Recherche, Octavius [Obvie]

7, 58); on Augustus’ remarks about Galba, cf. Suetonius, Galba 4, I; Dio 64, I, I; note, however, Tacitus, Ann. 6, 20. P

the staffs of Lucullus (Plutarch, Lucullus 34) and of Q. Marcius Rex ( Dio 36, 17, 2). He hoped to inherit from Rex (Cicero,

of Rabirius surely indicates collusion with the prosecutor, Labienus ( Dio 37, 27, 3). 5 Velleius 2, 40, 40; Dio 37, 21, 4

ith the prosecutor, Labienus (Dio 37, 27, 3). 5 Velleius 2, 40, 40; Dio 37, 21, 4. 6 Plutarch, Cicero 23; Cato minor 26

ius 2, 40, 40; Dio 37, 21, 4. 6 Plutarch, Cicero 23; Cato minor 26; Dio 37, 43, 1. 7 Plutarch, Cicero 23; Dio 37, 38, 2

ch, Cicero 23; Cato minor 26; Dio 37, 43, 1. 7 Plutarch, Cicero 23; Dio 37, 38, 2. 8 Plutarch, Cato minor 29; Dio 37, 4

7 Plutarch, Cicero 23; Dio 37, 38, 2. 8 Plutarch, Cato minor 29; Dio 37, 43, 3. 9 Dio 37, 44, 3. PageBook=>033

ro 23; Dio 37, 38, 2. 8 Plutarch, Cato minor 29; Dio 37, 43, 3. 9 Dio 37, 44, 3. PageBook=>033 Pompeius on his r

‘homini nobilissimo, innocentissimo, eloquentissimo, M. Pisoni. ’ 6 Dio 37, 49, 1. 7 His consulate a disgrace, Ad Att.

e a disgrace, Ad Att. 1, 18, 5; 19, 4; 20, 5. His talent as a dancer, Dio 37, 49, 3. 8 Dio 37, 49, 4 ff. (Metellus Cretic

t. 1, 18, 5; 19, 4; 20, 5. His talent as a dancer, Dio 37, 49, 3. 8 Dio 37, 49, 4 ff. (Metellus Creticus (cos. 69) bore a

cf. Sallust, BC 49, 2. On his reiterated opposition to Pompeius, cf. Dio 36, 24, 3; 37, 2; Asconius 51 (= p. 58 Clark), &a

ovince of Hispania Citerior after his consulate (Plutarch, Caesar 21; Dio 39, 54, 1). Their successors, L. Marcius Philippu

icius Rufus (cos. 51) was very mild and loath to provoke a civil war ( Dio 40, 59, 1; Ad fam. 4, 3, 1, &c.); L. Aemilius

venerable M. Perperna (cos. 92, censor 86) died in the spring of 49 ( Dio 41, 14, 5), at the age of ninety-eight, so it was

nger C. Antistius Vetus (cos. suff. 30) was in charge of Syria in 45 ( Dio 47, 27, 2). 6 With Caesar in Gaul from 54 onwar

Pirate War (Appian, Mithr. 95), perhaps earlier in Spain as well. 5 Dio 40, 63, 4. On his activities in 52 B.C., Asconius

opes on Caesar, and NotesPage=>068 1 On Labienus’ desertion, Dio 41, 4, 4; Cicero, Ad Att. 7, 12, 5, &c. He wa

of Decimus. 5 Appian, BC 2, 26, 102. (Curio was a relative of his, Dio 40, 63, 5.) PageBook=>070 constitution did

e essential evidence about P. Ventidius is supplied by Gellius 15, 4; Dio 43, 51, 4 f. On the problem of his identification

C. Vibius Pansa Caetronianus (for the full name, ILS 8890) is said by Dio (45, 17, 1) to have belonged to a proscribed fami

‘Rufinus’, cf. Münzer in P-W IA, 1198. 6 At least seventy millions ( Dio 48, 36, 4f.). 7 Plutarch, Caesar 51. PageBook

. 2 Ad Att. 12, 2, 2: ‘at Balbus aedificat. τί γἀ⍴ αùτῷ µέλ∊ι’; 3 Dio 43, 47, 3. The total may not really have been qui

0, 7), a vὲĸuια (ib. 9, 18, 2). The principal pieces of evidence are: Dio 42, 51, 5; 43, 20, 2; 27, 1; 47, 3; 48, 22, 3; Su

There were immigrant Roman NotesPage=>079 1 C. Fuficius Fango ( Dio 48, 22, 3; Cicero, Ad Att. 14, 10, 2). A man of t

. 237. 8 Poppaedius Silo commanded troops for Ventidius in 39 B.C., Dio 48, 41, 1. On‘Poppaedius’, the true form (not ‘Po

, 254 f. 5 An unsuccessful candidate for 49 B.C. (BG 8, 50, 4). 6 Dio 43, 47, 5. On his deserved and unedifying end, Ap

lex curiata ratifying the adoption had not yet been passed (cf. esp. Dio 45, 5, 3; Appian, BC 3, 14, 48 ff.). This was a m

n, BC 3, 31, 120; Plutarch, Antonius 16; Suetonius, Divus Aug. 10, 2; Dio 45, 6, 2f.). PageBook=>121 inborn and Roma

otesPage=>122 1 The whole situation at this time is summed up by Dio (45, 11, 1 ff.) with unwonted insight and force:

Phil. 3, 20 f. Q. Fufius Calenus? 2 Appian, BC 3, 46, 188; 58, 241; Dio 45, 13, 5. 3 Phil. 10, 22 (Saxa and Cafo); the

from the beginning. 4 NotesPage=>129 1 Velleius 2, 59, 5. 2 Dio 48, 33, 1. Salvidienus was the elder and the more

&c. 2 Nicolaus, Vita Caesaris 18, 55, cf. Appian, BC 3, 11, 39; Dio 45, 3, 2. On this cf. the acute observations of B

>136 1 Caesar, BC 1, 3, 6; Plutarch, Pompeius 58, and Caesar 37; Dio 41, 16, 4; Cicero, Ad Att. 7, 13, 1; Ad fam. 14,

t’ (May, 49 B.C.).. 3 As Mommsen called it, Ges. Schr. iv, 173. Cf. Dio 46, 34. 4 Ad Att. 15, 29, ι: ‘Sextum scutum abi

ἰωθυῖαν ἀξίωσιν τῶν ὀνομάτων ἐς τὰ ἔργα ἀντήλ λαςαν τῇ δικαιὡσ∈ι. 4 Dio 46, 34, 5 (with reference to 44-43 B.C.): οἱ μὲν

m’; cf. ib. 1, 10, where it is described as a fraudulent pretext. 5 Dio 48, 5, 4: δτὰ γὰρ τὴν πρὸς τὸν ἀδ∈λϕὸν ∈ὐσέβ∈ιαν

Phil. 5. Something at least of Calenus’ speech can be recovered from Dio (46, 1, ff.). 2 Res Gestae 1; Livy, Per. 118; D

be recovered from Dio (46, 1, ff.). 2 Res Gestae 1; Livy, Per. 118; Dio 46, 29, 2. For Cicero’s proposal, Phil. 5, 46.

