11: César (1936). 2 He offered to keep only the Cisalpina, or even Illyricum , with a single legion(Appian, BC 2, 32, 126; Plut

binius (58) and M. Valerius Messalla Rufus (53). Gabinius perished in Illyricum in 47 B.C. 2 The consuls of 54, the Optimates A

rtisans P. Vatinius and T. Sextius were in command of the armies of Illyricum and of Africa, three legions each. 3 Q. Hortensiu

howed scant prospect of succour. Further, the armies of Africa and of Illyricum were in the hands of Caesarians. Macedonia had be

d acted: they seized the armies of all the lands beyond the sea, from Illyricum to Egypt. About Cassius there were strong rumours

a was in his hands; and not only Macedonia Vatinius the governor of Illyricum had been unable to prevent his legions from passi

n of a usurped command:1 Brutus was appointed proconsul of Macedonia, Illyricum and Achaia. Cicero had acquired no little facilit

the sea, from Macedonia eastwards, Octavianus the West, from Spain to Illyricum . The lower course of the river Drin in the north

r Drin in the north of Albania, the boundary between the provinces of Illyricum and Macedonia, formed their frontier by land. To

bious infant, Saloninus. Pollio’s province was clearly Macedonia, not Illyricum , which lay in the portion of Octavianus, cf. CQ x

with impunity. The inheritance of Empire demanded the conquest of all Illyricum and the Balkans up to the Danube and the winning

how his person in the front of battle. Octavianus in the campaigns in Illyricum risked his person with ostentation and received h

mes been argued that Octavianus in these years made vast conquests in Illyricum , including the whole of Bosnia: which is neither

PageBook=>241 The work and services of Agrippa and of Taurus in Illyricum were not publicly commemorated. 1 At the end of 3

termination of the Sicilian and maritime war the military exploits in Illyricum enhanced the prestige of the young Caesar, winnin

; and Taurus, coming from his African triumph (June 30th, 34 B.C.) to Illyricum , took charge of affairs when Octavianus departed

r himself had probably seen, by fresh conquests in the Balkans and in Illyricum , as far as the Danube. Only then and only thus co

erial city witnessed the pomp of three triumphs, for the campaigns in Illyricum , for the War of Actium and for the War of Alexand

ns: three proconsuls had armies under their command, the governors of Illyricum , Macedonia and Africa. 3 These regions were close

3, 12, 2, cf. 13, 1): yet in his list of such provinces occur Africa, Illyricum and Macedonia, where armed proconsuls are definit

me salutary treatment, for nobody could believe that the frontiers of Illyricum and Macedonia were satisfactory; and Africa nouri

n administrator: he had fought with the young leader in Sicily and in Illyricum , he had governed Africa and Spain, he had thrice

he provincia of the Princeps - it comprised three military provinces, Illyricum , Macedonia and Africa. NotesPage=>328 1 Se

the son of Augustus’ half-sister Octavia (ILS 8963). He was legate of Illyricum in 8 B.C. (Cassiodorus, Chron. min. 2, 135). 2

nadequate here. The public provinces in 27 B.C. were probably Africa, Illyricum , Macedonia with Achaia, Asia, Bithynia-Pontus, Cr

lkan and Danubian lands. In time, however, the Princeps encroached in Illyricum and in Macedonia, the basis from which the north-

of consular rank would be put in charge of the military provinces of Illyricum and Macedonia; and such are in fact attested, nam

54, 20, 1 f., cf. ILS 899) and M. Vinicius (Velleius 2, 96, 2 f.) in Illyricum , c. 17-16 and c. 14-13 respectively. 3 By campa

d that the Senate’s choice of governors for the military provinces of Illyricum , Macedonia and Africa, in public law merely a mat

may well have held more than one praetorian command in the provinces: Illyricum and Macedonia respectively? Tarii Rufi occur on D

s, consul and consul suffect, died in office. 4 Namely Syria, Gaul, Illyricum (probably taken over by the Princeps at this poin

he Principate, such as Balbus in Africa, P. Silius and M. Vinicius in Illyricum and M. Lollius in Macedonia, must have been drawn

