th the compact of 60 B.C., devised by the political dynasts Pompeius, Crassus and Caesar to control the State and secure the do

tion and venality at Rome, oppression and extortion in the provinces. Crassus was in the habit of observing that nobody should

be called rich who was not able to maintain an army on his income. 2 Crassus should have known. The competition was fierce a

Cicero, De off. 1, 25; in a milder form, Pliny, NH 33, 134; Plutarch, Crassus 2. PageBook=>013 compact in 60 B.C. herald

s with whole armies of tenants or slaves, and financial magnates like Crassus . But the wealth of knights often outstripped many

1 The family of his wife Tertulla is not known. But his elder son, M. Crassus , married Caecilia Metella, daughter of Creticus (

us (ILS 881), presumably in the period 68-63 B.C. On the influence of Crassus with the Senate in 70 B.C., note esp. Plutarch, P

on. Neither Aemilii nor Claudii were quite to be trusted. The elusive Crassus , who had supported Catilina as far as his candida

ain against Sertorius, Pompeius combined with another army commander, Crassus , and carried out a peaceful coup d’état. Elected

and carried out a peaceful coup d’état. Elected consuls, Pompeius and Crassus abolished the Sullan constitution (70 B.C.). The

nst the People when elected consul and the other lent his services to Crassus . But alliance with Crassus need not alienate Pomp

consul and the other lent his services to Crassus. But alliance with Crassus need not alienate Pompeius utterly. Crassus used

rassus. But alliance with Crassus need not alienate Pompeius utterly. Crassus used his patronage to demonstrate that he was sti

peech against the land bill of Rullus. 3 Both actions and motive of Crassus in this period, as of Caesar, have commonly been

aviour of Italy, and thereby put a double-edged weapon in the hand of Crassus , who disliked them both. 4 Nor was Pompeius’ cons

cullus insisted on debate, point by point. He prevailed, supported by Crassus , by Cato and by the Metelli. 8 Then a second de

he Senate, Cato denounced their rapacity and repelled their demand. 5 Crassus was behind the financiers and Crassus waited, pat

ty and repelled their demand. 5 Crassus was behind the financiers and Crassus waited, patient in rancour. To maintain power, th

trained to a secret compact. The diplomatic arts of Caesar reconciled Crassus with Pompeius, to satisfy the ambitions of all th

ealed. It rested upon his own auctoritas, the wealth and influence of Crassus , the consular power of Caesar, and the services o

ement from his brother Appius, from his kinsmen the Metelli, and from Crassus , a combination in no way anomalous. 3 NotesPage

inus had been a legate of Pompeius (Appian, Mithr. 95; S1G3 750). 3 Crassus was in alliance with the Metelli not only through

the Metelli not only through his elder son (ILS 881). The younger, P. Crassus , was married by now to Cornelia, daughter of that

bate and intrigue, further sharpening the enmity between Pompeius and Crassus . In the spring of 56 B.C. the dynasts’ coalitio

of Caesar’s consulate. Pompeius dissembled and departed from Rome. 3 Crassus meanwhile had gone to Ravenna to confer with Caes

uca and renewed the compact, with a second consulate for Pompeius and Crassus and, after that, Spain and Syria respectively for

ar, he might have been entrapped by the Optimates and circumvented by Crassus , their potential ally. Now he would have an army

and his partisans. With the death of Julia, and the disappearance of Crassus , slain by the Parthians (53 B.C.), the danger of

. 1 Pompeius took in marriage his daughter, Cornelia, the widow of P. Crassus , rescued him from a due and deserved prosecution,

their daughters was given in marriage to the elder son of the dynast Crassus . Further, a Scipio, almost the last of his line,

us tribune when he plunged into illegal courses. The political dynast Crassus used Catilina as his agent. Catilina could not, o

hat reform or revolution had no place in the designs of his employer. Crassus drew back, and Catilina went on, to his ruin. W

Licinius Crassus Mucianus (Cicero, De re puhlica i, 31). Pulcher and Crassus were the fathers-in-law of Ti. and C. Gracchus re

ved as military tribune and as quaestor. 5 Caesar had kept faith with Crassus ; the younger son was dead, the elder followed Cae

ocate. At the beginning of the year 56 B.C. the alliance of Pompeius, Crassus and Caesar threatened to collapse. At this favour

saved their agent. When the case came up for trial, both Pompeius and Crassus defended the man of Gades. Cicero also spoke. Env

ested motives, to break the power of money in the Roman State. Not so Crassus and Caesar. The faction of Pompeius was unable to

He may also have inherited the Spanish connexion of his old associate Crassus , who had once raised a private army in the Penins

r. 110, &c. 4 ILS 8888. 5 Bell. Hisp. 42, 1 ff. 6 Plutarch, Crassus 6. PageBook=>076 nor the native tribe of t

ubt showing how far, for all their splendour and power, the principes Crassus , Caesar and Pompeius had fallen short of genuine

ruth in the judgement of the historian Sallustius. After Pompeius and Crassus had restored the power of the tribunate, Roman po

uced him to waive his hostility against the rulers of Rome, Pompeius, Crassus and Caesar. 1 The dynast Pompeius sacrificed his

ria in the spring of 36 B.C., in the design to avenge the disaster of Crassus , display the prestige of Rome and provide for the

o Caesar the Dictator not to cross the arid plains of Mesopotamia, as Crassus had done, there to be harried by cavalry and arro

t was descended from noble Sempronii Atratini. 5 Dio, 51, 2, 5. 6 Crassus , grandson of M. Crassus (cos. 70 B.C.), with Sex.

noble Sempronii Atratini. 5 Dio, 51, 2, 5. 6 Crassus, grandson of M. Crassus (cos. 70 B.C.), with Sex. Pompeius and then with

t the mere thought that Roman soldiers, captives from the disaster of Crassus (and by implication of Antonius), could turn rene

