orum familiarium loco habuit, dilexi summa cum pietate et fide. ’ 2 Horace , Odes 2, 1, 6 ff.: periculosae plenum opus alea

h the words ‘urbem Romam’. 2 Plutarch, Caesar 13 ; Pompeius 47. 3 Horace , Odes 2, i, i if. 4 For example, Lucan, Pharsal

ate is consistent and instructive. Though in different words, Virgil, Horace and Livy tell the same tale and point the same mo

a senator (Münzer, P-W VII, 2512 ff.). If the scholiast Porphyrio (on Horace , Sat. 1, 3, 130) could be trusted, P. Alfenus Var

c houses that ruled them in a feudal fashion. NotesPage=>083 1 Horace , Odes 3, 17, 1: ‘Aeli vetusto nobilis ab Lamo. ’

ium, ILS 5342 ff. On Pansa, a magnate from Perusia, above, p. 90. 2 Horace , Odes 1, 7, 21. A Munatius is attested as aedile

the Cilnii of Arretium, Livy 10, 3, 2; for Maecenas’ regal ancestry, Horace , Odes 1, 1, 1, &c. PageBook=>130 The b

c, but a Roman father with virtus to bequeath NotesPage=>218 1 Horace , Epodes 16, 1 f.: altera iam teritur bellis civil

is military genius as well as his ships would NotesPage=>225 1 Horace , Sat. 1, 5, 31 ff. The poets were Virgil, Horace

otesPage=>225 1 Horace, Sat. 1, 5, 31 ff. The poets were Virgil, Horace and L. Varius Rufus Virgil’s friend Plotius Tucca

admiral and son of a Pompeian admiral (BMC, R. Rep. II, 564 f.). 4 Horace , Epodes 9, 7 f.: ‘Neptunius dux’; Dio 48, 31, 5 a

god of the sea). 5 Res Gestae 25: ‘mare pacavi a praedonibus’; cf. Horace , Epodes 4, 19: ‘contra latrones atque servilem ma

was later an admiral at Actium (Velleius 2, 85, 2). 8 Porphyrio on Horace , Sat. 1, 3, 130, says that he came from Cremona.

2, 127, 1). 5 Dio 49, 16, 1. 6 Hence Agrippa’s estates in Sicily ( Horace , Epp. 1, 12). 7 The daughter of Scribonia, abov

herited her from another),6 NotesPage=>252 1 Above, p. 63. 2 Horace , Sat. 1, 10, 42 f. 3 Ad fam. 10, 32, 5, cf. 31,

GL 2, 497, 10); and Furius, author of Annales belli Gallici (cf. esp. Horace , Sat. 2, 5, 41), may well be Bibaculus, though th

he only discovery of Maecenas. Virgil with short delay had introduced Horace to his new patron. In the company of statesmen, d

roused enthusiasm in a city that honoured the memory of tyrannicides. Horace was swept from the lectures of philosophers into

ot, until a balanced and resilient temperament reasserted its rights. Horace now composed satires but not in the traditional m

multas perambulastis terras, ecquam cultiorem Italia vidistis? ’ 2 Horace , Sat. 1, 5. PageBook=>255 Horace had come

tiorem Italia vidistis? ’ 2 Horace, Sat. 1, 5. PageBook=>255 Horace had come to manhood in an age of war and knew the

new the age for what it was. Others might succumb to black despair: Horace instead derived a clear, firm and even metallic s

cious little is known. One of the negotiators at Tarentum in 37 B.C. ( Horace , Sat. 1, 5, 32 f.), he was sent on a mission to E

H x, 76) concedes that Antonius himself was not a danger to Rome. 2 Horace , Odes 1, 37, 21. 3 The unimportance of Cleopatr

ributions for the war: note the phrase ‘in commeatum legionibus’. 3 Horace , Epodes 1, 7, 1. 4 Res Gestae 25: ‘iuravit in m

ed shields of Mars, the Roman name, the toga and eternal Vesta! 1 But Horace , himself perhaps no son of Italian stock, was con

the full the terrible danger that had menaced NotesPage=>287 1 Horace , Odes 3, 5, 5 ff. 2 Lucan, Pharsalia 1, 134 f.