2 Ad M. Brutum 1, 4a, 4 (May 15th). 3 Appian, BC 3, 82, 337 ft.; Dio 46, 42, 2; Plutarch, Cicero 45 f. If Plutarch is

s of Brutus and Cassius to the consulate in 41 B.C., Phil. 8, 27, cf. Dio 46, 30, 4; 35, 3. 8 Compare the last edict of t

ous anecdote about a centurion’s dramatic gesture in the Senate). 8 Dio 46, 44, 2. PageBook=>172 due to Cicero, st

. Antonius inaugurated his consulate by a triumph over Alpine tribes: Dio , however, says οὔθ’ λως ἡγϵμονίαν ν το ς χωρίοις

, NH 13, 25). M. Titius, however, nephew of Plancus, made his escape ( Dio 48, 30, 5) and later rose to resplendent fortune

non est, sanguine Quiritium et proscriptionum licentia ditatos. ’ 2 Dio 47, 6, 5: κοινήν τινα κατὰ τ ν πλουσίων χθραν προ

ated as they were, not NotesPage=>196 1 Appian, BC 4, 34, 146; Dio 47, 14, 2. 2 Dio 47, 16, 1. 3 Appian, BC 4, 3

not NotesPage=>196 1 Appian, BC 4, 34, 146; Dio 47, 14, 2. 2 Dio 47, 16, 1. 3 Appian, BC 4, 3, 10 f. Among them

Rhegium, Venusia Beneventum, Nuceria, Ariminum and Vibo Valentia. 4 Dio 47, 15, 4: ὥστϵ χρνσὸν τὴν το Kαίσαρος μοναρχίαν

ν τὴν το Kαίσαρος μοναρχίαν ϕαν ναι. 5 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 35, 1; Dio 52, 42, 1. 6 Dio 48, 34, 5; Jerome, Chron., p.

οναρχίαν ϕαν ναι. 5 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 35, 1; Dio 52, 42, 1. 6 Dio 48, 34, 5; Jerome, Chron., p. 158 H; Digest 1, 14

s of Roman legions and the hope of vengeance. NotesPage=>197 1 Dio 48, 43, 2. 2 Above, p. 164. 3 Appian, BC 4, 6

Poplicola, was also with Brutus for a time, but acted treacherously ( Dio 47, 24, 3 ff.). Above, p. 171 9 Ad fam. 12, 14

s Decidius, Ventidius and Canidius, all famed NotesPage=>200 1 Dio 47, 30, 5. Cf. Cicero, Phil. 11, 4. 2 Dio 48, 4

d NotesPage=>200 1 Dio 47, 30, 5. Cf. Cicero, Phil. 11, 4. 2 Dio 48, 41, 1 ff. 3 C. Norbanus was admitted to hon

t inter Ventidios et Canidios et Saxas. ’ 2 Demetrius for Antonius ( Dio 48, 40, 5 f.), Helenus for Octavianus (Dio 48, 30

2 Demetrius for Antonius (Dio 48, 40, 5 f.), Helenus for Octavianus ( Dio 48, 30, 8 cf. 45, 5; Appian, BC 5, 66, 277; ILS 6

strate from illness, lingered at Dyrrhachium. NotesPage=>202 1 Dio 47, 18, 3. 2 The Lex Rufrena, ILS 73 and 73 a.

ian (Ad fam. 10, 21, 4, above, p. 189). 3 Appian, BC 5, 12, 46, cf. Dio 48, 2, 3. 4 Above, p. 189. There is no evidence

ius in 42 B.C.: Gallia Comata? Cf. p. 210. 5 Appian, BC 4, 85, 358; Dio 48, 18, 1; sling-bullets found near Rhegium with

sen, Strena Buliciana (1924), 193 ff. 3 Appian, BC 4, 115, 479 ff.; Dio 47, 47, 4; Plutarch, Brutus 47. 4 As the poet L

heard of again. 2 As Brutus exclaimed, quoting from a lost tragedy ( Dio 47, 49, 2), τλ μον άρϵτή, λόγος ἄρ’ σθ’ γὼ δ σϵ

iance of the NotesPage=>207 1 Appian, BC 5, 3, 12, cf. 22, 87; Dio 48, 12, 5. 2 Dio 48, 3, I ff. 3 Appian, BC 5,

sPage=>207 1 Appian, BC 5, 3, 12, cf. 22, 87; Dio 48, 12, 5. 2 Dio 48, 3, I ff. 3 Appian, BC 5, 12, 49: θρήνϵνν, o

ς, ’Iταλι ται δ ὄντϵς άνίστασθαί γ ς τϵ καὶ στίας o α δορίληπτοι. 4 Dio 48, 9, 4 f. PageBook=>208 men of property

against the Triumvirate (BC 5, 19, 74; 43, 179 ff.; 54, 226 ff.). 2 Dio 48, 5, 4; BMC, R. Rep. 11, 400 ff. 3 Appian, BC

pina on NotesPage=>209 1 Appian, BC 5, 23, 92 ff. According to Dio , Antonius and Fulvia derided the soldiers, callin

er, at Spoletium. NotesPage=>210 1 Appian, BC 5, 20, 80 f. 2 Dio 48, 10, 1. 3 It is quite impossible to reconstr

ese operations with narrative or with map. 4 Appian, BC 5, 30, 116; Dio 48, 13, 4 ff. 5 Dio 48, 13, 2; 6. 6 Appian, B

rrative or with map. 4 Appian, BC 5, 30, 116; Dio 48, 13, 4 ff. 5 Dio 48, 13, 2; 6. 6 Appian, BC 5, 33, 130 ff. 7 I

encompassed about with enemies. Antonius was NotesPage=>212 1 Dio 48, 14, 4; Appian, BC 5, 49, 207. 2 Appian, JSC

5, 49, 207. 2 Appian, JSC 5, 48, 203. 3Suetonius, Divus Aug. 15; Dio 48, 14, 4; cf. Seneca, De clem. 1, 11 (‘Arae Peru

15; Dio 48, 14, 4; cf. Seneca, De clem. 1, 11 (‘Arae Perusinae’). 4 Dio 48, 13, 6. The incident is wrongly dated by Sueto

f war were on the side of the great Antonius. NotesPage=>213 1 Dio 48, 30, 7. 2 Appian, BC 5, 26, 103. 3 Ib. 5,

213 1 Dio 48, 30, 7. 2 Appian, BC 5, 26, 103. 3 Ib. 5, 26, 102; Dio 48, 22, 1 ff. T. Sextius had at last suppressed Q

take over from Sextius. 4 Appian, BC 5, 53, 222; below, p. 228. 5 Dio 48, 20, 3; Appian, BC 5, 51, 213 f. Ch. XVI THE

ailing a general compact and peace that would NotesPage=>215 1 Dio 48, 27, 1: ὑπό τϵ το ρωτος καὶ ὑπὸ τ ς μ θης. 2

Page=>216 1 Appian, BC 5, 55, 230 ff. 2 Velleius 2, 76, 2. 3 Dio 48, 28, 1; Appian, BC 5, 58, 245. 4 Appian, BC

tesPage=>217 1 Appian, BC 5, 59, 246 ff. 2 Ib. 5, 64, 272. 3 Dio 48, 28, 4; Appian, BC 5, 65, 274 4 An approxima

