istory conspire to load the scales against the vanquished. Brutus and Cassius lie damned to this day by the futility of their n

ilosophy. Moreover, the originator of the plot, the dour and military Cassius , was of the Epicurean persuasion and by no means

fore et aliquanto deteriore condicione civilia bella subituram. ’ 2 Cassius (Ad fam. 15, 19, 4) describes Caesar as ‘veterem

mily from Tibur; 2 and Caesar probably intended that M. Brutus and C. Cassius should be consuls in 41 B.C.3 But before these di

ians such as Q. Ligarius and obscure individuals like D. Turullius or Cassius of Parma, whose former history and political acti

m ardentius. ’ 3 Compare the tone of his letter to M. Brutus and to Cassius , Ad fam. 11, 1. The dating of this crucial docume

d critics ’a manly deed but a childish lack of counsel. ’2 Brutus and Cassius , since they were praetors, should have usurped au

had insisted that Antonius be spared. 4 Had the faction of Brutus and Cassius forsworn its principles and appealed to arms, the

ce. 2 The appeal was premature. Nor could the faction of Brutus and Cassius reckon upon the citizen-body of the capital. To t

rvive in Italy. Not everywhere, or among all classes. When Brutus and Cassius during the months of April and May lurked in the

berators as guarded by the devoted loyalty of all Italy. 3 Brutus and Cassius were warmly welcomed by the propertied classes in

became impatient of the praising of Dolabella, Ad Att. 14, 19, 5. 2 Cassius urged Cicero to get at Hirtius, Ad Att. 15, 5, 1.

, Ad Att. 15, 6, 2 f. 4 Ad fam. 11, 2 (an open letter of Brutus and Cassius ). 5 Nepos, Vita Attici 8, 1 ff. 6 The ancient

tia quam cum virtutibus’. PageBook=>106 secured for Brutus and Cassius (who were praetors) a dispensation to remain away

ring his absence in Campania, he now made up his mind that Brutus and Cassius should leave Italy. Antonius had returned to Rome

5th, at the instigation of Antonius, the Senate appointed Brutus and Cassius to an extraordinary commission for the rest of th

ance, the post was really an honourable pretext for exile. Brutus and Cassius were in doubts whether to accept. A family confer

ference at Antium, presided over by Servilia, debated the question. 2 Cassius was resentful and truculent, Brutus undecided. Se

(1937), 135 f. 2 Ad Att. 15, 11 (June 8th). The wives of Brutus and Cassius were there, also the faithful Favonius and Cicero

, and, more than that, to a firm pact with the Liberators. Brutus and Cassius published an edict conceived in fair terms, proba

that Antonius might surrender his provincial command, that Brutus and Cassius would be able to return to Roman political life.

, he still hoped to avoid an open breach with the party of Brutus and Cassius . His professions, both public and private, had hi

private letter, in a tone of some anger and impatience. 2 Brutus and Cassius retorted NotesPage=>118 1 Phil, 1, 8: ‘M.

viction that wherever they were, there stood Rome and the Republic. 2 Cassius , however, lingered in Italian waters for some tim

ng, and hopes of concord or of dissension were frustrated. Brutus and Cassius did not return to Rome and the rival Caesarian le

he was lost. His enemies might win the provincial armies. Brutus and Cassius had left Italy, ostensibly for their provinces of

s reported that the legions at Alexandria in Egypt were riotous, that Cassius was expected there. 3 Further, Cassius might appe

ia in Egypt were riotous, that Cassius was expected there. 3 Further, Cassius might appeal to the large armies in Syria. It was

s for the following year. Crete and Cyrene were taken from Brutus and Cassius , while Macedonia was assigned to his brother, the

Att. 16, 14, 2. 5 Ad fam. 12, 2, 2. He hoped to squeeze Brutus and Cassius out of the consulate of 41 B.C. and get one of th

onciliatory position between the parties. Being related to Brutus, to Cassius and to Lepidus he might become the link in a new

meeting of the Senate on August 1st and some prospect that Brutus and Cassius might return to political life. 1 Cicero turned

77. 4 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 4 (allegations made by Antonius and by Cassius of Parma). 5 In Pisonem, fr. 11 = Asconius 4 (p

tro consensu fundamenta rei publicae. ’ 7 Ib. 11, 28 (on Brutus and Cassius ): ‘qua lege, quo iure? eo quod Iuppiter ipse sanx

gravitatis, minime huius ordinis. ’ 9 Ib. 11, 27: ‘nam et Brutus et Cassius multis iam in rebus ipse sibi senatus fuit. ’ P

