eparate kingdoms or else a renegade, coming like a monarch out of the East , would subjugate Rome to an alien rule. Italy suf

e was married to a Servilia (Ad Alt. 12, 20, 2). 4 He served in the East on the staffs of Lucullus (Plutarch, Lucullus 34)

h corn or money. 4 Against the military dynast now returning from the East he would oppose that alliance of stubborn spirit

bsent dynast overshadowed the politics of Rome, sending home from the East , as before from Spain, his lieutenants to stand f

nly been misunderstood. PageBook=>030 and resources of all the East at his back, he disbanded his army. Much to his a

or marched along the great roads of Asia, dispersing the kings of the East , displaying power and founding cities in his name

served as a legate with Pompeius both in the Sertorian War and in the East , on sea and on land, cf. C. Cichorius, R. Studien

: a decree of the People was enacted, permitting the conqueror of the East to wear the robe of a triumphator or a golden cro

ose, saying nothing. 3 No happier in the Senate, the conqueror of the East neglected to praise the saviour of Italy, and the

t and vindictive, to contest the dispositions made by Pompeius in the East . Pompeius requested their acceptance by the Senat

enerals or of demagogues well enough. When Pompeius returned from the East , he lacked the desire as well as the pretext to m

ls and rivalry, Pompeius broke the alliance when he returned from the East ; and the consul Metellus Celer banded with the Ca

Certain of the Lentuli had served under Pompeius in Spain and in the East :2 five consulates in this generation rewarded the

attacked a proconsul who was fighting the wars of the Republic in the East . Sulla had all the ambition of a Roman noble: but

aesar entrapped between the legions of Spain and the hosts of all the East , and then to return, like Sulla, to victory and t

t and hereditary succession; as though Pompeius, the conqueror of the East and of every continent, did not exploit for his o

ng of 44 B.C. for several years of campaigning in the Balkans and the East , he tied up magistracies and provincial commands

turn now. The extended commands of Pompeius in the West and in the East furnished scope for political patronage as well a

om Pompeius, the tribes of the Balkans, the kings and horsemen of the East . 1 Pompeius derided Lucullus, naming him ‘the Rom

Gaetuli had forgotten Marius and the war against Jugurtha. 1 In the East kings, dynasts and cities stood loyal to Pompeius

W VII, 1817 ff. They were a noted commercial family, trading with the East (for Granii at Delos see BCH XXXI (1907), 443 f;

d damage multiple and irreparable. The policy which he adopted in the East and his association with the Queen of Egypt were

But that province was soon to be stripped of its legions. As for the East , Trebonius and Cimber might have Asia and Bithyni

Dolabella, without awaiting the end of his consulate, set out for the East to secure the province of Syria. Antonius had a

s of the Dictator and of the annual tribute from the provinces of the East . 2 It is alleged that he duly dispatched these mo

to one of the generals of the Republic. When Pompeius had subdued the East to the arms of Rome, he received an alarming prop

e to Syria, the other to secure for him the legions in Egypt. Yet the East was not altogether barren of hope for the Republi

r, however, while delaying news, would facilitate a revolution in the East . The friends and relatives of Brutus and Cassius

was as yet no authentic news of his successes: his usurpation in the East and seizure of a dozen legions was not confirmed

olabella, with an extraordinary command over all the provinces of the East . The revolutionary change in the East alarmed t

over all the provinces of the East. The revolutionary change in the East alarmed the friends of Antonius: there was little

ry to the credit of the patriotic armies and all the provinces of the East in the hands of Brutus and Cassius, the Republic

might be caught between Caesarians in the West and Republicans in the East , crushed and exterminated. If Brutus and Cassius

r’s heir. 4 And now on others beside Octavianus the menace from the East loomed heavily. The Republicans in the Senate s

F. Blumenthal, Wiener Studien xxxv (1913), 269. PageBook=>164 East were consigned to Cassius in one act. Nor was thi

as not with the plan already conceived of mustering the armies of the East , invading Italy and restoring the Republic throug

h Cassius. To cross to Italy without Cassius and the resources of the East would have been a fatal step. The Caesarian gener

the city of Rome and the gathering power of Brutus and Cassius in the East , the Caesarian leaders were drawn irresistibly to

proscribed got safely away and took refuge with the Liberators in the East or with Sex. Pompeius on the western seas and in

fighting the Republicans at Rome as it was soon to fight them in the East . But the struggle was not purely political in cha

on, for the provinces of the West were exhausted, the revenues of the East in the hands of the Republicans. From Italy, ther

rutus and Cassius had been gathering the wealth and the armies of the East . Not long after the Battle of Mutina, Brutus depa

es of Lycia, the Caesarian cause had suffered complete eclipse in the East . Brutus and Cassius now took counsel for war. E

ncus, Brutus may not have abandoned all hope of an accommodation with East and West so evenly matched between Republicans an

ineteen legions and numerous levies from the dependent princes of the East . Wisdom after the event scores easy triumphs th

e settlement of the veterans, Antonius to regulate the affairs of the East and exact the requisite money. About the province

dishonesty or dispute. Antonius now departed to the provinces of the East , leaving to his young colleague the arduous and u