Gaul to Macedonia: a great advance was designed all along the line. 1 Illyricum is the central theme, and the extension of Illyri

long the line. 1 Illyricum is the central theme, and the extension of Illyricum to the bank of the river Danube is the cardinal a

ial frontier on the north-east consisted of two senatorial provinces, Illyricum and Macedonia, flanked and guarded each by a depe

ne lands, prepared by the competent soldier P. Silius as proconsul of Illyricum in 17 and 16 B.C.,3 was consummated by Tiberius a

m of Noricum was annexed about the same time. 5 Then came the turn of Illyricum and the Balkans. In 14 or 13 B.C. in Illyricum M.

Then came the turn of Illyricum and the Balkans. In 14 or 13 B.C. in Illyricum M. Vinicius began the Bellum Pannonicum. 6 Note

gions recently withdrawn from Spain reinforced the armies of Gaul and Illyricum ; and a new legion, XXI Rapax, was probably enroll

. (54, 28, 1). It might be conjectured that Vinicius was proconsul of Illyricum in 14 and in 13 B.C. presumably the last proconsu

ippa and the two Claudii. Agrippa on his return from the East went to Illyricum and fought a campaign in the winter of 13-12 B.C.

may be conjectured, was that Agrippa should prosecute the conquest of Illyricum in 12 B.C. while Drusus from the Rhine invaded Ge

e Balkans for three arduous years. 3 So it was Tiberius, as legate of Illyricum , not Agrippa, who subdued the Pannonians and Da

ned from the beginning by men of consular rank, perhaps Asia as well. Illyricum , as long as it was senatorial, and Macedonia, whi

t the Senate lost the other two armies. In 12 B.C. Augustus took over Illyricum ; 2 and, either after the campaigns of Tiberius an

new province to the north, the imperial legate of Moesia. 3 When both Illyricum and the Rhine army had been divided in the last y

nicius was the last proconsul, Tiberius the first imperial legate, of Illyricum . 3 For the dating to this period, cf. JRS XXIV

ia or Galatia were the northern armies with the two great commands in Illyricum and on the Rhine, a more searching trial for the

ome, there would have been a lull in operations after the conquest of Illyricum and the invasions of Germany. Other generals in t

rth would reveal momentous political facts. 1 When Tiberius went from Illyricum to the Rhine after Drusus’ death he was succeeded

v. Premerstein argues for 14–13 B.C. (when he is in fact attested in Illyricum at the beginning of the Bellum Pannonicum) cf. Ja

er, the consular legate Cn. Cornelius Lentulus, usually assigned to Illyricum , could quite well have been a legate of Moesia in

ion of this, see Premerstein (ib., 237 f.). 3 Provinces taken over: Illyricum in 12 B.C., Sardinia in A.D. 6. Proconsuls nomina

warfare in Spain and in the Alpine lands. Vinicius knew both Gaul and Illyricum . Lollius was not famed for service in eastern pro

rganizer. He did not live to see the consummation of the campaigns in Illyricum , in the Balkans and beyond the Rhine. Agrippa d

n Tiberius’ submission and his own prestige. 3 Tiberius had conquered Illyricum and extended the gains of Drusus in Germany: he w

s. 29 B.C.), a dim and mysterious figure, but none the less legate of Illyricum in 8 B.C., was the son of Octavia, the half-siste

in succession the command of the great northern armies, passing from Illyricum to Germany. He is described as cruel, arrogant an

cautious and considerate general. 5 After two campaigns he passed to Illyricum . In the interval of his absence, the power of Rom

final blow was to fall in A.D. 6, when the armies of the Rhine and of Illyricum invaded Bohemia from west and south, in a grand c

from west and south, in a grand converging movement. The rebellion of Illyricum cut short the ambitious design, fully engaging th

upon the gravest foreign war since Hannibal (for so the rebellion of Illyricum was designated)1 there followed a disaster unpara

ng a census as the colleague of Augustus, Tiberius Caesar set out for Illyricum (August, A.D. 14). The health of Augustus grew

nd of the younger Julia. He served with distinction under Tiberius in Illyricum , and in this year was governor of Hispania Citeri

aristocratic Claudian. 5 NotesPage=>434 1 Velleius 2, 114, 5 ( Illyricum ); 125, 5 (Șpain). 2 L. Arruntius, cos. 22 B.C.