, in the last effort of the Senate. Only three, so Cicero, writing to Cassius , asserted, could be called statesmen and patriots

ate a revolution in the East. The friends and relatives of Brutus and Cassius at Rome, whatever they knew, probably kept a disc

province he would hold for the five years following, until Brutus and Cassius should have become consuls and have vacated their

oning the rank conferred upon a private adventurer. As for Brutus and Cassius , he appears to have recognized their right to the

lendid success. While the Senate negotiated with Antonius, Brutus and Cassius had acted: they seized the armies of all the land

in the city of Apollonia. Even more spectacular was the success of Cassius . He went to Syria, a province where he was known

ssus was holding with a legion. 5 Besiegers and besieged alike joined Cassius . That was not all. The Caesarian A. Allienus wa

ough Palestine, to join Dolabella. They too went to swell the army of Cassius . NotesPage=>171 1 Ad fam. 12, 2 (Feb. 2nd)

, Brutus 25). P. Lentulus, Trebonius’ quaestor, claims that he helped Cassius (Ad fam. 12, 14, 6). 5 On these men, above, p.

oudly invoking the plea of patriotism and the higher legality. As for Cassius , there was as yet no authentic news of his succes

Trebonius and his quaestor had given to the enterprises of Brutus and Cassius . A thrill of horror ran through the Senate. The R

ed moderate men like Pansa to rebuff Cicero’s proposal to confer upon Cassius the commission of making war against Dolabella, w

c armies and all the provinces of the East in the hands of Brutus and Cassius , the Republic appeared to be winning all along th

and Republicans in the East, crushed and exterminated. If Brutus and Cassius came to Italy with their host of seventeen legion

Studien xxxv (1913), 269. PageBook=>164 East were consigned to Cassius in one act. Nor was this all. Sextus Pompeius had

1003 f. In February Antonius had recognized the claims of Brutus and Cassius to the consulate in 41 B.C., Phil. 8, 27, cf. Dio

compromise in this matter perhaps at variance with the more resolute Cassius . 2 In any event, principles and honour commanded

oes not enable the occupation of Macedonia by Brutus (and of Syria by Cassius ) to be closely dated. According to Gelzer, Brutus

ws of the session of November 28th, when Antonius deprived Brutus and Cassius of the praetorian provinces which they had refuse

airs of Thrace, recover Asia from Dolabella, and make a junction with Cassius . To cross to Italy without Cassius and the resour

olabella, and make a junction with Cassius. To cross to Italy without Cassius and the resources of the East would have been a f

igh loyalty and competed for the right to prosecute. Agrippa indicted Cassius ,1 a person called L. Cornificius marked down Br

ian faction in the city of Rome and the gathering power of Brutus and Cassius in the East, the Caesarian leaders were drawn irr

ith Sex. Pompeius. With Pompeius they found a refuge, with Brutus and Cassius a party and a cause, armies of Roman legions and

or torpid: the young nobiles went in a body to the camp of Brutus and Cassius , eagerly or with the energy of despair. Six years

le youth of talent and distinction. 8 Three Caesarian generals joined Cassius in Syria. 9 Trebonius the proconsul of Asia had b

s Ahenobarbus, coming up with a large part of the fleet of Brutus and Cassius , reinforced Murcus and won complete control of th

IL x, 8337, p. 1001. PageBook=>203 In the meantime, Brutus and Cassius had been gathering the wealth and the armies of t

he loyalty of the native chieftains. Then, crossing into Asia, he met Cassius at Smyrna towards the end of the year 43. Cassius

g into Asia, he met Cassius at Smyrna towards the end of the year 43. Cassius had a success to report. He had encountered Dolab

esarian cause had suffered complete eclipse in the East. Brutus and Cassius now took counsel for war. Even when Antonius join

orrow as shame that he felt for Rome. 2 For good reasons Brutus and Cassius decided not to carry the war into Italy in winter

sing Rhodians and Lycians and draining the wealth of Asia. Brutus and Cassius met again at Ephesus. In the late summer of 42 th

er of men. But officers and men knew and respected the tried merit of Cassius . The best of the legions, it is true, were Caesar

gions, it is true, were Caesarian veterans. Yet the soldiers welcomed Cassius when he arrived in Syria more than eighteen month

ions stand against the name and fortune of Caesar? From his war-chest Cassius paid the men fifteen hundred denarii a head and p

head and promised more. 1 For the rest, the prospects of Brutus and Cassius left little to be desired. Their plan was simple

them within the narrow bounds of an impoverished Greece. Brutus and Cassius marched westwards. Out-manoeuvring and throwing b

