founding cities in his name. From Thrace to the Caucasus and down to Egypt the eastern lands acknowledged his predominance.

ion of foreign policy, the restoration of Ptolemy Auletes the King of Egypt , which provoked long debate and intrigue, further

sted and enlightened Postumus lent large sums of money to the King of Egypt , who, unable to repay his benefactor in hard cash

r rivalled and surpassed the elder dynast: he placed three legions in Egypt under the charge of a certain Rufinus, the son of

cy which he adopted in the East and his association with the Queen of Egypt were vulnerable to the moral and patriotic propag

stationed at Alexandria to maintain order in the dependent kingdom of Egypt . Nor was trouble likely to come from the other

gh private sources. It was reported that the legions at Alexandria in Egypt were riotous, that Cassius was expected there. 3

advance, the one to Syria, the other to secure for him the legions in Egypt . Yet the East was not altogether barren of hope f

turpissimus et sordidissimus’ (Ad Att. 9, 9, 3). PageBook=>167 Egypt in October, but no confirmation. Winter, however,

probably kept a discreet silence. Macedonia was nearer than Syria or Egypt and Macedonia was soon to provide more than rumou

seized the armies of all the lands beyond the sea, from Illyricum to Egypt . About Cassius there were strong rumours in the f

The Caesarian A. Allienus was conducting four legions northwards from Egypt through Palestine, to join Dolabella. They too we

espair Dolabella took his own life: Trebonius was avenged. Except for Egypt , whose Queen had helped Dolabella, and the recalc

e versatile Q. Dellius, he summoned an important vassal, the Queen of Egypt , to render account of her policy. 2 Cleopatra w

sary arrangements in Syria and Palestine, passed leisurely onwards to Egypt . After a short and merry winter at Alexandria, he

wards to Egypt. After a short and merry winter at Alexandria, he left Egypt in the early spring of 40 B.C. That he had contra

ere neither is, nor was, any sign at all. Nor did he see the Queen of Egypt again until nearly four years had elapsed. On t

he Caesarian leader. 5 The paradox that Antonius went from Syria to Egypt and lurked in Egypt, while in Italy his wife and

5 The paradox that Antonius went from Syria to Egypt and lurked in Egypt , while in Italy his wife and his brother not No

the most powerful and most wealthy of the Roman vassals, the Queen of Egypt : he had not seen her for nearly four years. Fonte

a problem to govern. Antonius resolved to augment the territories of Egypt . To Cleopatra he gave dominions in Syria, namely,

gt;260 1 On these dispositions, including the territorial grants to Egypt , see especially J Kromayer, Hermes XXIX (1894), 5

Philadelphus except for Judaea. The occasion was to be celebrated in Egypt and reckoned as the beginning of a new era. 1 B

y those of proconsul and vassal-ruler. After Antonius’ departure from Egypt nearly four years earlier, Cleopatra had given bi

nius hoped to derive money and supplies for his military enterprises. Egypt , the most valuable of the dependencies, should no

me arising from Antonius’ alliance and marital life with the Queen of Egypt . The following year witnessed a turn of fortune

preponderant partner in a divided Empire. With the strong kingdoms of Egypt and Judaea in the south and south-east, Rome was

um in 37 B.C. (Horace, Sat. 1, 5, 32 f.), he was sent on a mission to Egypt by Antonius in the following winter (Plutarch, An

positions of 37-36 B.C., including the augmentation of the kingdom of Egypt , passed without repercussion in Rome or upon Roma

o removed Cyprus from Roman control and resigned it to the kingdom of Egypt . 1 Antonius in his consulate decreed the liberati

heir weakness, fomented danger and embarrassment to Rome. A revived Egypt might likewise play its part in the Roman economy