e entirely vain about the manner in which the NotesPage=>288 1 Horace , Epodes 9; Odes 1, 37. Virgil, Aen. 8, 671 ff.; P

ntending NotesPage=>297 1 For the hypothesis, largely based on Horace , Epodes 9, 19 f., that the whole left wing refuse

reign queen, the ‘fatale monstrum’. ‘Nunc est bibendum’ sang the poet Horace , safe and subsidized in Rome. There remained th

at Ccphallcnia after the Battle of Actium, BMC, R. Rep. 11, 533. 2 Horace , Odes 1, 37, 29 ff. 3 Above, p. 159. 4 Res Ge

n became proconsul, NotesPage=>302 1 e.g. Virgil, Aen. 7, 606; Horace , Odes 1, 12, 53 ff.; 3, 5, 2 ff.; Propertius 2, 1

ed they would be difficult to allay: their echo could still be heard. Horace produces a divine decree, forbidding Troy ever to

not of very common occurrence in the first three books of the Odes of Horace (which appeared in 23 B.C.). Propertius uses it b

venerable adversary whose memory he had traduced after death. Again, Horace in the Odes omits all mention of Caesar the Dicta

ion of Caesar’s heir. 1 The picture is consistent. Livy, Virgil and Horace of all Augustan writers stand closest to the gove

e of ‘status’, cf. E. K ö stermann, Rh. M. LXXXVI (1937), 225 ff. 4 Horace , Odes 2, 1, 23 f.: ‘et cuncta terrarum subacta |

Tib. 8), Velleius ‘L. Murena’ (2, 91, 2). Similarly, the ‘Murena’ of Horace , Odes 3, 19, 11 may be identified with the ‘Licin

, 9 ff.) who is probably Murena. 3 Dio 53, 24, 2. 4 Ib. 54, 3, 5: Horace , Odes 2, 2, 5 f.: ‘vivet extento Proculeius aevo

io 53, 30, 2. 3 Ib. 50, 32, 4. Son of P. Sestius (tr. pl. 57 B.C.). Horace dedicated Odes 1, 4 to him. 4 Horace, Odes 1, 2

P. Sestius (tr. pl. 57 B.C.). Horace dedicated Odes 1, 4 to him. 4 Horace , Odes 1, 2, 25f. PageBook=>336 The anxiety

in the preface of Livy’s great history and in certain of the Odes of Horace . 1 The chief men of the Caesarian party had the

: ‘haec tempora, quibus nec vitia nostra nec remedia pati possumus. ’ Horace , Odes 1, 2, is quite relevant here, though the po

ly in that year; 5 and it is at least remarkable that certain Odes of Horace (published in the second half of 23 B.C.) should

insensible, it was rumoured, to those notorious charms which the poet Horace has so candidly depicted. 5 Maecenas might be d

ower. That would never do. M. Vipsanius Agrippa was an awkward topic: Horace hastily passes him over in an Ode, disclaiming an

6. 4 Dio 54, 29, 6. 5 Odes 1, 6. Varius should write the epic, so Horace suggests. 6 Pliny, NH 7, 46, mentions Agrippa’s

5 During the Triumviral period an ex-slave became military tribune. Horace is ferociously indignant ‘hoc, hoc tribuno militu

ribune. Horace is ferociously indignant ‘hoc, hoc tribuno militum’. 6 Horace himself was only one generation better. Here agai

alpellius Hister (946: Pola). Perhaps also the Vibii Visci, Schol. on Horace , Sat. 1, 10, 83, cf. PIR1, V 108: Brixia (cf. CIL

n. 3, 75. He was the grandson of a Sullan centurion. 6 PIR1, V 169. Horace dedicated Odes 2, 9 to Valgius; on his botanical

patron. | d. d.’ Silius fought against the Camunni and Vennones. 4 Horace , Odes 4, 4 and 14. 5 Dio 54, 20, 2; Strabo, p.

