition he had saved and regenerated the Roman People. NotesPage =>524 1 As W. Weber, Princeps 1 (1936). 94.