d and suffering; and posterity has seen fit to condemn the act of the Liberators , for so they were styled, as worse than a crime a

Caesar and Brutus each had right on his side. The new party of the Liberators was not homogeneous in origin or in motive. The r

PageBook=>096 caution would have repelled the advances of the Liberators . The Dictator left, and could leave, no heir to h

redoubtable M. Antonius, took cover. Repulsing the invitations of the Liberators , he secured from Calpurnia the Dictator’s papers

on the following day in the Temple of Tellus. In the meantime, the Liberators , descending for a brief space from the citadel, h

he need of this was patent and inevitable: many senators, many of the Liberators themselves, held preferment, office, or provinces

cord was advertised in the evening when the Caesarian leaders and the Liberators entertained one another to banquets. The next day

that it suited his plans to make a violent demonstration against the Liberators neither Antonius nor the Caesarian party were sec

loose and burned the body in the Forum. In fear for their lives, the Liberators barricaded themselves in their houses. Nor, as th

ons and the inhabitants of the towns of Italy. With the veterans, the Liberators were at once confronted by a solid block of veste

e measured by optimistic and partisan proclamations that describe the Liberators as guarded by the devoted loyalty of all Italy. 3

Caesar at Rome: it was hoped that he might be induced to support the Liberators . 1 Further, attempts were made to convert Hirtius

as some of his allies did not. The price was civil war. Even had the Liberators been willing to pay it, they could find little to

appears to have designated or even allotted provinces to three of the Liberators , the consular Trebonius, D. Brutus and Tillius Ci

ed by Caesarian generals. So much for provinces and armies. Had the Liberators plotted real revolution instead of the mere remov

d to him by ties of personal friendship. 3 He had no quarrel with the Liberators providing they did not interfere with the first o

, but the tyranny survived hence open dismay among the friends of the Liberators and many a secret muttering at the failure of the

Brutus, might prove a bond of alliance between the Caesarians and the Liberators ; and not Lepidus only there was P. Servilius his

ument, to break out at the last into civil war again. Deplored by the Liberators , the lack of leaders in the Senate was a strong f

ttended to, with urgent and just claims not to be disregarded, as the Liberators themselves were well aware. Antonius occupied h

urned to Rome with an escort of veterans, much to the disquiet of the Liberators , who wrote to him in vain protestation. 2 Hirtius

. 3 Ad Att. 15, 8, 1. But Hirtius was by no means favourable to the Liberators , ib. 14, 6, I ff. 4 On this, W. Sternkopf, Herm

he measure revoked. No other decision was taken. For the present, the Liberators remained in Italy, waiting on events. Octavianu

coalition of March 17th, and, more than that, to a firm pact with the Liberators . Brutus and Cassius published an edict conceived

delivered a speech before the People, friendly and favourable to the Liberators . 3 So much in public. What happened next is obs

warning from the fate of Caesar. 1 Of any immediate intentions the Liberators said no word in their edict. But they now prepare

h, not before publishing a last edict. He affirmed the loyalty of the Liberators towards the Roman constitution, their reluctance

acerbated Antonius then delivered a violent speech, with abuse of the Liberators . This was on October 2nd. Three or four days No

Octavianus had more skill, fewer scruples and better fortune than the Liberators . By the beginning of October the young man posses

bankers of Rome. Atticus, who refused to finance the war-chest of the Liberators , would not have looked at this venture. No matter

ed his dismay. Nor was any decision or hope to be discerned among the Liberators , as the congress at Antium showed, or any armed s

altogether barren of hope for the Republic. Of the whereabouts of the Liberators there was still no certain knowledge at Rome at t

han rumours. But there is no evidence of concerted design between the Liberators and the constitutional party in Rome on the contr

ed itself neither to the generals of the western provinces nor to the Liberators ; Cicero and his friends had reckoned without the

ius would regain the support of Lepidus and Plancus. Antonius and the Liberators might even combine against their common enemy civ

Republic. The return was small and grudging; 3 and the agents of the Liberators had intercepted the revenues of the eastern provi

l. 8, 27, cf. Dio 46, 30, 4; 35, 3. 8 Compare the last edict of the Liberators (Velleius 2, 62, 3): ‘libenter se vel in perpetuo

lood. Many of the proscribed got safely away and took refuge with the Liberators in the East or with Sex. Pompeius on the western

g any armed insurrection in Italy when they settled accounts with the Liberators . Cicero could have escaped through indecision he

