ken and reduced. But Etruria, despoiled and resentful, rose again for Lepidus against the Roman oligarchy. 1 Lepidus was supp

nd resentful, rose again for Lepidus against the Roman oligarchy. 1 Lepidus was suppressed. But disorders continued, even to

he consulate. 5 Philippus steeled the Senate to take action against Lepidus (Sallust, Hist. I, 77 M); and he secured for Pomp

pl. 83), the (first) husband of Servilia, a Marian and an adherent of Lepidus , capitulating at Mutina to Pompeius, was killed b

, though not a senator, adding ‘Magnus’ to his name. After supporting Lepidus to the consulate and encouraging his NotesPage=

ius Longinus, to M. Aemilius Lepidus and to P. Servilius Isauricus. 4 Lepidus could recall a family feud against Pompeius; and

tten its patrician origin. P. Servilius was a man of some competence: Lepidus had influence but no party, ambition but not the

e Bellum Italicum, the enterprises of Marius and the insurrections of Lepidus and Catilina. It is not merely that so many of hi

i ex coloniis et municipiis domi nobiles. ’ Etruria, an eager ally of Lepidus only fifteen years before, provided the nucleus o

e noble or patrician elements in his party: Antonius from loyalty and Lepidus from NotesPage=>095 1 A. Hirtius was proba

tary and confidant, Hirtius, designated consul for the next year, and Lepidus the Master of the Horse, now left in an anomalous

ter of the Horse, now left in an anomalous and advantageous position. Lepidus had troops under his command, with results at onc

apparent. At dawn on March 16th he occupied the Forum with armed men. Lepidus and Balbus were eager for vengeance; 1 Antonius,

with his deputy. Yet there is no proof of any serious estrangement. 1 Lepidus , it is true, was appointed consul in 46 and Maste

r, that Caesar prized him above Antonius for loyalty or for capacity. Lepidus was the elder man and a patrician as well. Lepidu

y or for capacity. Lepidus was the elder man and a patrician as well. Lepidus retained the position of nominal deputy to the Di

Lepidus retained the position of nominal deputy to the Dictator. But Lepidus was to take over a province in 44, and Antonius,

us. This looked well. Naturally, it was a piece of political jobbery: Lepidus was chosen. Further, there was an abortive propos

’ son. Moreover, Antonius could induce him to depart to his province. Lepidus , through his family connexion with Brutus, might

a bond of alliance between the Caesarians and the Liberators; and not Lepidus only there was P. Servilius his brother-in-law, s

y were in the charge of Caesarians: Plancus took Gallia Comata, while Lepidus had already gone off to his command of the two pr

the Cisalpina and cutting off Antonius from the precarious support of Lepidus his ally, from the even less dependable Plancus a

h rebuff. In haste Antonius proposed a vote complimentary to his ally Lepidus (who had brought Sex. Pompeius to terms) and carr

ition between the parties. Being related to Brutus, to Cassius and to Lepidus he might become the link in a new political align

could see no end to civil strife. 1 Men recalled not Caesar only but Lepidus and armies raised in the name of liberty, the dee

used of Ser. Sulpicius Rufus). Cf. also ‘ista pacificatio’ (Cicero to Lepidus , Ad fam. 10, 27, 2, below, p. 173). 4 Phil. 2,

ed to desert the government, making common cause with a public enemy. Lepidus duly uttered the exemplary prayer that private fe

e. 5 Plancus soon followed the unimpeachable example of the patriotic Lepidus , in word no doubt as well as in deed; Pollio like

hey had no mind to risk their lives for intriguers such as Plancus or Lepidus , still less for liberty and the constitution, emp

in this humane and salubrious fashion: seven years later the plea of Lepidus recoiled upon his NotesPage=>159 1 Appian,

Of the surviving consulars three were absent from Italy, Trebonius, Lepidus and Vatinius. Fourteen remained, but few of note

Cicero distrusted for different reasons both Paullus, the brother of Lepidus , and the kinsmen of Octavianus, Philippus and C.

