money to Cicero(Ad Att. 11, 14, 3). On the activities of this man in Macedonia , cf. In Pisonem 86. 4 Lucullus, owner of a pala

. Nor were the kinsmen of the Metelli inactive. Ap. Pulcher fought in Macedonia , where he died; P. Servilius with better fortun

deadly hatred of Roman financiers. The younger Lucullus, proconsul of Macedonia , carried the arms of Rome in victory through Thra

118; 135). C. Octavius, the husband of Caesar’s niece, Atia, governed Macedonia in 60-59 B.C. (Suetonius, Divus Aug. 3 f.). In Sy

d Piso in their turn received important military provinces, Syria and Macedonia , through special laws. Gabinius and Piso were t

hion. As a consequence of the law of 52 B.C. the other provinces from Macedonia eastwards were in the hands of men loyal to the g

t was too difficult. Instead, he would set out for the wars again, to Macedonia and to the eastern frontier of the Empire. At Rom

0, 4). Q. Marcius Crispus (ib. 77, 2) had been a legate of L. Piso in Macedonia (In Pisonem 54). As for A. Allienus and Sex. Pedu

entions of Caesar. Dolabella received Syria, Antonius Macedonia: with Macedonia went Caesar’s Balkan army, six of the best of the

s and C. Vibius Pansa as consuls, Antonius would have his province of Macedonia . But the proconsul was vulnerable if a faction se

to defy any enterprises of his enemies. Late in March he had received Macedonia . Before the end of April, however, it was known t

ended to propose on June 1st to take another province in exchange for Macedonia , namely Gallia Cisalpina, and Gallia Comata as we

had been C. Calvisius Sabinus. PageBook=>111 the proconsul of Macedonia , was a Caesarian but also a kinsman of Brutus, he

nius and Cimber might have Asia and Bithynia: the only armies east of Macedonia were the six legions under the Caesarian generals

e rapid advancement and honours, the praetorship, the governorship of Macedonia , and the sure prospect of a consulate. 4 Death fr

mand from the People. The tenure of the consular provinces, Syria and Macedonia , which had been assigned to Dolabella and Antoniu

nd of 39 B.C. But Antonius proposed to exchange provinces, to give up Macedonia , while retaining the Balkan army, and receive as

wing year. Crete and Cyrene were taken from Brutus and Cassius, while Macedonia was assigned to his brother, the praetor C. Anton

o remembered and attacked Piso for his conduct of the governorship of Macedonia , both before and after the proconsul returned, on

he armies of Africa and of Illyricum were in the hands of Caesarians. Macedonia had been almost completely stripped of its garris

assius at Rome, whatever they knew, probably kept a discreet silence. Macedonia was nearer than Syria or Egypt and Macedonia was

kept a discreet silence. Macedonia was nearer than Syria or Egypt and Macedonia was soon to provide more than rumours. But there

s of philosophers. It may be presumed that his agents were at work in Macedonia and elsewhere. He was aided by the retiring proco

in Macedonia and elsewhere. He was aided by the retiring proconsul of Macedonia , Hortensius, the son of the great orator and one

e salvation of the State, no doubt. By the end of the year almost all Macedonia was in his hands; and not only Macedonia Vatini

e end of the year almost all Macedonia was in his hands; and not only Macedonia Vatinius the governor of Illyricum had been una

. Antonius when he landed at Dyrrhachium to take over the province of Macedonia at the beginning of January. Brutus quickly def

legalization of a usurped command:1 Brutus was appointed proconsul of Macedonia , Illyricum and Achaia. Cicero had acquired no lit

hoping to make his way through the Alpine lands by a wide circuit to Macedonia . He was trapped and killed by a Gallic chieftain.

tus; who, for his part, advocated the summoning of Marcus Brutus from Macedonia . Already there was talk of bringing over the Afri

p the vacant place. 1 Later, after both consuls had fallen, Brutus in Macedonia heard a report that Cicero had actually been elec

Brutus was evidently afraid of some such manoeuvre. 4 He remained in Macedonia , though a vote of the Senate had summoned him to

d exchanged sharp words over C. Antonius, whom Brutus had captured in Macedonia . Cicero insisted that the criminal should be put

om left for scruple or for legality. 1 Yet even so, the possession of Macedonia and an army meant for Brutus not so much an instr

NotesPage=>170 1 The evidence does not enable the occupation of Macedonia by Brutus (and of Syria by Cassius) to be closely

t of reach. Before the end of May he began to march eastwards through Macedonia to regulate the affairs of Thrace, recover Asia f

sarian officials joined the cause, first Hortensius, the proconsul of Macedonia , and the retiring quaestors of Asia and Syria; 7

laccus and L. Decidius Saxa, who marched along the Via Egnatia across Macedonia , passed Philippi, and took up a favourable positi

ies would disperse the Caesarian legions over the desolate uplands of Macedonia or pen them within the narrow bounds of an impove

h leaders, while Antonius held all the provinces beyond the sea, from Macedonia eastwards, Octavianus the West, from Spain to Ill

north of Albania, the boundary between the provinces of Illyricum and Macedonia , formed their frontier by land. To the inferior L

al Ventidius to disperse the Parthians. 4 Pollio may have departed to Macedonia about the same time if he came to Rome to assume

om Athens the reorganization of the East. The northern frontiers of Macedonia , ever exposed to the raids of tribes from Albania