1 Ecl. 4, 17. 2 Appian, BC 5, 63, 269. 3 As may be inferred from Dio 48, 26, 3. 4 Appian, BC 5, 65, 276. 5 Dio 48,

As may be inferred from Dio 48, 26, 3. 4 Appian, BC 5, 65, 276. 5 Dio 48, 32, 1. They had a very brief tenure. 6 Vell

o infra se et Caesarem videret et rem publicam. ’ Cf. Livy, Per. 127; Dio 48, 33, 3; Suetonius, Divus Aug. 66, 2; Appian, B

phrates and laid siege to that NotesPage=>223 1 CIL 12, p. 50; Dio 48, 41, 7. Both Dio and the Acta Triumphalia ment

s was there all the time he governed Syria for Antonius in 38–36. 4 Dio 48, 26, 5; Strabo, p. 660; BMC, R. Rep. 11, 500.

n 38–36. 4 Dio 48, 26, 5; Strabo, p. 660; BMC, R. Rep. 11, 500. 5 Dio 48, 26, 3 (wrongly dated). 6 Ib. 48, 41, 1; Jos

cf. 180. The fullest account of the exploits of Ventidius is given by Dio , 48, 39, 3 ff.; 49, 19, 1 ff. According to Fronto

posed an encomium for Ventidius to deliver. 2 Gellius 15, 4, 4. 3 Dio 49, 22, 3 f., &c. 4 Ib. 49, 24, 1; Plutarch

e brother-in-law of Maecenas, of later notoriety. 2 The accounts in Dio 48, 54, 1 f. and Plutarch, Antonius 35, are clear

ried a daughter of L. Scribonius Libo c. 55 B.C. 3 Tisienus Gallus, Dio 49, 8, 1 ff.; Appian, BC 5, 104, 432, &c. L.

MC, R. Rep. II, 564 f.). 4 Horace, Epodes 9, 7 f.: ‘Neptunius dux’; Dio 48, 31, 5 and 48, 5; Appian, BC 5, 100, 416; BMC,

ich force he contended for a time against the NotesPage=>231 1 Dio 48, 49, 4 2 For Bibulus, Appian, BC 4, 38, 162;

5, 139, 579. Libo became cos. ord. in 34. 2 Ib. 5, 144, 598 ff. 3 Dio 48, 30, 5 ff. When Titius celebrated games in the

hat the soldiers had carefully been worked upon (BC 5, 124, 513), and Dio (49, 12, 1) is cynical about the whole transactio

inscription to announce that, after prolonged NotesPage=>233 1 Dio 49, 13; Appian, BC 5, 128, 528 ff. 2 Dio 49, 12

ed NotesPage=>233 1 Dio 49, 13; Appian, BC 5, 128, 528 ff. 2 Dio 49, 12, 4. 3 Appian, BC 5, 112, 470. 4 Dio 49

BC 5, 128, 528 ff. 2 Dio 49, 12, 4. 3 Appian, BC 5, 112, 470. 4 Dio 49, 15, 1. 5 Virgil, Ecl. 1, 6: ‘deus nobis hae

5, 132, 546: καὶ αὐτὸν αἱ πόλϵις το ς σϕϵτ ροις θϵο ς συνίδρνον. 7 Dio 49, 15, 5 f. 8 Above, p.113. PageBook=>234

na. Of Balbus himself, nothing is recorded between 40 and 19 B.C. 7 Dio 48, 30, 7. He was later an admiral at Actium (Vel

bably P. Carisius, of later notoriety as legate of Augustus in Spain ( Dio 53, 25, 8): an interesting and rare name of non-L

alf-brother of Murena, to whose sister Terentia Maecenas was married ( Dio 54, 3, 5). Other persons later prominent, such as

ames derive, unless otherwise stated, from the detailed narratives of Dio and Appian. 5 Calvisius was an Antonian in 44 B

a, the greatest of them all, were to be amply NotesPage=>238 1 Dio 49, 7, 6. 2 Ib., 14, 3; Velleius 2, 81, 2; Virg

LS 893a). Taurus held ‘complura sacerdotia’ (Velleius 2, 127, 1). 5 Dio 49, 16, 1. 6 Hence Agrippa’s estates in Sicily

e=>241 1 The presence of Agrippa is attested by Appian, Ill. 20; Dio 49, 38, 3 f. Messalla was also there (Panegyricus

B.C.) to Illyricum, took charge of affairs when Octavianus departed ( Dio 49, 38, 4). 2 The precise dates of the various

ow victory in the last of all the civil wars. NotesPage=>242 1 Dio 49, 42, 3; 43, 1 ff. Frontinus, De aq. 9; Pliny,

51 B.C.) of equestrian stock from Cales. L. Flavius was an Antonian ( Dio 49, 44, 3). None of these men ever commanded armi

biles. 2 Some families of the aristocracy had NotesPage=>243 1 Dio 49, 14, 3; Appian, BC 5, 128, 531. 2 About cons

ssembly retained only a formal and decorative NotesPage=>244 1 Dio 49, 43, 6 2 P. Cornelius Scipio, cos. suff. 35,

to the same family. 4 Above, p. 199 f. 5 Sallust, BJ 85, 17. 6 Dio 48, 43, 1 f., cf. above, p. 196. PageBook=>2

tesPage=>248 1 He was proconsul of Africa Nova in 46‖45 B.C. 2 Dio 43, 9, 2 though this may not be convincing eviden

here had been warning signs. The conservative NotesPage=>255 1 Dio 49, 15, 1. 2 Appian, BC 5, 132, 547, cf. Sueton

, 1. 2 Appian, BC 5, 132, 547, cf. Suetonius, Divus Aug. 32, 1. 3 Dio 49, 43, 5. 4 Ib. 49, 13, 1 ff.; 34, 3 f. Page

ans evident how they were to operate a fusion NotesPage=>256 1 Dio 48, 21, 3. 2 Ib. 47, 15, 4. 3 Ib. 49, 43, 5.

vered in the Basilica Aemilia may belong to Paullus’ work in 34 B.C. ( Dio 49, 42, 2): there was, however, a restoration aft

tonius 36. 2 Strabo, p. 569; IGRR IV, 1694. 3 Strabo, p. 568. 4 Dio 48, 33, 5. 5 Strabo, p. 660. 6 Ib., p. 574.

r); 40 (Ahenobarbus); 42 (Flavius Gallus, otherwise unknown); 38, cf. Dio 49, 25, 2 (Oppius Statianus, perhaps a relative o

ear of a new civil war between rival leaders. NotesPage=>266 1 Dio 49, 40, 2. 2 Plutarch, Antonius 56. 3 On the

C, R. Rep. 11, 532: L. Pinarius Scarpus is attested there in 31 B.C., Dio 51, 5, 6; BMC, R. Rep. 11, 583 ff. To the above l

tius (ILS 891: Miletus); and Q. Didius, attested in Syria in 31 B.C. ( Dio 51, 7, 3), was perhaps appointed by Antonius. The

1 B.C. 5 P-W VII, 375 ff. He was governing Asia for Antonius in 35 ( Dio 49, 17, 5; Appian, BC 5, 137, 567 ff.). 6 On De

n 36 (ib. 15, 25), and in negotiation with the King of Armenia in 34 ( Dio 49, 39, 2 f.). About C. Fonteius Capito (cos. suf

us 65). Q. Didius, attested as governor of Syria in the year 31 B.C. ( Dio 51, 7, i), is otherwise unknown: perhaps a relati

