mpore iniunxerat Caesari. ’ Compare also, in his letter to Oppius and Balbus (Ad Att. 9, 7 c, 2), the reference ‘iis qui et il

of apple that bore his name. 6 Tireless and inseparable, Oppius and Balbus wrote letters and pamphlets, travelled, intrigued

amily of Roman bankers. But Oppius lacks colour beside the formidable Balbus , the leading personage in the ancient Punic city

or in Hispania Ulterior and then propraetor, made the acquaintance of Balbus and brought him to Rome. Allied both to Pompeius

albus and brought him to Rome. Allied both to Pompeius and to Caesar, Balbus gradually edged towards the more powerful attract

cted and compacts arranged without the knowledge and the mediation of Balbus . 3 His unpopularity is attested by the elaborate

t this favourable moment an unknown agent was instigated to prosecute Balbus , impugning his title to the Roman citizenship. Th

an of Gades. Cicero also spoke. Envious detractors there might be but Balbus , the friend of such eminent citizens, could surel

the friend of such eminent citizens, could surely have no enemies. 4 Balbus won. But for the failure of certain political int

won. But for the failure of certain political intrigues, the fate of Balbus and the role of Cicero would have been very diffe

te of Balbus and the role of Cicero would have been very different. Balbus ruled his native Gades like a monarch: in Rome th

t Gallus has in his possession a dramatic poem written by the younger Balbus . Gallus came from Forum Julii (Jerome, Chron., p.

in the service of Pompeius during the Sertorian War; cf. the case of Balbus (above, p. 72). On this hypothesis, cf. R. Syme,

o had acquired an evil name for his acquisitions thirty years before. Balbus was notorious already, envied and hated for his p

4, 21, 3; Ad fam. 15, 19, 3; De off. 2, 29. 2 Ad Att. 12, 2, 2: ‘at Balbus aedificat. τί γἀ⍴ αùτῷ µέλ∊ι’; 3 Dio 43, 47, 3.

n officer. 1 Saxa may be described as an immigrant or colonial Roman. Balbus , the Gaditane magnate, was not a Roman by birth,

a Roman by birth, but a citizen of an alien community allied to Rome. Balbus did not yet enter the Senate. His young nephew, c

Pro Cluentio 161)? 2 For his services to Caesar, Velleius 2, 51, 3. Balbus was quaestor in Hispania Ulterior under Pollio, w

equestrian order, old friends, loyal associates or grateful clients. Balbus , Oppius and Matius had not entered the Senate the

y that the Dictator would have given the consulate to Ventidius or to Balbus he did not gratify the expectations of Rabirius;

sulted in secret with the chief men of the Caesarian faction, such as Balbus , the Dictator’s secretary and confidant, Hirtius,

dawn on March 16th he occupied the Forum with armed men. Lepidus and Balbus were eager for vengeance; 1 Antonius, however, si

Matius took a grim pleasure in the most gloomy reports; 4 some, like Balbus and Oppius, dissembled; others again were frankly

s innocens dives’. 3 For these relationships, see Table III at end. Balbus himself, on the maternal side, was a near relativ

his step-father, the consular Philippus. 1 More important, he had met Balbus , the trusted confidant and secretary of the Dicta

ng the first Caesarians to be approached in April was the millionaire Balbus . Balbus could keep his counsel,4 and time has res

irst Caesarians to be approached in April was the millionaire Balbus. Balbus could keep his counsel,4 and time has respected h

at identification have been made, none satisfactory. Λ∈ύκιος might be Balbus but Balbus’ activities were usually less obtrusiv

y. Then Caesar wooed him assiduously, through the familiar offices of Balbus and Oppius and by personal approach. But Cicero s

ind of open letter, expressing approval of the government. Oppius and Balbus found the result not altogether satisfactory. Rat

gave it up, gladly. Caesar did not insist. Time was short agents like Balbus were of more use to a busy and imperious autocrat

cero’s path lay through Aquinum, but apparently he missed Hirtius and Balbus . They were journeying to Campania, ostensibly to

ly to take the waters. 5 Wherever there was trouble, the secret agent Balbus might be detected in the background. For Cicero,

ius and the compulsory speeches in defence of the tools of despotism, Balbus , Vatinius and Gabinius, by the Dictatorship of Ca

ilippus, Servilius and other schemers, patent but seldom noticed, and Balbus never even named. In Cicero the Republic posses

ave been praised no less than that man from Gades, the irreproachable Balbus . Would that all good men and champions of Rome’s

vil war. Almost at once he composed a propaganda-letter, addressed to Balbus and Oppius but destined for wider circulation: th