8 Velleius 2, 75. PageBook=>211 Still no sign came from the East . In Perusia the consul professed that he was figh

, 50, 212. PageBook=>213 approaching with an armament from the East , Antonius’ man Calenus still held all Gaul beyond

end of the summer, it was to find that Antonius had come up from the East and was laying siege to Brundisium, with Ahenobar

to be paid in two. Antonius distributed fines and privileges over the East , rewarded friends and punished enemies, set up pe

ses and his soldiers. His own share was the gathering of funds in the East in which perhaps he had not been very successful.

e fugitives were to return. To Antonius, now urgently needed in the East , the new compact appeared to bring an ally in the

th a formidable advantage. It waned with the years and absence in the East . Octavianus was able to win over more and more

the Euphrates, he superintended from Athens the reorganization of the East . The northern frontiers of Macedonia, ever expo

y of Rome had been restored. It remained to settle the affairs of the East upon an enduring basis and make war, for revenge,

an ambiguous partner he had to defer the complete pacification of the East . Caesar’s heir journeyed to the encounter, taking

is prestige were gravely menaced and there was work to be done in the East . Antonius departed for Syria. From Corcyra in the

must have been highly distasteful. His future and his fate lay in the East , with another woman. But that was not yet apparen

ome again to Brundisium or Tarentum with the fleets and armies of the East , whether it was peace or war in the end, Octavian

fight the wars of the Republic or of private ambition far away in the East ; Octavianus chose to safeguard Italy. The victori

near future, should the Republicans and Pompeians come back from the East , should Antonius demand lands for the veterans of

hia was designed for the next summer. The dependent kingdoms of the East furnished the traditional basis of Roman economy

nd well- balanced structure, with every promise of long duration. 1 East of the Hellespont there were to be three Roman pr

inding to his clientela all the kings, dynasts and cities of the wide East , had shown the way to imperial power. Beside prin

nces of blood or title, the personal following of Rome’s ruler in the East might suitably be extended to embrace the whole a

t enough to acquire the adherence of influential dynasts over all the East , friends of Rome and friends of Antonius. A ruler

yrus (IOSPE I2, 691), but mentioning other caesarian partisans in the East . for Theopompus and Callistus, cf. SIG3 761 and e

the pretext was the policy which had been adopted by Antonius in the East and the sinister intentions thence deduced and ma

y were, made no difference at all to provincial administration in the East . Yet even now Antonius’ acts and dispositions wer

bitions and narrow the area of its rule. Rome could not deal with the East as well as the West. The East was fundamentally d

my of empire. It was doubly necessary, now that Rome elsewhere in the East had undertaken a fresh commitment a new province,

gth of the Hellenistic monarchies. Rome spread confusion over all the East and in the end brought on herself wars foreign an

tortions of the knights. The empire, and especially the empire in the East , had been the ruin of the Republic. NotesPage=&

was making provision for the present, not for a long future, for the East but not for Italy and the West as well. 2 To abso

e West as well. 2 To absolute monarchy belonged divine honours in the East but not to monarchy alone: in any representative

ed from that of Antonius. The first man in Rome, when controlling the East , could not evade, even if he wished, the rank and

Antonius: she was planning a war of revenge that was to array all the East against Rome, establish herself as empress of the

ssumed the august and solemn form of a war of ideas and a war between East and West. Antonius and Cleopatra seem merely pawn

d a speech before the Senate, criticizing the acts of Antonius in the East . 1 Antonius replied with a manifesto. He took his

e more than enough to provide bounties or lands for the armies of the East . 4 Antonius consigned the statement of his acta

ted confirmation of his ordering of the provinces and kingdoms of the East . Ahenobarbus held back, perhaps in hope of peace.