NotesPage=>269 1 Appian, BC 5, 139, 579. Cf. above, p. 228. 2 Dio 51, 2, 4 f. (Scaurus). Seneca, De clem. 1, 9, 8,

. 11, 564 f.; Appian, BC 5, 139, 579) fought as an admiral at Actium ( Dio 50, 13, 5); for Turullius, cf. BMC, R. Rep. 11, 5

his adoptive parent was descended from noble Sempronii Atratini. 5 Dio , 51, 2, 5. 6 Crassus, grandson of M. Crassus (c

M. Crassus (cos. 70 B.C.), with Sex. Pompeius and then with Antonius ( Dio 51, 4, 3). M. Octavius, admiral at Actium (Plutar

: Antonius had the NotesPage=>270 1 Plutarch (Antonius 54) and Dio (49, 41, 1 ff.) are lavish of detail. It is stran

;271 1 Below, p. 278. 2 As Strabo (p. 671) so clearly states. 3 Dio 42, 6, 3. PageBook=>272 he also removed Cy

the East, had been the ruin of the Republic. NotesPage=>272 1 Dio 42, 35, 5. 2 Phil 2, 97. 3 Ad Att. 14, 12, 1.

Page=>276 1 The order of events, not always clearly indicated by Dio and Plutarch, the only full sources for the years

isfactorily established by Kromayer, Hermes XXXIII (1898), 37 ff. 2 Dio 50, I, 3 ff.; Plutarch, Antonius 55. 3 Dio 49,

XXIII (1898), 37 ff. 2 Dio 50, I, 3 ff.; Plutarch, Antonius 55. 3 Dio 49, 41, 6. 4 lb. 50, 1, 4; Plutarch, Antonius 5

e hundred senators, Republican or Antonian. 3 NotesPage=>278 1 Dio 49, 41, 4 f. 2 lb. 50, 2, 3: ὁ μ ὲν Δʋμίτιʋoϛ o

till mattered, Antonius had a valid plea both NotesPage=>279 1 Dio 50, 2, 7. 2 Antiquarians and constitutional pur

ompeius Rufus (cos. 88 B.C.) and Cornelia, the daughter of Sulla. 4 Dio 50, 7, I. PageBook=>280 consuls were on hi

ancus’ performance in the role of Glaucus. 4 Plutarch, Antonius 58; Dio 50, 3, 1 ff.; Velleius 2, 83. Dio is not very exp

Glaucus. 4 Plutarch, Antonius 58; Dio 50, 3, 1 ff.; Velleius 2, 83. Dio is not very explicit about the cause of their des

Tibur (Cicero, Pro Balbo 53; ILS 3700) and hostile to Plancus. 3 If Dio is to be believed (50, 4, 2). The publication of

58 f.), while Velleius omits this attractive subject altogether. 4 Dio 50, 4, 1: δι’ oὖν ταῦτα ἀγανακτήσαντεϛ ἐπίστευσαν

rch, Antonius 60. 7 Plutarch, Antonius 58. 8 Valuable evidence in Dio 50, 10, 3 ff.; Plutarch, Antonius 58. PageBook=

y. This fair show of a true vote was enhanced NotesPage=>284 1 Dio 50, 10, 4. 2 Pliny, NH 37, 10: ‘quippe etiam Ma

or his safety. 6 NotesPage=>285 1 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 17, 2; Dio 50, 6, 3. Bononia was in the clientela of the Ant

nonia was in the clientela of the Antonii 2 And some certainly did, Dio 51, 4, 6. 3 Of one of the Claudii, presumably t

, active for Augustus in Gaul about the time of the battle of Actium ( Dio 51, 20, 5), certainly came from Aesernia (ILS 895

took with him across the seas the whole of NotesPage=>292 1 As Dio very clearly states (50, 6, 1). 2 Gades had fiv

his sons. 4 CIL 12, p. 77. 5 CIL 12, p. 77. C. Carrinas (cf. also Dio 51, 21, 6) triumphed on May 30th, 28 B.C., Calvis

vincial commands in the years 32–28, see further below, p. 302 f. 6 Dio 51, 3, 5. 7 Dio 50, 11, 5: τoὺϛ μὲν ὄπωϛ τι συμ

n the years 32–28, see further below, p. 302 f. 6 Dio 51, 3, 5. 7 Dio 50, 11, 5: τoὺϛ μὲν ὄπωϛ τι συμπράξωσιν αὐτῷ, τʋὺ

324, cf. AJ 14, 449) attests local recruiting in Syria in 38 B.C. 2 Dio so, 14, 1 f. PageBook=>296 Then the odds m

sidus. 7 NotesPage=>296 1 Plutarch, Antonius 59 (misdated, cf. Dio 50, 13, 8; Velleius 2, 84, 2). 2 Dio 51, 4, 3.

ch, Antonius 59 (misdated, cf. Dio 50, 13, 8; Velleius 2, 84, 2). 2 Dio 51, 4, 3. There is no indication of the date of h

He had previously been with Sex. Pompeius. 3 Plutarch, Antonius 63; Dio 50, 13, 6; Velleius 2, 84, 2; Suetonius, Nero 3,

on either side are given by Velleius 2, 85, 2 Plutarch, Antonius 65; Dio 50, 13, 5; 14, 1. Also Appian, BC 4, 38, 161 (for

ould not NotesPage=>298 1 Aem. 8, 688. 2 Velleius 2, 88. 3 Dio 51, 4, 3 ff. 4 Ib. 51, 9, 1. For the coins of S

ut to death, among NotesPage=>299 1 Plutarch, Antonius 77 ff.; Dio 51, II, 4 (Proculeius); Plutarch, Antonius 79 (Ga

De ben. 2, 25, 1 (Furnius); Appian, BC 4, 42, 175 ff. (Metellus). 7 Dio 51, 2, 4 f. (Scaurus); Seneca, De clem. 1, 9, 11

7 Dio 51, 2, 4 f. (Scaurus); Seneca, De clem. 1, 9, 11 (Cinna). 8 Dio 51, 2, 5. Aquillius Florus and his son were also

le. That did not matter now. The gifts to the NotesPage=>300 1 Dio 51, 8, 2 f. (Turullius); Velleius 2, 87, 3 (Cassi

1 Res Gestae 27, cf. Virgil, Georgics 2, 171; 3, 30; 4, 560 ff. 2 Dio 51, 20, 6 f. 3 Res Gestae 27. PageBook=>30

make much of Parthia. The historian Livy rebuked them (9, 18, 6). 3 Dio 51, 7, 7, cf. Tibullus 1, 7, 13 ff. 4 No eviden

was an honorary duovir of Dyrrhachium, ILS 2678. 5 Taurus in Spain, Dio 51, 20, 5 (under the year 29 B.C.). Calvisius hel

preceded that of Taurus. He is not mentioned at Actium. As for Gaul, Dio records operations of Nonius Gallus (50, 20, 5) a