, to the south on a marsh. Brutus pitched his camp on the right wing, Cassius on the left. They had leisure to unite and fortif

d. Working his way through the marsh to the south around the flank of Cassius , he at last forced on a battle. Octavianus had no

ook=>205 Caesarians, led by Antonius, broke through the front of Cassius and pillaged his camp. Cassius despaired too soon

y Antonius, broke through the front of Cassius and pillaged his camp. Cassius despaired too soon. Unaware of the brilliant succ

s, through a defect of his eyesight1 and believing that all was lost, Cassius fell upon his sword. Such was the first Battle of

t was not the ghost of Caesar but an incalculable hazard, the loss of Cassius , that brought on the doom of the Republic. Brutus

us, he said, might have been numbered with Cato, with Brutus and with Cassius : he had surrendered himself to Octavianus and he

Appian, BC 5, 2, 4 ff. Among them were Cicero’s son and the assassins Cassius of Parma and Turullius. Cn. Piso, C. Antistius Ve

ppian (BC 5, 139, 579) names as his last companions in Asia (35 B.C.) Cassius of Parma, Nasidius, Saturninus, Thermus, Antistiu

Gaul. 5 Other diplomats were Q. Dellius, who deserted Dola-bella and Cassius in turn, and the elegant C. Fonteius Capito, a fr

d the consulars Bibulus and Ahenobarbus were dead; so were Brutus and Cassius , Q. Hortensius, young Lucullus and Favonius, the

, and the few surviving assassins of Caesar, among them Turullius and Cassius of Parma ; 3 young Sentius Saturninus, a relative

Actium (Dio 50, 13, 5); for Turullius, cf. BMC, R. Rep. 11, 531; for Cassius of Parma, see Appian, 1. c, and Velleius 2, 87, 3

see Appian, 1. c, and Velleius 2, 87, 3 (the last of the assassins). Cassius is also a figure in literary history, cf. P-W III

00 them the last of the assassins of the Dictator, D. Turullius and Cassius of Parma, closing the series that began with C. T

ority and Roman interests, by whomsoever represented, by Pompeius, by Cassius , or by Antonius. Octavianus deposed a certain num

NotesPage=>300 1 Dio 51, 8, 2 f. (Turullius); Velleius 2, 87, 3 ( Cassius ). 2 Velleius 2, 87, 3: ‘Canidius timidius deces

brother, a senator, supported Agrippa in prosecuting the assassin C. Cassius under the Lex Pedia. 1 Velleius’ father served as

esumed that Augustus’ historian also spoke with respect of Brutus and Cassius they had fought for the constitution; and even wi

ional. Republican sympathies were openly expressed. From his father Cassius inherited a connexion with the Transpadani; 1 and

whole, a harmless practice. Yet Mediolanium did not forget Brutus and Cassius ; 2 Corduba produced a disloyalist; 3 while Patavi

Bruti 5; Suetonius, De rhet. 6. 3 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 51, 2. 4 Cassius of Patavium, Suetonius, Divus Aug. 51, 1; Plautiu

arian leader in the revolutionary wars. Messalla praised Brutus and Cassius ; 1 but he reprehended Antonius in justification o

id not matter, said Cassius Severus, who had them all by heart. 7 But Cassius did not go unscathed. This man, an able and vigor

Ann. 4, 21: ‘sordidae originis, maleficae vitae. PageBook=>487 Cassius prosecuted Augustus’ friend Nonius Asprenas on a

cobbler, his mother a baker’s daughter turned prostitute. 1 It was Cassius who defined for all time the character and capaci

all time the character and capacity of Paullus Fabius Maximus. 2 But Cassius was vulnerable and widely hated. Augustus ordered

to the barren rock of Seriphus. 4 Not so dangerous as Labienus and Cassius , or possessing fewer enemies, the Republican hist

nn. 3, 76. The most germane were not in evidence ‘sed prae- fulgebant Cassius atque Brutus eo ipso quod effigies eorum non vise

ue Brutus eo ipso quod effigies eorum non visebantur. ’ 3 L. and C. Cassius , consul and suffect consul in A.D. 30 (sons of L.

use of Libertas. Of the authentic champions of that ideal, Brutus and Cassius , who had fought against Caesar’s heir at Philippi

tus does not even admit a restoration of the Free State if Brutus and Cassius had prevailed at Philippi. Such was the conventio

es, 19, 238, 244; altar of gens Augusta at, 473. Cassii, 19, 492. Cassius of Parma, assassin, 95, 228, 269, 300. Cassius, o

. Cassii, 19, 492. Cassius of Parma, assassin, 95, 228, 269, 300. Cassius , of Patavium, conspirator, 478. Cassius Longinu

0, 122, 146, 151, 173, 209, 232, 357, 406, 417, 430, 442, 504. Dio ( Cassius ), on the politics of 44 B.C., 122; an imitator of

Viator, Ti., freedman’s son in militia equestris, 354. Junia, wife of Cassius , 69, 116; her funeral, 492. Junia, mother of C.