ugustus is the heir of Caesar or of Pompeius, as you will. Caesar the Dictator bears the heavier blame for civil war. In truth,

last generation of the Free State, after the ordinances of Sulla the Dictator , there were many senators whose fathers had held

nly by the patrician Cornelii with their numerous branches. Sulla the Dictator , himself a patrician and a Cornelius, did his bes

nd scandal, influenced by the subsequent actions of the proconsul and Dictator , has produced a conventional, anachronistic and h

rough civil strife and hold it, supreme and alone. His work done, the Dictator resigned. The conquest of Gaul, the war against

he Republic could hardly have survived. A few years, and Pompeius the Dictator would have been assassinated in the Senate by hon

rmed rising. Cicero, when lauding the clemency and magnanimity of the Dictator , took the opportunity to sketch a modest programm

ntation. The enemies of Caesar spread rumours to discredit the living Dictator : Caesar dead became a god and a myth, passing fro

ted to inherit from Caesar, the halo. The god was useful, but not the Dictator : Augustus was careful sharply to discriminate bet

ot the Dictator: Augustus was careful sharply to discriminate between Dictator and Princeps. Under his rule Caesar the Dictator

discriminate between Dictator and Princeps. Under his rule Caesar the Dictator was either suppressed outright or called up from

round the high and momentous theme of the last designs of Caesar the Dictator . It has been supposed and contended that Caesar e

of the cult of Divus Julius to that very different person, Caesar the Dictator . The rule of Caesar could well be branded as mo

ates and secretaries: the Senate voted but did not deliberate. As the Dictator was on the point of departing in the spring of 44

7 diverse elements planned and carried out the assassination of the Dictator . That his removal would be no remedy but a sour

ld be no remedy but a source of greater ills to the Commonwealth, the Dictator himself observed. 1 His judgement was vindicated

in the forefront of this varied company stood trusted officers of the Dictator , the generals of the Gallic and Civil Wars, rewar

ir leader. The Caesarian party thus split by the assassination of the Dictator none the less survived, joined for a few months w

geBook=>062 were debarred from public life until restored by the Dictator . 1 Two of the three, Gabinius and Messalla, recei

e. The secretariat of the proconsul developed into the cabinet of the Dictator . Most of them were Roman knights: but Pansa, and

or tribunate or by direct adlection through the special powers of the Dictator . Hence a reinforcement and transformation of the

hem, it was alleged. Only ignorance or temerity will pretend that the Dictator promoted partisans from the ranks of the legions,

to discover precisely which worthy nonentities owed admission to the Dictator . Between senator and knight the cleavage was of r

socially undesirable or morally reprehensible nominees of Caesar the Dictator were in truth highly respectable Roman knights, m

ll. For all their admitted talents, it is by no means likely that the Dictator would have given the consulate to Ventidius or to

Junius Brutus, designated for 42, owed honours and advancement to the Dictator . 7 Brutus, indeed, an especial friend and favouri

ain as a tyrant by honourable and patriotic citizens, the acta of the Dictator and even his last projects, as yet unpublished we

Liberators themselves, held preferment, office, or provinces from the Dictator . Vested interests prevailed and imposed the respe

enate, thinned by war and recently replenished by the nominees of the Dictator , lacked prestige and confidence. The majority was

rincess; they cheered at the games, the shows and the triumphs of the Dictator . In Caesar’s defiance of the Senate and his trium

l to profess in public an intention to maintain all the grants of the Dictator . Promises were added and privileges, generous but

his partisans, save that certain arrangements were still pending the Dictator appears to have designated or even allotted provi

ician as well. Lepidus retained the position of nominal deputy to the Dictator . But Lepidus was to take over a province in 44, a

t be constrained to silence for a time. With the suppression of the Dictator and return to normal government, the direction of

From his possession of the State papers and private fortune of the Dictator , duly surrendered by Calpurnia, Antonius had ampl