, NH 14, 147. He once threw a wine-cup in the face of M. Agrippa. 2 Dio 51, 23, 2 ff. His two campaigns belong to the yea

e same time the ancient ceremony of the Augurium Salutis was revived ( Dio 51, 20, 4). PageBook=>304 policy and an om

ian house, Jupiter NotesPage=>304 1 Virgil, Aen. 6, 852 f. 2 Dio 51, 4, 6. Some of the dispossessed Italians were

es from traditional laudations of Alexander, the world-conqueror. 3 Dio 51, 21, 2 (cf. 19, 2 f.). 4 Ib. 51, 22, 2. 5

m Werden und Wesen des Prinzipats, 8 ff. 3 BMC, R. Emp. 1, 112. 4 Dio 53, 1, I ff. That this was done in virtue of cens

e=>308 1 If he received tribunicia potestas for life in 30 B.C. ( Dio 51, 19, 6), he seems to have made little use of i

ttle use of it before 23. See further below, p. 336. 2 According to Dio (51, 24, 4) he would have been entitled to the sp

asized by E. Groag, P-W XIII, 283 ff. 3 Nonius Gallus (ILS 89s, cf. Dio 51, 20, 5). It is not certain, however, what posi

rtain, however, what position he was holding in Gaul (above, p. 302). Dio expressly states that Octavianus took the title o

. 3 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 66, 2: ‘ob ingratum et malivolum animum’; Dio 53, 23, 5 (statues and pyramids). 4 ILS 8995, 1

ors, so one legend ran, before his assumption NotesPage=>313 1 Dio 53, 12 ff. (not quite satisfactory on the divisio

te satisfactory on the division of the provinces, see below, p. 314). Dio does not explicitly mention a grant of proconsula

(Das Erbe der Alten, Heft xx, 1931), 39 ff., esp. 47 f. According to Dio (53, 12, 1) Augustus took over τὴν μὲν φροντίδα τ

. 2 Res Gestae 34, cf. ILS 82 (a copy at Potentia in Picenum).. 3 Dio says that Augustus himself was eager for the name

sted with special powers for a term of years. NotesPage=>314 1 Dio 53, 16, 8: ὡς καί πλєῖόν τι ἢ καί ἀνθρώπoυς ὤν. C

Aug. 42, 1: ‘ut salubrem magis quam ambitiosum principem scires’; cf. Dio 56, 39, 2: ὥσπερ τιζ ἰατρὸζ ἀγαθόζ σῶμα νενʋσηκὸζ

ato in 52 B.C. as πᾶσαν μὲν ἀρχὴν μᾶλλʋν αἱρʋύμενʋζ αναρξίαζ. Compare Dio , in a speech put into the mouth of Augustus (53,

e era of rival military leaders had closed. 6 NotesPage=>324 1 Dio 53, 11, 5; cf. 53, 17, 1: καì ἀπ’ αὑτʋῦ καί ἀκριβ

Roman Empire2 (1931); M. Hammond, The Augustan Principate (1933). 6 Dio 52, ι, ι. He calls the preceding epoch the age of

he brother-in-law of Maecenas. 5 NotesPage=>325 1 ILS 893. 2 Dio 51, 23, 1. 3 Above, pp. 189 and 268. His son ma

Murena’ (CIL ι2, p. 28) is the same person as the Terentius Varro in Dio (53, 25, 3) and Strabo (p. 205), and the Licinius

ro in Dio (53, 25, 3) and Strabo (p. 205), and the Licinius Murena of Dio 54, 3, 3. Suetonius calls him ‘Varro Murena’ (Div

consul of all those regions himself. That was NotesPage=>326 1 Dio 53, 12. Dio assigns a part of Spain, Baetica, to

l those regions himself. That was NotesPage=>326 1 Dio 53, 12. Dio assigns a part of Spain, Baetica, to the list of

m imperils regi nec facile nec tutum erat, ipse suscepit. ’ Compare Dio 53, 12, 2: τὰ δ’ ἰσξυρότερα ὼζ καί. σφαλερὰκαί ἐπ

us, who triumphed in 21 and 19 B.C. respectively (CIL 12, p. 50). 4 Dio and Strabo are inadequate here. The public provin

29 1 Cf. below, p. 394. 2 M. Lollius in Macedonia, c. 19-18 B.C. ( Dio 54, 20, 4 ff., cf. L’ ann. ép., 1933, 85), P. Sil

B.C. (Dio 54, 20, 4 ff., cf. L’ ann. ép., 1933, 85), P. Silius Nerva ( Dio 54, 20, 1 f., cf. ILS 899) and M. Vinicius (Velle

, Ill. 17) and by Messalla Corvinus at a date difficult to determine ( Dio 49, 38, 3, under 34 B.C., but perhaps in error, c

Triumvirn, 69 ff.). 4 In 25 B.C. Varro Murena subdued the Salassi ( Dio 53, 25, 3 f.; Strabo, p. 205). M. Appuleius (cos.

tes, below, p. 332 f.). M. Vinicius won a victory in Gaul in 25 B.C. ( Dio 53, 26, 4). In Syria a certain Varro is attested

71), and the obscure M. Primus, proconsul of Macedonia c. 24-23 B.C. ( Dio 54, 3, 2—misdated to 22 b.c.). 4 For example, n

who continued in command, was a match for them. 6 PageNote. 332 1 Dio 53, 25, 2. 2 Velleius 2, 78, 3; Dio 48, 42, 1 f

for them. 6 PageNote. 332 1 Dio 53, 25, 2. 2 Velleius 2, 78, 3; Dio 48, 42, 1 ff. 3 Apart from the Acta Triumphalia

ta Triumphalia, no record of any fighting save when Taurus was there ( Dio 51, 20, 5). Orosius, however (6, 21, 1), makes Au

at Emerita (BMC, R. Emp. 1, 51 ff.). 5 Orosius 6, 21; Florus 2, 33; Dio 53, 25, 5 ff. 6 Dio 54, 5, 1 (mentioning the τρ

p. 1, 51 ff.). 5 Orosius 6, 21; Florus 2, 33; Dio 53, 25, 5 ff. 6 Dio 54, 5, 1 (mentioning the τρυϕή and ὠμότης of Cari

iment. 6 PageNote. 333 1 Namely L. Aelius Lamia in 24–22 B.C. (in Dio 53, 29, 1 the name Λoύκιoς Aἰμίλιoς should probab

. PIR2, A 199); C. Furnius (the younger, cos. 17 b.c.) in 22–19 B.C. ( Dio 54, 5, 1 f.); P. Silius Nerva in 19 B.C. (Velleiu

14 (Carthago Nova): ‘P. Silio leg. pro | pr. patrono | colonei’). 2 Dio 54, 11, 1 ff. The mendacious Velleius (2, 90, 4)

postea etiam latrociniis vacarent. ’ 3 The fullest account, that of Dio , misdates the trial of Primus and conspiracy of M

the others head the year with the suffectus, Cn. Calpurnius Piso. 4 Dio 54, 3, 2 f. 5 Ib. 54, 3, 4: πειδὴ καì ἀκράτῳ κα

Syria about this tirke bore the name of Varro. 5 PageNote. 334 1 Dio 54, 3, 4 ff.; Velleius 2, 91, 2: ‘erant tamen qui

Ode addressed to Licinius (2, 10, 9 ff.) who is probably Murena. 3 Dio 53, 24, 2. 4 Ib. 54, 3, 5: Horace, Odes 2, 2, 5

s mentis imperi rebus? 4 PageNote. 335 1 Tacitus, Ann. 2, 43. 2 Dio 53, 30, 2. 3 Ib. 50, 32, 4. Son of P. Sestius (

gh the poem may well have been composed as early as 29 or 28 B.C. 2 Dio 53, 32, 5 f. (the only evidence). Proconsular imp