. After Philippi, Antonius left L. Marcius Censorinus as proconsul of Macedonia ; 3 and on the first day of the year 39 Censorinus

rt-lived and dubious infant, Saloninus. Pollio’s province was clearly Macedonia , not Illyricum, which lay in the portion of Octav

but there is no record of any operations against them. The history of Macedonia in the years 38-32 B.C. is a complete blank. 3

l who along with Saxa opened the operations against the Liberators in Macedonia . Nor are senators’ sons at all frequent in the re

ian Alps: and the eastern frontier of the Empire between the Alps and Macedonia was narrow, perilous and inadequate. Encouraged b

elebrated triumphs in Rome Censorinus and Pollio from the province of Macedonia (39), Ventidius over the Parthians (38). Then in

persevered with poetry, completing his Eclogues while Pollio governed Macedonia for Antonius. It was about this time, in the abse

g on front and flank the Roman provinces of Syria, Bithynia, Asia and Macedonia . These vassal-states, serving the needs of govern

t of Brundisium: who was his successor in that province, and who held Macedonia with the command of Antonius’ Balkan army, has no

rn levies had an evil and often exaggerated reputation yet Galatia or Macedonia could have competed with Italy in valour and even

sius, Plancus and Bibulus; Asia, Plancus (39–37) and Furnius (36–35); Macedonia , L. Marcius Censorinus (40) and Pollio (39); Bith

ns: the other eleven made up the garrison of Egypt, Cyrene, Syria and Macedonia . 1 Antonius could not take the offensive, for e

contemptible if they came from the virile and martial populations of Macedonia and Galatia. Perhaps the picked army which he mus

the ships and the legions. Canidius was now in favour of a retreat to Macedonia , to seek an issue there with the help of barbaria

ius the commander sought to induce his soldiers to march away through Macedonia , but in vain. He had to escape to Antonius. After

eemed secure, in the keeping of a Roman knight. But what of Syria and Macedonia ? Soon after Actium, Messalla was put in charge of

Messalla was put in charge of Syria :3 Octavianus’ first governor of Macedonia is nowhere attested—perhaps it was Taurus. 4 But

30 B.C.), the dissolute and irascible son of the great orator ; 1 in Macedonia , a very different character, the distinguished re

us; from Gaul, C. Carrinas and M. Valerius Messalla. The proconsul of Macedonia , M. Licinius Crassus, held that his successes des

. 2 Dio 51, 4, 6. Some of the dispossessed Italians were settled in Macedonia . 3 lb. 51, 17, 8: τό τє σύμπαν ἥ τє ἀρχὴ ἡ τῶν

rovinces were another matter. M. Licinius Crassus, the proconsul of Macedonia , after pacifying Thrace and defeating the Bastarn

us may have been recalled from Egypt in 28 B.C. With the proconsul of Macedonia no link is known, save that each was once a parti

roconsuls had armies under their command, the governors of Illyricum, Macedonia and Africa. 3 These regions were close to Italy,

13, 1): yet in his list of such provinces occur Africa, Illyricum and Macedonia , where armed proconsuls are definitely attested i

eatment, for nobody could believe that the frontiers of Illyricum and Macedonia were satisfactory; and Africa nourished her prove

a of the Princeps - it comprised three military provinces, Illyricum, Macedonia and Africa. NotesPage=>328 1 Sex, Appuleiu

ere. The public provinces in 27 B.C. were probably Africa, Illyricum, Macedonia with Achaia, Asia, Bithynia-Pontus, Crete and Cyr

lands. In time, however, the Princeps encroached in Illyricum and in Macedonia , the basis from which the north-eastern frontier

ank would be put in charge of the military provinces of Illyricum and Macedonia ; and such are in fact attested, namely three of t

and celebrated triumphs for victories won in Spain, Gaul, Africa and Macedonia . Spain and Gaul, the martial provinces of the Wes

B.C.). 5 NotesPage=>329 1 Cf. below, p. 394. 2 M. Lollius in Macedonia , c. 19-18 B.C. (Dio 54, 20, 4 ff., cf. L’ ann. ép

Senate’s choice of governors for the military provinces of Illyricum, Macedonia and Africa, in public law merely a matter for the

rica c. 25 B.C. (PIR2, A 71), and the obscure M. Primus, proconsul of Macedonia c. 24-23 B.C. (Dio 54, 3, 2—misdated to 22 b.c.).

held more than one praetorian command in the provinces: Illyricum and Macedonia respectively? Tarii Rufi occur on Dalmatian inscr

nd for the Roman State. Late in 24 B.C. or early in 23 a proconsul of Macedonia , a certain M. Primus, gave trouble. He was arraig

ro Murena the consul had been among the defenders of the proconsul of Macedonia . A man of notorious and unbridled freedom of spee

began to surround the youth. At his trial, M. Primus the proconsul of Macedonia alleged that he had been given secret instruction

s in Africa, P. Silius and M. Vinicius in Illyricum and M. Lollius in Macedonia , must have been drawn from a small and select lis

now available in the provinces of the northern frontier, from Gaul to Macedonia : a great advance was designed all along the line.