can and Pompeian cause. In the provinces of the West stood Plancus, Lepidus and Pollio, Caesarian partisans all three, but di

standing; and all three were to survive the years of the Revolution, Lepidus consigned to exile and ignominy, Plancus a servan

ines existimarent te nimis servire temporibus. ’ PageBook=>166 Lepidus stood, if the word can be used of this flimsy cha

is cipher into a factor. Both sides assiduously courted the favour of Lepidus , now in an advantageous position, for he had rece

in January was to propose that, in grateful memory of the services of Lepidus to the Roman State, a gilded statue should be set

tatue should be set up on the Rostra or in any part of the Forum that Lepidus should choose. Lepidus could afford to wait. A

on the Rostra or in any part of the Forum that Lepidus should choose. Lepidus could afford to wait. A stronger character than

ose. Lepidus could afford to wait. A stronger character than either Lepidus or Plancus was C. Asinius Pollio in Hispania Ulte

e project was therefore wrecked. On March 20th came dispatches from Lepidus and Plancus, acting in concert with each other an

ncus, acting in concert with each other and presumably with Antonius. Lepidus at least seems to have made no secret of his agre

ises for the good offices of those patriotic and high-minded citizens Lepidus and Plancus, but spurning all thought of negotiat

generals stood by him, and reiterated his resolve to keep faith with Lepidus , with Plancus and with Dolabella. 3 Cicero could

te nor the People approves of them nor does any patriotic citizen. ’5 Lepidus did not forget the insult to his dignitas. Such

ia towards the west, making for Gallia Narbonensis and the support of Lepidus and Plancus, assured to him a month earlier, but

lic enemy was on the run. All that remained was to hound him down. If Lepidus and Plancus held firm in the West, the combined a

nd interests, it was likely that Antonius would regain the support of Lepidus and Plancus. Antonius and the Liberators might ev

Forum Julii towards the middle of the month. The confrontation with Lepidus was not long delayed. One of the lieutenants of L

ontation with Lepidus was not long delayed. One of the lieutenants of Lepidus dispatched to Antonius during the War of Mutina r

tudiously refrained from barring the road to Narbonensis. 1 In March, Lepidus urged the Senate to accept his mediation; and Ant

enate to accept his mediation; and Antonius publicly asseverated that Lepidus was on his side. Their palpable community of inte

can and Pompeian cause, was so strong that the loyal dispatches which Lepidus continued to send to the Senate should have decei

who joined Antonius instead of opposing his invasion of Narbonensis. Lepidus alleged that he was pained by their behaviour but

m. 10, 34, 2). 2 Caesar, BC 3, 19. PageBook=>165 intervened. Lepidus was not as vigilant against the dangers of frater

ed the strong Caesarian sympathies of officers and men: they followed Lepidus not from merit or affection but only because Lepi

n: they followed Lepidus not from merit or affection but only because Lepidus was a Caesarian. The troops introduced Antonius i

the camp, the Tenth Legion, once commanded by him, taking the lead. 1 Lepidus acquiesced. One of his lieutenants, a certain Juv

tius Laterensis, a Republican and an honest man, fell upon his sword. Lepidus now penned a dispatch to the Senate, explaining,

osals for peace and concord. 2 It was on May 30th that Antonius and Lepidus carried out their peaceful coup. They had now t

th he crossed the Rhône and marched south-eastwards as though to join Lepidus , coming to within forty miles of the latter’s cam

h to join Lepidus, coming to within forty miles of the latter’s camp. Lepidus encouraged him. But Plancus feared a trap he knew

s camp. Lepidus encouraged him. But Plancus feared a trap he knew his Lepidus ; 3 and Laterensis warned him that both Lepidus an

red a trap he knew his Lepidus; 3 and Laterensis warned him that both Lepidus and his army were unreliable. So Plancus turned b

lamed upon the young Caesar the escape of Antonius and his union with Lepidus , reprobating his ambition in the most violent of

nor could he have marched to Italy against the will of the ambiguous Lepidus ; further, his troops had been solicited by envoys

dus; further, his troops had been solicited by envoys of Antonius and Lepidus . 2 Pollio was bound by his personal friendship

the cautious and diplomatic Plancus, even the perfidious and despised Lepidus may yet in treachery be held true to the Roman Pe

our commanded a Republican to resist the worst excesses of civil war. Lepidus was a Caesarian: but Brutus refused to concur in

n: but Brutus refused to concur in the hounding down of the family of Lepidus , who had married his own half-sister. Family ties

ical hostility in civil wars before now when waged by Roman nobles. 3 Lepidus was declared a public enemy on June 30th. Before

th a friendly message, so it was alleged. 1 The union of Antonius and Lepidus cleared the situation; messages may then have pas

e other consul to revoke the decrees of outlawry against Antonius and Lepidus for Lepidus, too, had been declared a public enem

ul to revoke the decrees of outlawry against Antonius and Lepidus for Lepidus , too, had been declared a public enemy. The las