232 ff. That Augustus received imperium mains is explicitly stated by Dio , ought never to have been doubted and is confirme

imperio. 3 Unless in 29 B.C., to exclude a man from the tribunate ( Dio 52, 42, 3). 4 Tacitus, Ann. 3, 56. PageBook=&

. PageNote. 337 1 Cf. M. Reinhold, Marcus Agrippa (1933), 167 ff. Dio mentions no grant of imperium to Agrippa. That Ag

n 20 and 19 B.C., Agrippa is found, not there, but in Gaul and Spain ( Dio 54, 11, 1 ff.). PageBook=>338 It was not f

e, that looked well. But it was only a manifesto. PageNote. 338 1 Dio 53, 26, 3; Strabo, p. 569. 2 Eutropius 7, 10, 2

s from 27 to 25 B.C., made a fruitless invasion of Arabia in 25 B.C. ( Dio 53, 29 &c); P. Petronius, his successor in 25

29 &c); P. Petronius, his successor in 25, operated in Ethiopia ( Dio 54, 5, 4 &c). 5 Dio 53, 32, 1. PageBook=&

his successor in 25, operated in Ethiopia (Dio 54, 5, 4 &c). 5 Dio 53, 32, 1. PageBook=>339 Men might recall

torian rank. The censors abdicated, nothing done. PageNote. 339 1 Dio 54, 4, 1 (22 B.C.). 2 M. Vinicius in Gaul (Dio

PageNote. 339 1 Dio 54, 4, 1 (22 B.C.). 2 M. Vinicius in Gaul ( Dio 53, 26, 4), Murena against the Salassi (Dio 53, 2

2 M. Vinicius in Gaul (Dio 53, 26, 4), Murena against the Salassi ( Dio 53, 25, 3 &c). 3 CIL 12, p. 50. 4 Dio 54,

na against the Salassi (Dio 53, 25, 3 &c). 3 CIL 12, p. 50. 4 Dio 54, 2, 1. 5 H. Mattingly, CR XLVIII (1934), 161

792 f.: ‘aurea condet | saecula qui rursus Latio. ’ 6 Res Gestae 5; Dio 54, 1, 1 ff. PageBook=>340 The life of the

n 24 B.C. to stand for office five years earlier than the legal term ( Dio 53, 28, 3), becoming quaestor in the next year.

n 24 B.c. to stand for office five years earlier than the legal term ( Dio 53, 38, 3), becoming quaestor in the next year.

iana repudia’. 5 Odes 2, 12. For scandal about Terentia in 16 B.C., Dio 54, 19, 3. 6 Velleius 2, 93, 2; Suetonius, Divu

n a golden crown for Naulochus and an azure flag in honour of Actium ( Dio 51, 21, 3). PageBook=>344 Agrippa’s nature

on his short temper. 2 Velleius 2, 93, 1. 3 Pliny, NH 35, 26. 4 Dio 54, 29, 6. 5 Odes 1, 6. Varius should write the

rence to its leading members, the principes viri. PageNote. 348 1 Dio 52, 8, 4 (Agrippa to Augustus): ν ν δ π σά σϵ ἀνά

like Sosius and Furnius. 3 NotesPage=>349 1 Res Gestae 25. 2 Dio 52, 42, 1 ff.; Velleius 2, 89, 4: ‘senatus sine a

s (PIR2, C 1204), was specially adlected to consular rank in 29 B.C. ( Dio 52, 42, 4). PageBook=>350 Scaurus and Cn.

riumviral consuls even are at all prominent under the Principate. 2 Dio 51, 4, 6. PageBook=>351 No hint of a Repub

habet nullos gradus dignitatis. ’ 2 Res Gestae 28. 3 Ib. 15. 4 Dio 54, 25, 5 f. 5 Res Gestae 16. 6 Ib. 17; Dio 5

e 28. 3 Ib. 15. 4 Dio 54, 25, 5 f. 5 Res Gestae 16. 6 Ib. 17; Dio 55, 25, 2 ff. PageBook=>353 The soldier in

berius); 2703 (Ti. Julius Viator, son of ‘C. Julius Aug. l(ib.)’. 8 Dio 53, 27, 6. 9 See below, p. 410, on Licinus and

; 5 NotesPage=>357 1 Josephus, BJ 2, 117 f.; AJ 18, 29 ff. 2 Dio 55, Ioa, 1; also Sardinia from A.D. 6 (Dio 55, 28

117 f.; AJ 18, 29 ff. 2 Dio 55, Ioa, 1; also Sardinia from A.D. 6 ( Dio 55, 28, 1, cf. ILS 105). 3 The first pair of pr

105). 3 The first pair of praefecti praetorio was chosen in 2 B.C. ( Dio 55, 10, 10), Q. Ostorius Scapula and P. Salvius A

after 2 B.C. The command over the Vigiles was established in A.D. 6 ( Dio 55, 26, 4), the charge of the Annona soon after:

it at a mere 400,000 sesterces, subsequently raising it to1,000,000 ( Dio 54, 17, 3, cf. 30, 2): Suetonius, Divus Aug. 41,

, 17, 3, cf. 30, 2): Suetonius, Divus Aug. 41, 1 gives 1,200,000. 2 Dio 54, 30, 2; 56, 27, 1; Suetonius, Divus Aug. 40, 1

lients of the Princeps and behaved as such. 2 NotesPage=>365 1 Dio makes Maecenas advise Augustus to bring into the

d the Republic once he could not do it again. NotesPage=>370 1 Dio 54, 14, 1. 2 lb. 53, 28, 4; 54, 30, 2; 56, 27,

e Princeps, he was imprisoned and executed. 4 NotesPage=>371 1 Dio 54, 6, 2 ff. Consular elections in the years 22–1

mmaque constantia vetere consulum more ac severitate gessisset. ’ 3 Dio 53, 24, 4 ff. (26 B.C.). 4 Velleius 2, 92; cf.

gessisset. ’ 3 Dio 53, 24, 4 ff. (26 B.C.). 4 Velleius 2, 92; cf. Dio 54, 10, 1 (where, however, not a word about Egnat

nsmitted the stock of the patrician Cornelii. NotesPage=>376 1 Dio 54, 20, 3; L’ann. ép., 1936, 18. 2 Suetonius, D

Sallustius Crispus, mere knights in standing. NotesPage=>380 1 Dio 55, 13, 6. 2 For the details, M. Rostovtzeff, S

5, 1, 2. 5 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 72, 1. 6 Velleius 2, 14, 3. 7 Dio 53, 27, 5. PageBook=>381 The fortunes of t

nergies to intrigue or portentous banquets. 9 NotesPage=>381 1 Dio 48, 32, 2. 2 Ib. 54, 29, 5. 3 CIL V, 323; 409

among the XVυiri in 17 B.C. (ILS 5050, 1. 150). 8 Res Gestae 8, cf. Dio 52, 42, 5. Augustus conveniently omits the adlect