2, 35, 5. 2 Phil 2, 97. 3 Ad Att. 14, 12, 1. PageBook=>273 Egypt itself, however much augmented, could never be a

preserve the rich land from spoliation and ruin by Roman financiers. Egypt was clearly not suited to be converted into a Rom

f Rome. Even if the old dynasty lapsed, the monarchy would subsist in Egypt . Antonius’ dispositions and Antonius’ vassal ru

ers were retained almost wholly by the victorious rival, save that in Egypt he changed the dynasty and substituted his own pe

tus was therefore at the same time a magistrate at Rome and a king in Egypt . But that does not prove the substantial identity

h that of Antonius. There was Cleopatra. Antonius was not the King of Egypt ,1 but when he abode there as consort of Egypt’s Q

rnate. 3 NotesPage=>273 1 W. W. Tarn, CAH x, 81. The rulers of Egypt were Cleopatra and her eldest son Ptolemy Caesar

ntellect. His position was awkward if he did not placate the Queen of Egypt he would have to depose her. Yet he was quite abl

ed the weight of his attack upon Antonius’ alliance with the Queen of Egypt . Then irony: the grandiose conquests of Antonius

consuls and the Republic against the domination of Octavianus, or for Egypt and Egypt’s Queen? Ahenobarbus urged that Cleopat

t and Egypt’s Queen? Ahenobarbus urged that Cleopatra be sent back to Egypt . Canidius the marshal dissented, pointing to the

er the West Antonius would surrender the city of Rome to the Queen of Egypt and transfer the capital to Alexandria. 4 Her fav

oms of the East and to seize a spoil so long denied, the rich land of Egypt . The most ardent exponents of the national unity

ius was not outlawed that was superfluous. On Cleopatra, the Queen of Egypt , the foreign enemy, the Roman leader declared war

of Corinth was his head-quarters. His forces, fed by corn-ships from Egypt , were strung out in a long line from Corcyra and

sed nineteen of his legions: the other eleven made up the garrison of Egypt , Cyrene, Syria and Macedonia. 1 Antonius could

is veteran legions. 1 But would Roman soldiers fight for the Queen of Egypt ? They had all the old personal loyalty of Caesari

rtain partisans of Antonius. Note also the inscription from Philae in Egypt (OGIS 196), dated to 32 B.C., mentioning an ἔπαρχ

orty ships managed to break through and follow Cleopatra in flight to Egypt . Treachery was at work in the land-army. Canidius

was final and complete. There was no haste to pursue the fugitives to Egypt . Octavianus had a huge army on his hands, with ma

ith Antonius. In the summer of the year 30 B.C. Octavianus approached Egypt from the side of Syria, Cornelius Gallus from the

is own life. The army of the Roman People entered the capital city of Egypt on the first day of August. Such was the episode

o have added the land to the Empire of the Roman People :4 he treated Egypt as his own private and dynastic possession and go

h a viceroy, jealously excluding Roman senators. The first Prefect of Egypt was C. Cornelius Gallus, a Roman knight. 5 For

ueror during his long rule. The menace of Parthia, like the menace of Egypt , was merely a pretext in his policy. There was

his own equals and rivals, the proconsuls of the military provinces. Egypt was secure, or deemed secure, in the keeping of a

in Italy, or purchased from the war-booty, especially the treasure of Egypt . 2 Liberty was gone, but property, respected an

w mounting in value. The beneficial working of the rich treasure from Egypt became everywhere apparent. 3 Above all, security

plained in cause, obscure in date. C. Cornelius Gallus the Prefect of Egypt , vain, eloquent and ambitious, succumbed to impru

ected to himself and boastful inscriptions incised on the pyramids of Egypt . 3 Lapidary evidence, though not from a pyramid,

s in conquest farther than any army of the Roman People or monarch of Egypt . 4 NotesPage=>309 1 Messalla had left Syri

eplored the death of a friend. 2 Gallus may have been recalled from Egypt in 28 B.C. With the proconsul of Macedonia no lin

litary territories of the Empire and the majority of the legions; and Egypt stood apart from the reckoning. But Augustus di

gt;323 Augustus was by far the wealthiest man in the Empire, ruling Egypt as a king and giving account of it to no man; he

province (Syria and Cilicia Campestris), to which Cyprus, taken from Egypt after Actium, was at first added. 2 L. Ganter,

e the triumphal pomp of Crassus and the prosecution of the Prefect of Egypt . In Rome the Senate and People might enjoy the bl

of the associates of Augustus, Cornelius Gallus, the first Prefect of Egypt , had been recalled and disgraced. The tall tree

ot only that. Syria was the only military province in the East except Egypt . Egypt might seem secure, governed by a viceroy o

that. Syria was the only military province in the East except Egypt. Egypt might seem secure, governed by a viceroy of eques