Vestal Virgins. Neither the attack upon the policy of Antonius in the East , nor the indignation fomented about the divorce o

rary power and a national mandate to save Rome from the menace of the East . A kind of plebiscite was organized, in the form

lry of the Caesarian leaders a latent opposition between Rome and the East , and a nationalism grotesquely enhanced by war an

man imperator, wishing to secure ratification for his ordering of the East , was in himself no menace to the Empire, but a fu

s as before, rulers of a divided empire. The temporary severance of East and West between the two dynasts after the Pact o

s’ system of reducing the burdens of empire by delegating rule in the East to dependent princes diminished the profits of em

ness men leapt forward with alacrity to reconquer the kingdoms of the East and to seize a spoil so long denied, the rich lan

st ardent exponents of the national unity and the crusade against the East were no doubt to be found in the order of Roman k

f Roman history that in subsequent ages the division between West and East was masked so well and delayed so long. The loss

o an Italy that had prospered and grown rich from the revenues of the East , the return she gained from her export of soldier

f the imperial Republic had shattered and swept away the kings of the East , carrying the eagles in victory to the Euphrates

ing and artistic detail. More than that, Actium became the contest of East and West personified, the birth-legend in the myt

ter following the conqueror proceeded to make his dispositions in the East . The vassal princes, well aware of their own weak

ttach to his own clientela. 6 As heir to the power of Antonius in the East he confirmed their titles when he did not augment

considerably smaller than it had been after Pompeius’ ordering of the East , thirty years before. Precisely as in the system

Such was the sober truth about the much advertised reconquest of the East for Rome. 1 The artful conqueror preferred to lea

and not safely to be discarded in peace, was quietly neglected in the East , where he inherited the policy of Antonius in ord

god Divus Julius did not preclude the worship of the new lord of the East as well, manifest and monarchic. 2 The frontier

tern frontier policy of Antonius. His retreat from commitments in the East was unobtrusive and masterly. With the Mede, Anto

of Roman rule. There were to be no more civil wars. So much for the East . It was never a serious preoccupation to its conq

de M. Licinius Crassus (cos. 30 B.C.). 2 The other provinces of the East , not so important because they lacked permanent g

his Georgics during the War of Actium and Octavianus’ absence in the East . The Georgics published, he had already begun to

voke disquiet. When the Triumvir Antonius abode for long years in the East men might fear lest the city be dethroned from it

was enunciated in prose as well as in verse. 2 The conqueror of the East and hero of Actium must now gird himself to the a

sar the Dictator intended to spend three years in the Balkans and the East , not merely for warfare and for glory but that co

ly date possessed imperium maius over the senatorial provinces in the East has been argued, but cannot be proved. Nor can pr

ν ‘Ioνίoυ διάδoχoς Kαίσαρι. Against a grant of authority over all the East in 23 B.C. can be urged the fact that a few years

divide them. Before the end of the year he dispatched Agrippa to the East . An invasion of Arabia had failed, and the ill- a

nment. 3 Not only that. Syria was the only military province in the East except Egypt. Egypt might seem secure, governed b

osen for one who wished to keep watch over the Balkans as well as the East . 5 So much for the settlement of 23 B.C. It was

ran at Rome of dissension between the two. Agrippa’s departure to the East provoked various and inconsistent conjecture. In

a retired in disgust and resentment,6 in another his residence in the East is described as a mild but opprobrious form of ba

espite all the delegation to dependent princes or Greek cities in the East and autonomous municipalities in the West, the Em

too large for one man to rule it. Already the temporary severance of East and West in the years between the Pact of Brundis

vert the Principate into a partnership, devising a vicegerent for the East and perhaps for the western lands as well. Not on

war against Antonius. 2 The spoils of victory and the revenues of the East now revivified the economy of Italy. The speculat

lia Comata, the wealthy aristocracy of Asia and even the kings of the East would enter the imperial Senate, time and circums

to whose good offices Lucullus owed, it was said, his command in the East ,1 found successors in the New State; and the free

pate the greater part was spent abroad, in Spain (27-24 B.C.,) in the East (22-19 B.C.) and again in Spain and Gaul (16-13 B

he East (22-19 B.C.) and again in Spain and Gaul (16-13 B.C.). In the East , prestige was his object, diplomacy his method. 3

e principem alibi quam Romae fieri. ’ 3 On policy and events in the East , cf. above all J. G. C. Anderson, CAH X, 239 ff.

partner in the government of the provinces. Agrippa was active in the East in 23-22 B.C., in the West in 20-19 B.C., when he

back at his work. After a sojourn of four years as vicegerent of the East , Agrippa came to Rome in 13 B.C., to find Augustu

o fall to Agrippa and the two Claudii. Agrippa on his return from the East went to Illyricum and fought a campaign in the wi

ver Augustus happened not to be, above all as vicegerent of the whole East ; and he was intended to take supreme charge of th

departed in 13 B.C. M. Titius, who possessed a long experience of the East from his Antonian days, appears then to have been

as guide and counsellor to the young Gaius Caesar when he went to the East in 1 B.C.4 L. Calpurnius Piso (cos. 15 B.C.) is a

he Balkan lands called again for reinforcement from the armies of the East . In A.D. 7 Silvanus brought troops to the Balkans

re nobiles. These men all held high command in the provinces of the East with which, indeed, both Silvanus and Piso could