Pompeians and adherents of Caesar, banished from Italy, were with the Liberators or with Sex. Pompeius. With Pompeius they found a

ly fare better; 3 but two of them at least, having passed over to the Liberators , curtailed their own survival. 4 Few men indeed

an, Cn. Calpurnius Piso (Tacitus, Ann. 2, 43). For the coinage of the Liberators and their lieutenants, cf. BMC, R. Rep. 11, 471 f

ace and for Rome: the avenging of Caesar and the extermination of the Liberators had not been Antonius’ policy when he was consul.

had sought to defend Caesar the Dictator when he was assailed by the Liberators . 1 In the eyes of contemporaries, Antonius stoo

was the general who along with Saxa opened the operations against the Liberators in Macedonia. Nor are senators’ sons at all frequ

race was swept from the lectures of philosophers into the army of the Liberators . He fought at Philippi, for the Republic but not

able to employ sea-power with a mastery that neither Pompeius nor the Liberators had achieved when they contended against invaders

.c.) Governing Syria for Caesar as quaestor in 45 B.C., he joined the Liberators at the end of the following year (above, p. 171).

xt. Sestius, once quaestor to M. Brutus, worshipped the memory of the Liberators . 3 The choice of Sestius, like the choice of Piso

r Sulla are now missing or sadly reduced above all the faction of the Liberators . Certain great houses remained, however, rivals

time of Augustus, Mediolanium preserved with pride the statues of the Liberators . 2 On the other hand, Bononia was in the clientel

Whatever had been the vicissitudes of the subsequent struggle, if the Liberators had prevailed at Philippi or Antonius at Actium,

lt might have been much the same for the Domitii: prominent among the Liberators and himself the last admiral of the Republic, Cn.

temptuous oblivion. Antonius is masked and traduced as a faction, the Liberators as enemies of the Fatherland, Sex. Pompeius as a

ts about provinces in 44 B.C., 107, 110, 115, 170; relations with the Liberators , 108, 117 ff.; with Octavianus, 115 ff., 141 ff.;

(cos. A.D. 111), 497. Calpurnius Piso, Cn. (cos. 23 B.C.), with the Liberators , 199, 206; accepts the consulate, 334 f., 368.

hers, 64; wife, 69, 492; descendants, 492; see also M. Junius Brutus, Liberators . Cassius Longinus, C. (cos. suff. A.D. 30), 492

f., 61. Cornelius Lentulus Spinther, P., the Younger, 45; with the Liberators , 171, 198, 206. Cornelius Lentulus Sura, P. (cos.

Cremutius Cordus, A., historian, 487, 489. Crete, allotted to the Liberators , 119, 126; liberated by Antonius, 272; a senatori

326, 339, 395, 406; governors of, 406. Cyrene, as a province of the Liberators , 119, 126; under Antonius, 266, 298; under August

, Q., as a Caesarian, 63, 64; governor of Macedonia, 110 f.; with the Liberators , 171, 198; death at Philippi, 205. Hostilius Sa

o descendants, 498. Latium, plebeian families from, 85; support for Liberators in, 101; Augustan senators from, 360. Latus cla

384. Lex Rufrena, 202. Lex Saenia, 306. Lex Titia, 190, 225. Liberators , party of, 59 f., 95, 198 f., 205 f.; on and afte

us, 301. Mediolanium, 150, 503; L. Piso proconsul at, 329, 398; the Liberators honoured there, 465, 478. Memmius, C. (pr. 58 B

ia Attica. Pomponius Atticus, T., 13, 73, 145, 192; refuses to help Liberators , 102; helps Servilia, 102, 192; in the proscripti

urcus, L., Caesarian partisan, 91; proconsul of Syria, 111; joins the Liberators , 171; as an admiral, 202, 206, 210; his fate, 199

history, 4, 146. Tullius Cicero, M. (cos. suff. 30 B.C.), with the Liberators , 198, 206; his consulate, 339; governor of Syria,