n operations of M. Licinius Crassus greatly augmented the province of Macedonia . In the first years of the Principate the imperia

n the north-east consisted of two senatorial provinces, Illyricum and Macedonia , flanked and guarded each by a dependent principa

) had recently been employed; 1 and on this occasion the proconsul of Macedonia , whoever he may have been, was surely not inactiv

a died in February, 12 B.C. Further, there was delay from the side of Macedonia . A great insurrection broke out in Thrace. L. Cal

rder that the legatus Augusti might override at need the proconsul of Macedonia ? 4 Dio 54, 31, 2 ff., &c.; Suetonius, Tib.

k, perhaps Asia as well. Illyricum, as long as it was senatorial, and Macedonia , while it retained legions, can furnish examples

of the Balkans (c. 9 B.C.,) or some dozen years later, the legions of Macedonia were removed from the proconsul and assigned to t

tares’ as his legates. Piso was not himself a soldier, but he took to Macedonia competent legates; and Cicero in Cilicia was well

man had charge of Moesia, for most of the time with the provinces of Macedonia and Achaia as well. 3 But Poppaeus belongs rath

on of the province after the death of Amyntas; then he saw service in Macedonia as proconsul (19-18 B.C.) and governed Gallia Com

ur). 7 Piso’s father, of philhellenic tastes, had been proconsul of Macedonia . For the activity of Plautii in the East, cf. Mün

ituation in the Balkans in these years is doubly obscure. The army of Macedonia may still have been retained by the proconsul or

. 303). On the position of these praetorian commanders, proconsuls of Macedonia or legates of Moesia, cf. JRS XXIV (1934), 125 ff

LS 915); and, presumably, M. Lollius c. 19–18 B.C. (Dio 54, 20, 3) in Macedonia ; and, no doubt, many others. The language in whic

or service in eastern provinces only. After his consulate he governed Macedonia and Gaul in succession; it may be presumed that h

1 Which explains the origin of Narbonensis (the high road to Spain), Macedonia (the Egnatia) and the dimensions of Cilicia when C

Caecina Severus (cos. suff. 1 B.C.) was in charge of Moesia (now that Macedonia had lost its army). 2 In the three years of the r

. 3 Tacitus, Ann. 11, 24. Cf. the observations of Philip V, King of Macedonia , ILS 8763. 4 Propertius 4, 1, 37. 5 On this l

o-Claudian period even men from Noricum (ILS 2033) and Thracians from Macedonia (ILS 2030; 2032) can also be found. 4 Compare t

the end of a period. Crassus’ grandson, the ambitious proconsul of Macedonia , perpetuated the Licinii who merged, by adoption

218 f., 369; at Brundisium, 217; and the Fourth Eclogue, 218 ff.; in Macedonia , 222 f.; his triumph, 222, 241; not at Tarentum,

us. Balkans, Roman conquests in, 222 f., 240, 308, 390 f.; see also Macedonia , Moesia. Barbarius Philippus, escaped slave and s

, 493. Hortensius Hortalus, Q., as a Caesarian, 63, 64; governor of Macedonia , 110 f.; with the Liberators, 171, 198; death at

summer, 44 B.C., 116 ff.; departure from Italy, 119, 140; seizure of Macedonia , 171 f., 184; quarrels with Cicero, 183 f.; his d

us, 269; with Antonius, 266, 269; deserts Antonius, 296; proconsul of Macedonia , 303, 308, 327, 349; claim to spolia opima and cl

477, 509; his origin, 362; his career, 398; in Galatia, 338, 398; in Macedonia , 391, 406; in Gaul, 398, 429; with C. Caesar, 398

by Caesar, 56; kinsmen, 21, 24. Lycoris, mistress of Gallus, 252. Macedonia , in 44 B.C., 107, 110 f.; legions of, 110, 126; s

9 B.C.), Caesarian and Antonian partisan, 221, 266, 327; proconsul of Macedonia , 222; his triumph, 244; acquires Cicero’s mansion

io. Priesthoods, as patronage, 238, 381 f. Primus, M., proconsul of Macedonia , 330; trial of, 333, 341. Princeps, meaning of

sthoods, 238; in Illyricum, 240; at Actium, 297; perhaps proconsul of Macedonia , 302; in Spain, 302; at Rome, 372; praefectus urb

25, 452, 498; at Actium, 297; perhaps proconsul of Illyricum, 330; in Macedonia , 391; origin, 363; wealth, 382. Tarquinii, 18,

, Augustan senator, 363. Valerius Flaccus, L., legate of L. Piso in Macedonia , 396. Valerius Messalla, M. (cos. suff. 32 B.C.),

s homo, his origin, 194, 362; in Gaul, 329, 339; perhaps proconsul of Macedonia , 330; his consulate, 372; a personal friend of Au