, had been proconsul of Macedonia. For the activity of Plautii in the East , cf. Münzer, RA, 43 f. On that family, cf. also b

gt;413 It was not intended that there should be foreign wars in the East . But the needs of West and North were urgent, org

n frontier and shortening the lines of communication between West and East , executed as an impressive example of converging

he crisis, were rather at a loss to explain Agrippa’s dispatch to the East . The gossip that so constantly asserted the prepo

y: he was now to depart from Rome and set in order the affairs of the East (no doubt with a special imperium). While Tiberiu

hardly been seen in Rome; and there was no urgent need of him in the East . Augustus wished to remove for a time this unbend

Ahenobarbus and Vinicius with the northern armies, of Lollius in the East and of Fabius Maximus in Spain. 6 The enemies o

m, after visiting the Danubian and Balkan armies, now appeared in the East . For some years disturbances in Armenia, a land o

yndicate of government since Agrippa the vicegerent departed from the East twelve years before. In the meantime, able men ha

Actium, but probably appointed legate of Syria when Agrippa left the East (13 B.C.,) C. Sentius Saturninus and P. Quinctili

1 f.; Dio 55, 10, 17 ff. (with no word of Lollius). For events in the East , cf. J. G. C. Anderson in CAH x, 273 ff. 2 Vell

wenty years later, that the task of controlling a crown prince in the East was peculiarly open to friction, dissension and p

e master:4 it is alleged that he asked for permission to dwell in the East in a private station. However it be (and scandal

as followed by Varus, with L. Nonius Asprenas as his legate. 5 In the East , L. Volusius Saturninus, a family friend of Tiber

to their rule nations more intractable than the conqueror of all the East had ever seen. In a surge of patriotic exaltation

he War of Actium could be shown as a sublime contest between West and East . Rome was not only a conqueror Rome was a protect

rge numbers. 3 There was less need for deception in the armies of the East . Galatians were regularly conscripted and given t

n to be a contest not so much against Greece as against Egypt and the East . The contest was perpetuated under the Principate

ertius 3, 11; 4, 6 (Actium); 2, 10; 3, 4 (conquest and revenge in the East ). 2 Ib. 4, 11. 3 Amores 1, 9, 1. 4 Tacitus,

s to propagate the new faith was Herod the king of Judaea. 6 In the East , Roman citizens joined with Greeks in their worsh

latia. National memories were not strong in the western lands: in the East the fact that the Principate was a monarchy guara

stus, guarding the frontiers of empire in Africa, the Balkans and the East , suppressing brigandage, founding cities and prom

ir good behaviour. Disturbances broke out during his absence in the East a salutary reminder to the Senate. It was only fr

pon the laws. This was something different from the monarchies of the East . The Romans had not sunk as low as that. Complete

la praesens Italiae dominaeque Romae! 7 Greeks in the cities of the East hailed Augustus as the Saviour of the World, the

his influence and partisans, 384, 437 f., 505; with C. Caesar in the East , 428; his fall, 489, 509; his alleged virtues, 48

ons with Cleopatra, 214 f., 260 f., 273 ff., 281; organization of the East , 259 ff., 271 ff., 300 f.; invasion of Media, 263

t, 331 ff.; the new settlement, 333 ff.; acts in 22 B.C., 339; in the East , 371, 388; moral programme, 443 ff.; in Gaul and

44 B.C.), 57, 95; after the Ides of March, 101, 116 ff., 119; in the East , 124, 171 f., 177; campaign of Philippi, 203 ff.;

B.C., 97, 102, 107, 109; sets out for Syria, 124, 166; actions in the East , 171 f.; defeat and death, 203; his character, 69

490 f., 515, 522 f.; local, 82 f., 89, 91 f., 289, 292, 360 ff., etc. East , the, clientela of Pompeius in, 30, 74, 76, 261;

ius Caesar’s, 428. Economy, of Italy, impaired by the separation of East and West, 290; revived by the Principate, 351, 45

27; honours for, 417, 472, 474; betrothed to Julia Livia, 422; in the East , 428 f.; death, 430. Galatia, in the Triumviral

talici, 91 ff.; in the municipia, 89 ff.; in the West, 74 ff.; in the East , 262; his legates, 67, 94; secretariat, 71 f., 40

ficer in Egypt, 295. Julius Severus, C., Hadrianic senator from the East , 366. Julius Spartiaticus, C, Greek in imperial s

res of, 452 f. Religion, political use of, at Rome, 68, 256; in the East , 263, 273 f., 473 f.; religions, alien, 256, 448;

tribution of the Titulus Tiburtinus, 398 f.; with Gaius Caesar in the East , 429; loyal to Tiberius, 429, 434; his origin, 36

ional powers of, 337, 389; his position after 23 B.C., 345 f.; in the East , 338, 342, 371, 388 f.; in Spain, 333, 389, 457;