, for a new pair of consuls was installed before the end of the year, Balbus the millionaire from Gades, emerging again into o

le senatorial family, on terms of friendship with Cicero, Atticus and Balbus . 2 One of them, C. Peducaeus, fell at Mutina for

a for Octavianus, were among the Dictator’s new senators. The younger Balbus was probably in Spain at the same time as Peducae

, P-W XIX, 46 f. and 51. This man was present, along with Agrippa and Balbus , at the death-bed of Atticus in 32 B.C. (Nepos, V

he aristocracies of the kindred peoples of Italy. As for the consular Balbus , that was beyond words. The lower ranks of the

itably commend itself to mystical inclinations. How far Atticus and Balbus , who still lived on without public signs of their

st, until his heir discountenanced an uncomfortable theme. Oppius and Balbus came forward to protect the memory of their frien

cf. 31, 6 4 Perhaps in the important post of praefectus fabrum (cf. Balbus and Mamurra under Caesar in Spain and Gaul respec

Atticus died in 32 B.C., aged seventy-seven: at his bedside stood old Balbus and Marcus Agrippa, the husband of Caecilia Attic

Ti. Claudius Nero, the step-son of Octavianus (19, 4). 2 Ib. 21, 4. Balbus probably died not long after this. PageBook=>

in the War of Mutina. In politics his mentors had been Philippus and Balbus . To retain power, however, he must base his rule

itary glory L. Sempronius Atratinus triumphed from Africa in 21 B.C., Balbus two years later for his raid into the land of the

n or knight who had served in the armies of Sulla and of Crassus. 2 Balbus under Caesar in Spain, Mamurra in Gaul. It might

he Narbonensian partisans remained. 1 Of the men from Spain, Saxa and Balbus were dead, but the younger Balbus went on in sple

. 1 Of the men from Spain, Saxa and Balbus were dead, but the younger Balbus went on in splendour and power to hold the procon

men designated to the consulate who had never been senators, such as Balbus the Elder and Salvidienus Rufus. Rome came to wit

to indignation by the riches of Labienus and Mamurra, the gardens of Balbus :3 Cicero himself was still owing money to Caesar

es of the great politicians were gross and scandalous. When the elder Balbus died, he was able to bequeath to the populace of

Rome a sum as large as Caesar had, twenty-five denarii a head. 1 But Balbus began as a millionaire in his own right. Agrippa

the military proconsuls in the early years of the Principate, such as Balbus in Africa, P. Silius and M. Vinicius in Illyricum

the last years of Augustus onwards; 1 and although no proconsul after Balbus triumphed, the governors, being legally independe

; his friend, the affluent senator Lucceius, gave valued counsel; and Balbus was instrumental in forming a famous compact. Cab

ited the policy and no little part of the personnel, for the names of Balbus , Oppius and Matius soon emerge in the entourage o

ore the law. Gades might export dancing-girls or a millionaire like Balbus . But there were many other towns in Spain and Gal

PageBook=>502 The harm had already been done. The millionaires Balbus and Seneca were the real enemies. It is in every

to see only the ambition and the agency of individuals. On any count, Balbus should be added. The banker Atticus knew all abou

uld be added. The banker Atticus knew all about contemporary history: Balbus had a share in the making of it, from the dynasts

erely under Augustus but even with Pompeius and Caesar. Once again, Balbus and Theophanes. The Emperor Claudius, as frank an

is of decisive value for the following years: 39 B.C. C. Cocceius ( Balbus ), already known as cos. suff. anno incerto (CIL 1

mitius M. f. Calvinus II: C. Asinius Cn. f. Pollio L. Cornelius L. f. Balbus : P. Canidius P. f. Crassus 39 L. Marcius L. f.

L. Marcius L. f. Censorinus: C. Calvisius C. f. Sabinus C. Cocceius ( Balbus ): P. Alfenus P. f. Varus 38 Ap. Claudius C. f.

udius Ti. f. Nero II: Cn. Calpurnius Cn. f. Piso 6 D. Laelius D. f. Balbus : C. Antistius C. f. Vetus 5 Imp. Caesar Divi f.

475. Baetica, not a province in 27 B.C., 326; date of origin, 395. Balbus , see Cornelius. Balkans, Roman conquests in, 22

town house, 195, 380; as an advocate, 149 ff.; as a wit, 152; defends Balbus , 72, 151; defends Caelius and Plancius, 88; defen