Antonius strove from the beginning to set himself in the place of the Dictator and succeed to sole and supreme power at Rome as

ain the ascension of Octavianus. A sceptic about all else, Caesar the Dictator had faith in his own star. The fortune of Caesar

y and the practice of military exercises, for he was to accompany the Dictator on the Balkan and eastern campaigns. He was not s

ortant, he had met Balbus, the trusted confidant and secretary of the Dictator . 2 Other prominent members of the Caesarian facti

ad made an attempt to display in public the golden chair voted to the Dictator by the Senate and the diadem vainly offered by An

te Caesarians by an appeal to their loyalty towards the memory of the Dictator , to their apprehensions or envy of Antonius: thro

ards his adoptive parent were never revealed. The whole career of the Dictator , however, showed the fabulous harvest to be got s

Caesarian general: yet Antonius was impotent against the heir of the Dictator . Once again the ghost of Caesar prevailed over th

nd a mysterious person called L. Pinarius Scarpus were nephews of the Dictator : they received a share of his fortune through the

23, 89. Suetonius (Divus Iulius 83, 2) calls them grandnephews of the Dictator . Possibly true of Pinarius, most unlikely for Ped

means clear; neither is the fate of the private fortune of Caesar the Dictator and the various state moneys at his disposal. Ant

least, had control both of certain funds destined for the wars of the Dictator and of the annual tribute from the provinces of t

almost at once the financial secretaries and political agents of the Dictator . Among the first Caesarians to be approached in A

te he was once moved to celebrate the clemency and magnanimity of the Dictator ,4 he soon set to work upon a vindication of Cato,

outh, he lacked auctoritas. On the other hand, he was the heir of the Dictator , a revolutionary under the sign of the avenging o

e, the solemn oath with hand outstretched to the statue of Caesar the Dictator . 8 Cicero in alarm confessed the ruinous alternat

e and wisdom of the non-party statesman was not invoked by Caesar the Dictator in his organization of the Roman Commonwealth. No

his province through legal provisions, namely the acta of Caesar the Dictator . But what of the official recognition of Caesar’s

enough that their rivals should be thwarted and impotent. Caesar the Dictator pardoned his adversaries and facilitated their re

eius yet the following of Caesar was by no means homogeneous, and the Dictator stood above parties. He did not champion one clas

over a thousand. 5 Scorn and ridicule had greeted the nominees of the Dictator : with the ignominy of the new senators of the Tri

falls in the main to the newest of the new, senators nominated by the Dictator or introduced after his death, most of them absen

and magistrates took a solemn oath to maintain the acts of Caesar the Dictator . More than this, Caesar was enrolled among the go

ook=>207 decided, invoking or inventing a proposal of Caesar the Dictator , must be a province no longer but removed from po

an loyalty alone of the senators they had sought to defend Caesar the Dictator when he was assailed by the Liberators. 1 In th

by Sulla, but admitted to honours by Caesar, commanded armies for the Dictator , and was the first triumviral consul. 3 The noble

e over the dead. The controversy about Cato began it. Then Caesar the Dictator became a subject of literary warfare, for a time

al kingdoms. He adopted the plan of campaign attributed to Caesar the Dictator not to cross the arid plains of Mesopotamia, as C

friend to Caesar, but not a fanatical Caesarian. The avenging of the Dictator and the contriving of a new cult, that was Octavi

in that, it conspired with dissident Caesarians and assassinated the Dictator , only to bring on worse tyranny. The group had su

ubt the best of his family, refused to accept amnesty from Caesar the Dictator . Of the company of the assassins in will and symp

ian, BC 4, 42, 175 ff). L. Pinarius Scarpus, the nephew of Caesar the Dictator , is difficult to classify: on him, cf. F. Münzer,

in the gymnasium. Antonius proclaimed Ptolemy Caesar true son of the Dictator and ruler in conjunction with Cleopatra, who was

were Cleopatra and her eldest son Ptolemy Caesar (alleged son of the Dictator , but probably not, cf. J. Carcopino, Ann. de l’Éc

re, Cleopatra was of no moment whatsoever in the policy of Caesar the Dictator , but merely a brief chapter in his amours, compar

that Ptolemy Caesar was the true heir as well as authentic son of the Dictator . Octavianus put up the Caesarian agent Oppius t