, he preferred to use that advantage for peace rather than for war. Crassus and the national honour clamoured for a war of re

might desire to outshine all the generals of the Republic, Pompeius, Crassus and Antonius, in distant conquest, for glory, for

easy to delude, the sentiments of a patriotic people. The disaster of Crassus and the ill success of Antonius, even though not

ry, or forgery, of an inscription was enlisted to refute the claim of Crassus . 2 Fraud or an antiquarian quibble robbed the pro

e passage of four centuries, was no doubt invoked to demonstrate that Crassus had no valid claim to the spolia opima because he

Dio expressly states that Octavianus took the title of imperator from Crassus and added it to his own total (51, 25, 2). A prem

total (51, 25, 2). A premature Athenian inscription (ILS 8810) gives Crassus the title he deserved (αὐτʋκράτωρ). PageBook=&g

.C.), after which he disappears completely from history. In robbing Crassus of the title of imperator Octavianus raised, perh

ed. No source records any political repercussions of the clash with Crassus , any hint of the attitude of other proconsuls. Ha

s once a partisan of Antonius. 3 Who had not been? Neither Gallus nor Crassus is even mentioned by the loyal historian Velleius

of the restoration of Republican government at Rome. The denial to Crassus of the title of imperator was not merely a matter

t merely a matter of constitutional propriety—or rather, impropriety. Crassus was a noble, from a great house, the grandson of

need of instruction. Reunited after the conference of Luca, Pompeius, Crassus and Caesar took a large share of provinces. From

x-consuls were men dangerously eminent, from family or from ambition. Crassus was a recent warning. Triumviral authority, succe

Others as well he did not wish to contemplate the triumphal pomp of Crassus and the prosecution of the Prefect of Egypt. In R

ic pressure upon the King of the Parthians to regain the standards of Crassus and so acquire easy prestige for the new governme

ance, joining the company of those renegades who rose to high office, Crassus , Titius and M. Junius Silanus. Others, spared aft

), a centurion or knight who had served in the armies of Sulla and of Crassus . 2 Balbus under Caesar in Spain, Mamurra in Gau

captured standards and Roman soldiers surviving from the disasters of Crassus and Antonius; and an expeditionary force commande

circle of the dynastic group, namely the descendants of Cinna, Sulla, Crassus and Pompeius. Some missed the consulate and none,

lyricum was designated)1 there followed a disaster unparalleled since Crassus , the constitutional crisis in Rome, supervening w

timents of the sovran people were indispensable to Roman politicians. Crassus had a happier touch than Pompeius. The demagogue

n, the War of Actium, or to plead in solemn tones for the avenging of Crassus . 1 Antiquities, however, were more in the line

lf to describe the fall of the Republic from the compact of Pompeius, Crassus and Caesar to the Battle of Philippi. Of earlier

ous notoriety in the last generation of the Free State, Sulla, Cinna, Crassus and Pompeius, were still prominent in the first d

me entangled, not only among themselves, as when a Piso, adopted by a Crassus , married a Scribonia descended from Pompeius, but

of victims, blended and involved with the descendants of Pompeius and Crassus . A son of L. Calpurnius Piso married Scribonia, a

. Aufidius Orestes 70 Cn. Pompeius Cn. f. Magnus: M. Licinius P. f. Crassus 69 Q. Hortensius L. f.: Q. Caecilius C. f. Mete

C. Asinius Cn. f. Pollio L. Cornelius L. f. Balbus: P. Canidius P. f. Crassus 39 L. Marcius L. f. Censorinus: C. Calvisius C.

ibo: L. Calpurnius L. f. Piso Frugi (Pontifex) 14 M. Licinius M. f. Crassus : Cn. Cornelius Cn. f. Lentulus (Augur) 13 Ti. C

y on goats, 31. Court, the imperial, 385 f. Courtiers, 385 f., 501. Crassus , see Licinius. Crastinus, Caesarian centurion,

ostile to Lucullus, 21; hostile to Gabinius, 67, 149 f.; supported by Crassus , 34; relations with Caesar, 73, 81 f.; afraid of

Licinia, mother of Q. Metellus Scipio, 37. Licinia, daughter of a P. Crassus , 310. Licinii, 19, 85, 163, 244, 423 f., 496 f.

la, 75; descendants, 424, 496 f. Licinius Crassus, M., elder son of M. Crassus (cos. 70 B.C.), and a Caesarian, 22, 36, 64. Li

rassus, P. (cos. 97 B.C.), 22. Licinius Crassus, P., younger son of M. Crassus (cos. 70 B.C.), married to Cornelia, 22, 36, 40.

d by Brutus, 171; in the Triumviral period, 222 f., 266; campaigns of Crassus , 308; a senatorial province, 314, 315, 328 ff.; t

in 62 B.C., 30; dynastic marriages, 31 f., 36, 40, 43; alliance with Crassus and Caesar, 8, 34 f.; his control of provinces, 3

Sergius Catilina, L., 15, 17, 25; his partisans, 66, 89; helped by Crassus , 26, 60; virtues and vices of, 149 f.; his views

64, 134. Superstition, spread of, 218, 256, 471 f. Syria, held by Crassus , 37; in 44–43 B.C., 107, 111, 124, 171; in the Tr

a, 329 f. Terrasidius, T., officer of Caesar, 89. Tertulia, wife of M. Crassus (cos. 70 B.C.), 22. Tertulia, alleged mistress of

ve been made, such as the family of Ap. Claudius Pulcher, the sons of Crassus , and three of the five marriages of Pompeius Magn

illustrates the alliances between the descendants of Pompeius, Sulla, Crassus , and L. Piso (cos. 15 B.C.), cf. above, pp. 424 a