Augustus only one besides Agrippa, namely M. Lollius, is honoured by Horace with the dedication of an ode. 2 The nobiles can

chievements has been defaced and obliterated. NotesPage=>392 1 Horace , Epp. 2, I, I f. 2 Odes 4, 9. 3 For example,

Odes 4, 9. 3 For example, Piso and Ahenobarbus receive no ode from Horace . PageBook=>393 Above all, there is a singu

nas knew no peer and left no successor. In the same year as Maecenas, Horace died: Virgil had gone eleven years before. In the

place: the name of Livia is never mentioned by an official poet like Horace . The precaution seems excessive. In a Republic

la do not occur in the list of Roman heroes in Aen. 6, 824 ff., or in Horace , Odes 1, 12. Marius does, however, just find a me

ory of Roman Religion (1938), 369 ff. 5 Propertius 3, 22, 21 f. 6 Horace , Odes 3, 6, 5 f. PageBook=>450 The last ge

tit, qui imperium p. R. ex minimo maximum reddidissent. ’ 2 Compare Horace , Odes 4, 8, 13 ff.: ‘non incisa notis marmora pub

there) and in Virgil, Aen. 6, 824 ff. 3 Virgil, Aen. 9, 602 f. 4 Horace , Odes 1, 12, 43. For the type in a contemporary h

w larger. Prosperity might produce qualms no less than did adversity. Horace , in whom the horrors of the Perusine War had insp

he war profiteers became respectable. ‘Fortuna non mutât genus’, so Horace exclaimed in the revolutionary period. 2 The New

the patrician dilettante, showed some favour to Ovid, and perhaps to Horace ; 4 and Piso satisfied the philhellenic traditions

ier, Antipater of Thessalonica. 5 Pollio, it is true, was honoured by Horace in a conspicuous ode. Not so Messalla, however. A

r. ’ 4 Frequent references in Ovid, e.g. Ex Ponto 1, 2, 1; 3, 3, 1. Horace dedicates Odes 4, 1 to Fabius, ‘centum puer artiu

ed to be civic rather than individual, more useful than ornamental. Horace , his lyric vein now drying up, exerted himself to

, the last generation was not rich in models to commend or imitate. Horace has never a word to say of Catullus and Lucretius

rb. Personal misfortune and political despair wrung from the youthful Horace the hard and bitter invective of his Epodes. Age

inating commentary upon it. After eloquent discourse upon high themes Horace recovers himself at the end: non hoc iocosae co

n with praise of Cato Cato stood for the established order. Virgil, Horace and Livy are the enduring glories of the Principa

s belonged had everything to gain from the new order. Both Virgil and Horace had lost their paternal estates in the confiscati

he Senate in 43 B.C., cf. Phil. 12, 10. PageBook=>465 If Livy, Horace and Virgil had private and material reasons for g

d they all repaid Augustus more than he or the age could give them. Horace was the son of a wealthy freedman from Venusia. V

ome only. This conception does not find expression in the versions of Horace and Propertius. Propertius again, when singing th

ation to such unreserved eulogies of the New State as were Virgil and Horace . Maecenas also took up Propertius, a young Umbria

n lapidary commemoration of inordinate length. 3 PageNotes. 472 1 Horace , Epp. 2, 1, 15 f. 2 ILS 137. 3 ILS 139 f. P

ram duxit sensum animi quam apertissime exprimere. ’ 5 Porphyrio on Horace , Ars poetica 311: ‘male hercule eveniat verbis, n

inherent in imperial Roman historiography, flattery and detraction. 1 Horace assured Augustus that the envy incurred by the gr

. Otto s definition (Ib. LI (1916), 73 ff.) is probably too wide. 2 Horace , Odes 2, 10, 5. 3 Martial (5, 28, 4; 8, 70, 1)

agility, deserted every side at the right moment. It is curious that Horace should have felt impelled to remind him of the ne

troubles were over. When inciting Plancus to take comfort from wine, Horace contemplates the possibility that Plancus may go

e. It was not until 2 B.C. that Augustus was acclaimed pater patriae. Horace hints at it long before: hie ames dici pater atqu

0: ‘in summa deus ille caelumque nescio adeptus magis an meritus’ 4 Horace , Odes 4, 8, 13 ff. 5 As argued by E. Kornemann,

ia, L., legate of Augustus in Spain, 329, 333; addressed in an Ode of Horace , 83. Aelius Lamia, L. (cos. A.D. 3), 362, 436,

gade, 214, 265, 267, 296, 385; writes history, 265, 484; addressed by Horace in an Ode, 511; ‘desultor bellorum civilium’, 512

erial cult, 474; his character as defined by Cassius Severus, 487; by Horace , 511. Fabius Maximus, Q. (cos. suff. 45 B.C.),

the Valerii, 362, 379; wealth, 381; alleged venality, 429; praised by Horace , 429; upbraided by Velleius, 429. Lollius Palic