. D. Magie, CP in (1908), 145 ff. 4 M.(?) Aelius Gallus, Prefect of Egypt perhaps from 27 to 25 B.C., made a fruitless inva

for even longer T. Junius Montanus is the prime example. 3 Again, in Egypt , a land forbidden to senators, Roman knights comm

of the legions in garrison. 4 Nor was the practice always confined to Egypt elsewhere for the needs of war an equestrian offi

and powerful than any. A Roman knight led an army to the conquest of Egypt and remained there as the first Prefect of the la

officer governed Cyrene. 2 None of these provinces was comparable to Egypt or contained Roman legions; but the Prefect of Eg

as comparable to Egypt or contained Roman legions; but the Prefect of Egypt found peer and parallel in the middle years of Au

s in an equestrian career that might culminate in the governorship of Egypt or the command of the Guard were two administrati

e for policing and for security from riot or fire. 3 The Viceroy of Egypt could look down from high eminence upon a mere pr

lvius Aper. In the time of Augustus the Guard was not so important as Egypt , therefore Scapula’s prefecture of Egypt (Riv. di

uard was not so important as Egypt, therefore Scapula’s prefecture of Egypt (Riv. di fil. lxv (1937), 337) will fall after

sinii in Etruria but Seius became Prefect of the Guard and Viceroy of Egypt ; he married a wife from the patrician family of C

he senatorial career. Two, if not three, provincials were Prefects of Egypt . 4 The sons of such eminent personages regularly

by advantageous marriages and endowment in money on a princely scale. Egypt was his, the prize upon which politicians and fin

cians and financiers had cast greedy eyes a generation before; and in Egypt large estates were now owned and exploited by mem

ry, stood by Rome in the Bellum Italicum: a descendant was Prefect of Egypt under Augustus. 3 On the other, his grandfather h

may be presumed, of that Aelius Gallus who was the second Prefect of Egypt ,6 and who was subsequently to adopt the son of Se

e provinces as procurators became available above all the Prefects of Egypt , a land strictly managed on monopolistic principl

among the equestrian councillors of the Princeps, but any Prefect of Egypt could furnish information about taxation and fisc

ome had fought a national war against a political woman, the Queen of Egypt . The moral programme of the New State was designe

ard, C. Turranius of the corn supply; another knight, M. Magius, held Egypt . All the provincial armies were in the hands of s

ctium was shown to be a contest not so much against Greece as against Egypt and the East. The contest was perpetuated under t

ι f.: Corinth). This Balbillus is probably the man who was Prefect of Egypt in A.D. 55 (cf. A. Stein, PIR2, C 813). 2 Macro

9 f., 299, 442, 480. Cleon, the brigand, 259. Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt , 6, 214, 259; relations with Caesar, 275; donatio

oet, 252; his mistress, 252; his career, 253, 355; in the conquest of Egypt , 298 f.; Prefect of Egypt, 300; fall and disgrace

2; his career, 253, 355; in the conquest of Egypt, 298 f.; Prefect of Egypt , 300; fall and disgrace, 121, 309 f., 334. Corn

B.C.), 91. Custos, as title of Augustus, 519 f. Cyprus, given to Egypt , 260, 272; under the Principate, 326, 339, 395, 4

pirator, 371, 402. Egnatuleius, L., quaestor of Antonius, 126, 132. Egypt , in relation to Pompeius and Caesar, 37, 76; troo

356; property held there, 380; worship of Augustus, 474; Prefects of Egypt , 300, 338, 357, 358, 367, 383, 411, 437. Emigra

co, C., Greek in imperial service, 506. Julius Papius, C., officer in Egypt , 295. Julius Severus, C., Hadrianic senator fro