Dio 52, 42, 5. Augustus conveniently omits the adlection in 33 B.C. ( Dio 49, 43, 6). It belonged, of course, to a period o

above all J. G. C. Anderson, CAH X, 239 ff. 4 Suetonius, Tib. 9, 1; Dio 54, 9, 4 f.; Velleius 2, 94, 4 &c. On this ma

property he was to receive a bounty in money. NotesPage=>389 1 Dio 54, 6, 5. 2 Ib. 54, 12, 4f. On his powers, cf.

n 12–9 B.C. were confined to the suppression of local rebellions. 3 Dio 54, 20, 1 f. (under 16 B.C.); ILS 899 (Aenona in

t against the Camunni and Vennones. 4 Horace, Odes 4, 4 and 14. 5 Dio 54, 20, 2; Strabo, p. 206. 6 Velleius 2, 96, 2

io 54, 20, 2; Strabo, p. 206. 6 Velleius 2, 96, 2 f.; Florus 2, 24. Dio records risings in Dalmatia in 16 B.C. and among

contumacious, to a voluntary exile at Rhodes. NotesPage=>391 1 Dio 54, 20, 3 f. (under 16 B.C.). For M. Lollius, cf.

oconsul appointed. There is no record of the title of M. Lollius. 2 Dio 54, 28, I f., cf. Velleius 2, 92, 2. Velleius say

Bellum Pannonicum, which was continued and completed by Tiberius. 3 Dio 54, 34, 5 ff.; Velleius 2, 98; Livy, Per. 140; Se

egatus Augusti might override at need the proconsul of Macedonia? 4 Dio 54, 31, 2 ff., &c.; Suetonius, Tib. 9, 2; Vel

in any case probably not abundant; and two pages of the manuscript of Dio were lost at this point. Innocent trust in the fr

od. Certain campaigns, deliberately omitted by Velleius and lost from Dio , or unknown to him, may belong here. 2 For evid

egion XII Fulminata may have been in Africa c. A.D. 3 (ILS 8966). 2 Dio (54, 34, 4), dating the transference to 11 B.C.,

tested legate of Moesia is the consular A. Caecina Severus in A.D. 6 ( Dio 55, 29, 3). 4 Dio 55, 28, I (A.D. 6). Other acq

sia is the consular A. Caecina Severus in A.D. 6 (Dio 55, 29, 3). 4 Dio 55, 28, I (A.D. 6). Other acquisitions were Galat

soldiers. NotesPage=>395 1 Cyprus and Narbonensis in 22 B.C. ( Dio 54, 4, 1). The date at which Baetica was severed

eedmen appear. 2 Cf. above, p. 330. 3 Tacitus, Ann. 1, 80; 6, 39; Dio 58, 25, 4. PageBook=>398 After Varro, Agri

tween Titius and Sentius, but there is no point in inserting one. 3 Dio 54, 20, 4 ff.; Velleius 2, 97, 1; Julius Obsequen

Julius Obsequens, De prodigiis 71 (17 B.C.). 4 Below, p. 428 f. 5 Dio 54, 34, 6, cf. Anth. Pal. 6, 241. 6 Orosius (6,

4-3 B.C.), it cannot be made to prove two governorships of Syria. 5 Dio 55, 28, 2 f.; SEG VI, 646 (a dedication to Silvan

sulate of Asia, IGRR IV, 1362 (nr. Thyatira). 6 Velleius 2, 112, 4; Dio 55, 34, 6; 56, 12, 2; ILS 921 (near Tibur). 7 P

ient sources for the period. 2 Cassiodorus, Chron. min. 2, 135. 3 Dio 55, 10a, 2; Tacitus, Ann. 4, 44. 4 The date of

d. NotesPage=>401 1 Probably not Ahenobarbus, attested here by Dio under the year 1 B.C. (55, 10a, 3): possibly Satu

sumed (cf. Velleius 2, 105, 1); below, p. 435, n. 4. 2 Ahenobarbus ( Dio 55, 10a, 3); Vinicius (Velleius 2, 104, 2, under

ht in A.D. 5–6 (Velleius 2, 116, 2; Florus 2, 31; Orosius, 6, 21, 18; Dio 55, 28, 3 f.). 5 Below, p. 421. PageBook=>

t;402 1 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 37. 2 Ib. 29, 5. 3 Res Gestae 20; Dio 53, 22, 1 f.; ILS 113 (Ariminum). 4 Tibullus 1,

roved, need not be too harshly scrutinized. 8 NotesPage=>403 1 Dio 55, 26, 4 f. 2 Ib. 54, 8, 4. On the various cur

923 a–d; the first commission, Tacitus, Ann. 1, 79, cf. ILS 5893. 6 Dio 55, 25, 6; 26, 2. C. Turranius is attested as pra

ug. 33, 3. For a committee of consulars on foreign affairs in A.D. 8, Dio 55, 33, 5. 8 Tacitus, Ann. 6, 11. PageBook=&g

admit soldiers to their morning receptions. 7 NotesPage=>404 1 Dio 54, 19, 6. 2 Tacitus, Ann. 6, 11. For difficult

fectus urbi is mentioned in A.D. 14. 3 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 28, 3; Dio 56, 30, 3 f. (not in the mere literal sense). 4

ing ornamenta triumphalia instead of a triumph began towards 12 B.C. ( Dio 54, 24, 8; Suetonius, Tib. 9, 2). 7 Suetonius,

he governing oligarchy, in court and cabinet. NotesPage=>405 1 Dio 52, 42, 6 (except Sicily, and later, Narbonensis)

a, in Caria): ίϵρϵύς Λϵνκίον Moυvατίoυ. 4 IGRR IV, 244 (Ilium). 5 Dio 53, 15, 4 f. There is no evidence, however, about

Page=>406 1 Tacitus, Ann. 1, 3. 2 As was permitted in 23 B.C. ( Dio 53, 32, 5). This does not mean, however, that he

Premerstein, Vom Werden u. Wesen des Prinzipats, 235 f. According to Dio (54, 10, 5), in 19 B.C. Augustus was given consul

2 B.C., Sardinia in A.D. 6. Proconsuls nominated, not only in A.D. 6 ( Dio 55, 28, 2), but much earlier, for example P. Paqu

ovinciae Cypri’ (ILS 915); and, presumably, M. Lollius c. 19–18 B.C. ( Dio 54, 20, 3) in Macedonia; and, no doubt, many othe

f oratory, of democracy and of public debate. NotesPage=>407 1 Dio 53, 19, 3: ἐκ δ δ το χρóνου κ∈íνο τά μ ν πλ∈ίω κρ

s, representative senators and legal experts. NotesPage=>408 1 Dio 53, 21, 4; Suetonius, Divus Aug. 35, 3; cf. Cyren

e consilium: ξ ξνμβονλίου γνώμης ὃ κ τ ς σνγκλήτον κληρωτòν σχ∈υ. 2 Dio 56, 28, 2. 3 Tiberius’ practice was different,

at velut consiliarios in negotiis publicis’ (Suetonius, Tib. 55). 4 Dio 53, 21, 5. PageBook=>409 The rotatory comm

io | Caesareum imp. Caesari Augusto | et coloniae Beneventanae. ’ 3 Dio 54, 23; Pliny, NH 9, 77; Seneca, De ira 3, 40, 2;

and perhaps his portrait also, cf. BMC, Greek Coins: Lydia, 338. 5 Dio 54, 21. 6 lb. 53, 32, 2. 7 On these matters,

libellis under Claudius. 9 It was handed to the consul in 23 B.C., Dio 53, 30, 2. PageBook=>411 In these matters

ation that he did not possess and facts that he could never discover. Dio was well aware that no authentic record of such m

was overwhelmed and converted. NotesPage=>414 1 Reproduced by Dio 55, 14 ff. (A.D. 4), and by Seneca, De clem. 1, 9

in 98 Syria is found to be without a consular legate (ILS 1055). 2 Dio 69, 1; SHA Hadr. 4, 10. PageBook=>416 Agri

otesPage=>416 1 Suetonius, Tib. 7, 2 f. 2 Tacitus, Ann. 1, 53; Dio 55, 9, 7. According to Velleius (2, 99, 1) Tiberi

acitus, Ann. 1, 4: ‘iram et simulationem et secretas libidines. ’ 2 Dio 55, 9, 2. 3 Tacitus, Ann. 1, 3: ‘necdum posita