ius Messalla Messallinus (cos. 3 B.C.) as governor of the province of Illyricum , ‘vir animo etiam quam gente nobilior1 In the Bal

acedonia had lost its army). 2 In the three years of the rebellion of Illyricum the following consulars served under Tiberius in

the Princeps died at Nola in Campania. Tiberius, who had set out for Illyricum , was recalled by urgent messages from his mother.

us. 5 Agrippa dealt with the offenders. Again, the great rebellion of Illyricum in A.D. 6 showed up the martial valour of the rac

with the revealing title of ‘cohortes voluntariorum’. 1 The war in Illyricum was a deadly blow, not merely to the foreign and

ies of the Princeps are omitted, save for Tiberius, whose conquest of Illyricum under the auspices of Augustus is suitably commem

Lepidus, M. (cos. A.D. 6), his birth and eminence, 420, 422, 517; in Illyricum and in Hispania Citerior, 433 f., 438; his daught

Augustus, 129, 378, 421, 483; proconsul of Spain, 303, 309; legate of Illyricum in 8 B.C., 328, 400. Appuleius, Sex. (cos, A.D.

225; his marriage to Livia, 229, 340; the Bellum Siculum, 230 ff.; in Illyricum , 240. Breach with Antonius, 276 ff.; position in

amous actress, 252. Dacians, 74, 296, 400 f. Dalmatia, 437 see also Illyricum . Dalmatians, rising of, 431, 457, 476. Danube l

Illyricum. Dalmatians, rising of, 431, 457, 476. Danube lands, see Illyricum , Moesia. Dardani, 223. Decidius, Cn., proscribe

.C.), 373, 378, 379, 392, 393, 423, 425; proconsul of Africa, 395; in Illyricum , 400; in Germany, 401, 431; character of, 421 f.,

455; of peasants, 454, 456; of Pompeius, 317 f. PageBook=>550 Illyricum , in the provincia of Caesar, 47; campaigns of Oct

ister, Sex., Augustan senator, 363. Pannonia, origin of, 437 see also Illyricum . Pansa, see Vibius. Paphlagonia, oath of alle

, 422; proconsul of Asia, 399, 435; legate of Galatia, 399, 435; in Illyricum , 399, 436; descendants, 500. Plautius Silvanus

B.C.), 330, 372, 425; legate in Hispania Citerior, 333; proconsul of Illyricum , 329, 390, 429; as a friend of Augustus, 376; ori

, 402, 413, 425; in Sicily, 231; in Africa, 233; priesthoods, 238; in Illyricum , 240; at Actium, 297; perhaps proconsul of Macedo

3, 376, 397, 403, 425, 452, 498; at Actium, 297; perhaps proconsul of Illyricum , 330; in Macedonia, 391; origin, 363; wealth, 382

ried to Vipsania, 247, 345; married to Julia, 416; in the Alps and in Illyricum , 390 f.; retirement to Rhodes, 391, 413 f., 417,

tribune, 66; attacked by poets, 63, 252; as consul, 94; proconsul of Illyricum , 110, 164, 171; his triumph, 197; his origin, 90;

s, C. (cos. suff. A.D. 5), novus homo from Larinum, 362, 434, 498; in Illyricum , 436. Vibo, 237. Vice, allegations of, 127, 1

long military career, 397, 413; re-emergence after 6 B.C., 419; in Illyricum , 329, 390, 394, 400; in Germany, 393, 401, 431; a

sulate, 231; in the Bellum Siculum, 231 f.; marries Caecilia, 238; in Illyricum , 240; work on aqueducts, 241 f., 403; at the beds

5 f.; in the East, 338, 342, 371, 388 f.; in Spain, 333, 389, 457; in Illyricum , 391; death, 391; character, 341, 343 f; Republic