It resembled also the solemn pledge given by the Senate to Caesar the Dictator in the last month of his life, or the oath taken

lia Narbonensis had already been admitted to the Senate by Caesar the Dictator ; and there was an imposing total of Roman knights

so killed. PageBook=>300 them the last of the assassins of the Dictator , D. Turullius and Cassius of Parma, closing the s

tion sealed the fate of Ptolemy Caesar, whom many believed son of the Dictator . Alexander Helios and Cleopatra Selene were reser

. PageBook=>314 into Heaven. That was too much like Caesar the Dictator . Moreover, the young Caesar was a saviour and ben

fter death. Again, Horace in the Odes omits all mention of Caesar the Dictator . Only the Julium sidus is there— the soul of Caes

domination of Augustus was in reality far too similar to that of the Dictator to stand even a casual reminder, let alone pointe

lerii, Cinna’s grandson, or Cn. Pompeius, the descendant of Sulla the Dictator . After 28 B.C only two of these consulars serve a

ft in the charge of proconsuls. Under the dispensation of Sulla the Dictator , the public provinces were ten in number. Now the

of the year 27. In absence, distinct political advantages. Caesar the Dictator intended to spend three years in the Balkans and

disease or by the dagger, there might come again, as when Caesar the Dictator fell, dissension in their ranks, ending in civil

tlement of 23 B.C. It was only twenty-one years from the removal of a Dictator and the rebirth of Libertas, twenty-one years fro

in Rome and popular clamour that Augustus should assume the office of Dictator . 6 He refused, but consented to take charge of th

een Antonius, the deputy-leader and political successor of Caesar the Dictator , and Octavianus, who was his heir in name and blo

or were later rewarded with that supreme distinction. 1 Caesar the Dictator augmented the Senate by admitting his partisans.

forms and phrases, the full irony in the ostensible contrast between Dictator and Princeps. The Caesarian party was installed i

xaggeration, deriving from that schematic contrast between Caesar the Dictator and Augustus the Princeps which may satisfy the n

eems to have crystallized into the law of the constitution. Sulla the Dictator had probably fixed thirty as the age at which the

lamoured that Augustus, present or absent, should assume the title of Dictator . When he refused, they persisted in the next be

enobarbus, L. Calpurnius Piso (the young brother-in-law of Caesar the Dictator ) and the accomplished Paullus Fabius Maximus. By

ts like the obscure admiral M. Lurius. 2 As proconsul of Gaul or as Dictator , Caesar had spent generously. Cicero was moved to

e to maintaining public concord after the assassination of Caesar the Dictator , the consulars had failed lamentably, from privat

all, and prominent dignitaries waited muttering on his threshold, the Dictator quietly worked out his plans in the company of hi

.C.), a person of no great note who had been a partisan of Caesar the Dictator . As for the Metelli, the consul of A.D. 7 is a Ju

unpatriotic. 1 Against the champions of Cato, insidious enemies, the Dictator retorted with pamphlets, his own and from his fai

nd already possessed too many of the authentic features of Caesar the Dictator , some of them recently acquired or at least enhan

he had the first sight of Caesar’s grandnephew in the company of the Dictator . PageNotes. 471 1 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 94 ff

at Philippi: he was not there. After the example set by Caesar the Dictator , clemency became a commodity widely advertised by

jurist M. Antistius Labeo, whose father, one of the assassins of the Dictator , had committed suicide after Philippi, also prese

s, consul in 22 B.C., a not very distinguished partisan of Caesar the Dictator . PageNotes. 491 1 On their burial-place, cf.

ilitas. But the Julii left no direct heir, and the grandnephew of the Dictator , an Octavius from Velitrae, after fighting agains

om proconsuls of the last century of the Republic and from Caesar the Dictator even admission to the Roman Senate. To explain

tan nobiles of this name, 377. Cornelius Sulla, Faustus, son of the Dictator , 39. Cornelius Sulla, L. (cos. 88 B.C.), 7, 9,