Suetonius, Tib. 14, 4, cf. Tacitus, Ann. 6, 21. 4 The narrative of Dio is brief and fragmentary, in part preserved only

list. He says that there were others, both senators and knights. 2 Dio 55, 10, 15; Tacitus, Ann. 1, 10; 4, 44. Velleius

nst his daughter. The same source can be detected in Pliny, NH 21, 9; Dio 55, 10, 12. 8 Velleius 2, 100, 3: ‘magnitudinem

t. NotesPage=>428 1 Suetonius, Tib. 12 f.; Velleius 2, 101 f.; Dio 55, 10, 17 ff. (with no word of Lollius). For eve

simo. ’ 5 Velleius 2, 97, 1. The truth of the matter is revealed by Dio 54, 20, 4 ff. Too much has been made of the ‘clad

Josephus AJ 18, 1 ff., &c. (Quirinius). 7 IGRR iv, 1362 (Asia); Dio 55, 28, 2 f., cf. SEG VI, 646 (Galatia). 8 Taci

C 1384; Cossus Cornelius Lentulus, cos. 1 B.C., proconsul in A.D. 6 ( Dio 55, 28, 3 f.; Velleius 2, 116, 2, &c). Page

the excellent Piso. 7 NotesPage=>436 1 Velleius 2, 112, 1 f.; Dio 55, 29, 1. 2 Velleius 2, 112, 4; Dio 55, 29, 3Î

436 1 Velleius 2, 112, 1 f.; Dio 55, 29, 1. 2 Velleius 2, 112, 4; Dio 55, 29, 3Î 3°> 3 f-î 32, 3. 3 Velleius 2, 11

12, 4; Dio 55, 29, 3Î 3°> 3 f-î 32, 3. 3 Velleius 2, 112, 4, cf. Dio 55, 34, 6f.; 56, 12, 2 and ILS 921 (Silvanus); Ve

f. also Suetonius, Tib. 42, 1. 5 Tacitus, Ann. 6, 10 (A.D. 32). 6 Dio 58, 19, 5 (‘genus illi decorum, vivida senectus’,

y, Praef. 9. 3 Odes 3, 3, 1. 4 Ib. 3, 24, 27ff. 5 Res Gestae 6; Dio 54, 16, 1 ff. PageBook=>444 The principal

, cf. esp. H. M. Last, CAH x, 441 ff. 2 Carmen saeculare 57 ff. 3 Dio 54, 15, 1 ff. 4 Cicero desired that censors sho

Roman cult goes back to the organization of the city wards in 7 B.C. ( Dio 55, 8, 6f.), cf. ILS 9250. On this and on the mun

1 Propertius 4, 6, 57. 2 Aen. 8, 698; Propertius 3, 11, 41 ff. 3 Dio 53, 2, 4; 54, 6, 6. 4 On the depth of the Augus

feuds and their follies. PageNotes. 453 1 Odes 2, 15, 10 ff. 2 Dio 56, 10, 3. PageBook=>454 That will not suf

For another soldier called M. Lollius, IGRR III, 1476 (Iconium). 5 Dio 54, 11, 3. 6 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 24, 1; cf. P

σɑύτην ɑ҆ποθυμίɑν τ ν στɑτενομένων’); and there was danger of mutiny ( Dio 56, 12, 2). PageBook=>458 No new legions c

rincipate and its programme. PageNotes. 458 1 Velleius 2, 110, 7; Dio 55, 31, 1; Macrobius 1, 11, 32; Suetonius, Divus

essful wars. PageNotes. 470 1 Res Gestae 24. 2 Aen. 6, 403. 3 Dio 55, 10, 2 ff. (2 B.C.); Res Gestae 21 and 29; Sue

efect of personal integrity. PageNotes. 477 1 Livy, Per. 138, cf. Dio 54, 32, 1. 2 Dio 54, 5, 1. 3 Ib. 56, 16, 3.

ntegrity. PageNotes. 477 1 Livy, Per. 138, cf. Dio 54, 32, 1. 2 Dio 54, 5, 1. 3 Ib. 56, 16, 3. 4 Seneca, De ira 2

Patavium, Suetonius, Divus Aug. 51, 1; Plautius Rufus (ib. 19, 1, cf. Dio 55, 27, 2) is probably a man of Auximum, CIL IX,

2) is probably a man of Auximum, CIL IX, 5834 (= ILS 926); 6384. 5 Dio 55, 13, 1. 6 ILS 877. 7 CIL IX, 5853. 8 Vel

s iratum ingenio suo iudicium. ’ 4 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 43, 2. 5 Dio 54, 15, 7. 6 Ib. 8 because he snored. 7 Dig.

babatur. ’ 2 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 56, 3; Quintilian 10, 1, 22. 3 Dio 54, 30, 4. 4 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 56, 4. 5 S

(a remark about ‘ille triumphalis senex’). 4 Ib. 10, praef. 8. 5 Dio 56, 27, 1. 6 Seneca, De ira 3, 23, 4 ff. Pollio

s es; unum tantum es non quasi, vappa. ’ 3 Tacitus, Ann. 1, 72, cf. Dio 56, 27, 1. 4 Ann. 4, 21. 5 Seneca, Ad Marciam

aligula and executed in A.D. 39 (Suetonius, Cal. 24, 3). According to Dio (59, 22, 6 f.), Caligula promised him the success

ably an ally of Gaetulicus, cf. PIR2, C 354: his wife was a Cornelia ( Dio 59, 18, 4). 2 Balbus’ daughter married C. Norba

2, 22. 5 M. Vinicius, cos. 30, cos. 11 45, cf. Tacitus, Ann. 6, 15; Dio 60, 27, 4. 6 Down to the consul of A.D. 96, in

erva which he refers to himself in an edict (Pliny, Epp. 10, 58). 4 Dio 60, 27, 4: τήν δέ δή ήσυàχίαν ἂγων καί τà έavτoύ

poisoning Germanicus. Hence the consistent attitude of Velleius. 2 Dio 53, 27, 5. 3 Pliny, NH, praef. 31. Plancus made

qui nec totam servitutem pati possunt nec totam libertatem. ’ Compare Dio 56, 43, 4: βασιλϵομένους τϵ ἂνϵν δονλίας καί δημο

48, 70, 122, 146, 151, 173, 209, 232, 357, 406, 417, 430, 442, 504. Dio (Cassius), on the politics of 44 B.C., 122; an im