d entered Cisalpine Gaul again, with a brave front. In force of arms, Lepidus and Antonius could have overwhelmed the young con

rsonifying the memory of the Bellum Italicum and the party of Marius. Lepidus appears to have NotesPage=>188 1 Appian, B

way to the cause of the Republic. 2 The others were of no importance. Lepidus himself, however, was to have a second consulate

ina, perhaps to hold it for two years till his consulate (40 B.C.). 4 Lepidus retained his old command, Gallia Narbonensis and

lass-feeling and the common sentiments of humanity were revolted when Lepidus sacrificed his brother Paullus, Antonius his uncl

position. Antonius and Octavianus proposed to follow. Their colleague Lepidus was left behind in nominal charge of Rome and Ita

rutus and Cassius now took counsel for war. Even when Antonius joined Lepidus and Plancus, Brutus may not have abandoned all ho

provinces of the West they made the following dispositions, treating Lepidus as negligible. Cisalpine Gaul, they NotesPage=&

the Cisalpina: he retained Comata, however, and took Narbonensis from Lepidus . Lepidus was also despoiled of Spain, for the adv

pina: he retained Comata, however, and took Narbonensis from Lepidus. Lepidus was also despoiled of Spain, for the advantage of

al portion was by now in the hands of Pompeius. As for Africa, should Lepidus make complaint, he might have that for his share.

fence of his dignitas. 2 The consul marched on Rome, easily routing Lepidus . He was welcomed by the populace and by the Senat

lyricum and Macedonia, formed their frontier by land. To the inferior Lepidus the dynasts resigned possession of Africa, which

compact appeared to bring an ally in the West of much more value than Lepidus to check the power of his ambitious rival for the

cation of such a change. Octavianus went to Gaul for a brief visit, Lepidus to Africa. Antonius departed for the eastern prov

than he had planned. His best men, Agrippa and Calvinus, were absent. Lepidus in Africa was silent or ambiguous. Ambition had m

law the consular P. Servilius carried little weight if still alive. 1 Lepidus , married to a half-sister of Brutus, was connecte

n the company of Sex. Pompeius might be able to influence Antonius or Lepidus : they had done so before. For Octavianus there su

ubsisted the danger of a revived Republican coalition under Antonius, Lepidus and Pompeius, banded to check or to subvert him.

B.C.: pretty certainly the Servilia once betrothed to Octavianus. 2 Lepidus had several children. Their destiny, save for the

purnius Bibulus, M. Oppius Capito, and L. Sempronius Atratinus; 2 and Lepidus was conciliated or cajoled, perhaps through Anton

ianus was to sail from Puteoli, Statilius Taurus from Tarentum, while Lepidus invaded Sicily from the south with the army of Af

scued the remnants of the fleet. Hope soon revived. His generals, and Lepidus as well, had secured a firm footing in the island

delivered into his hands a richer prey. A strange delusion now urged Lepidus to assert himself. Plinius Rufus, a lieutenant of

ompeius, pent up with eight legions in Messana, offered to surrender. Lepidus , overriding Agrippa, who was present, accepted th

nt, accepted the capitulation in his own person. Octavianus objected: Lepidus , with twenty-two legions at his back, ordered Oct

he arts of the military demagogue for nothing. He entered the camp of Lepidus , with the name of Caesar as his sole protection:

his sole protection: it was enough. 4 The soldiers had no opinion of Lepidus and this was Caesar’s heir, in audacious deed as

ce, and once again the plea of averting Roman bloodshed recoiled upon Lepidus . His dignitas forfeit, Lepidus begged publicly fo

averting Roman bloodshed recoiled upon Lepidus. His dignitas forfeit, Lepidus begged publicly for mercy. 5 Stripped of triumvir

ped of triumviral powers but retaining the title of pontifex maximus, Lepidus was banished to Circeii, in which mild resort he

rt he survived the loss of honour by twenty-four years. The ruin of Lepidus had no doubt been carefully contrived, with littl

, 4: ‘spoliata, quam tueri non poterat, dignitas. ’ Velleius, calling Lepidus ‘vir omnium vanissimus’, echoes the language and

llowed Antonius for a time, it is uncertain for how long. 5 The young Lepidus went with Caesar’s heir from hatred of his triumv

rinciple, saving lives and property. 6 The earlier activities of both Lepidus and Ap. Pulcher are obscure probably tortuous. 7

(cos. suff. 43) belonged to the family of Messalla (ib. 35, 21). 6 Lepidus was not an admiral: but he was in the company of

vianus so far as now revealed to history, Messalla, Ap. Pulcher and Lepidus were not merely noble but of the most ancient nob

esting with Octavianus. He had cleared the sea of pirates, eliminated Lepidus and satisfied the veterans without harming Italy.

e Triumvirate (as it may still be called despite the disappearance of Lepidus ) was due to lapse. Then the trial would come. A

ppressed at once by Maecenas. 2 The author was a son of the relegated Lepidus : his wife, Servilia, who had once been betrothed

was M. Junius Silanus, of a variegated past, changing in loyalty from Lepidus to Antonius, to Sex. Pompeius and again to Antoni

stored. The alliance of equals had proved unsatisfactory and ruinous. Lepidus lacked capacity, Antonius cunning and temperance:

ad sunk still further except for the dynasts Antonius, Octavianus and Lepidus , only four of them find any mention in subsequent

h he was himself compelled to undertake four years later. Plancus and Lepidus resigned before the year was out. NotesPage=>

PageBook=>410 Maecenas had suppressed the conspiracy of young Lepidus : it was Sallustius who procured the removal of Ag

o Drusus, son of Germanicus (Tacitus, Ann. 6, 40). Velleius described M. Lepidus (2, 114, 5) as being ‘nomini ac fortunae Caesarum

unae Caesarum proximus’. PageBook=>434 These were eminent men. Lepidus , of Scipionic ancestry, son of Augustus’ friend P

spania Citerior, at the head of three legions. 1 Tiberius could trust Lepidus not Gallus, however, the husband of Vipsania. Gal

io 55, 34, 6f.; 56, 12, 2 and ILS 921 (Silvanus); Velleius 2, 114, 5 ( Lepidus ); 2, 116, 2 (Postumus and Apronius); 2, 116, 3 (L

one answer. The official head of the state religion, it is true, was Lepidus , the pontifex maximus, living in seclusion at Cir

ing the office by flagrant bribery and popularity with the Roman mob, Lepidus through favour of Antonius, by a procedure condem

esar was saddled with the whole guilt of the Civil Wars, Antonius and Lepidus with the ultimate responsibility for the proscrip

ised in 18 B.C., Labeo put forward the name of the relegated Triumvir Lepidus . Questioned by Augustus, Labeo stood his ground a

Questioned by Augustus, Labeo stood his ground and carried his point Lepidus was included, but enrolled last on the list of th

o heir; 4 his spirited sister chose to perish with her husband, young Lepidus . Scaurus was spared after Actium. PageNotes. 49

ilius C. f. Vatia: Ap. Claudius Ap. f. Pulcher 78 M. Aemilius Q. f. Lepidus : Q. Lutatius Q. f. Catulus PageBook=>526 7

P. Vatinius P. f. 46 C. Julius C. f. Caesar III: M. Aemilius M. f. Lepidus 45 C. Julius C. f. Caesar IV (without colleague

erninus: L. Arruntius L. f. 21 M. Lollius M. f.: Q. Aemilius M’. f. Lepidus 20 M. Appuleius Sex. f.: P. Silius P. f. Nerva

bius C. f. Postumus: C. Ateius L. f. Capito 6 M. Aemilius Paulli f. Lepidus : L. Arruntius L. f. L. Nonius L. f. Asprenas 7

. f. Lentulus Maluginensis: Q. Junius Blaesus 11 M’. Aemilius Q. f. Lepidus : T. Statilius T. f. Taurus L. Cassius L. f.Longin

a, Marian sympathies of, 17, 87 ff.; punished by Sulla, 87; rises for Lepidus , 17, 89; Marian and Caesarian partisans, 90, 93;

s Silanus, M. (cos. 25 B.C.), notorious renegade, 325, 349; legate of Lepidus , 178; with Sex. Pompeius, 189, 227; an Antonian,

ff. Lenaeus, freedman of Pompeius, 250. Lentulus, see Cornelius. Lepidus , see Aemilius. Lex de permutatione provinciarum

a, 396. Pontifex maximus, dignity of, 25, 68, 109, 232; retained by Lepidus , 447; assumedby Augustus, 469. Pontius Telesinu

tavianus, 277. Rufinus, freedman of Caesar, 76. Rufrenus, legate of Lepidus and ardent Antonian, 189, 202. Rutilii, 25. Sab

ntia, mother of L. Seius Strabo, 358. Terentius Culleo, Q., legate of Lepidus , 178. Terentius Varro, M., Pompeian partisan an