otism. ‘Cum domino pax ista venit. ’7 NotesPage=>009 1 Appian, BC 1, 2, 7: δυναστϵȋαι τϵ σαν ἤδƞ ĸατἀ πoλλἀ ĸαὶ στα

am, esse ultionem. ’ Cf. Lucan, Pharsalia 4, 207; 7, 455. 6 Appian, BC 1, 6, 24: δϵ µὲν ὲĸ στἀσϵων πoιĸίλων ἡ πoλιτϵία ‘

ished this total for the Senate of 55 B.C. 2 Sallust, BJ 63, 6 (cf. BC 23, 6): ‘etiam turn alios magistratus plebs, cons

and a patrician: ‘quod non dignos homines honore honestatos videbam’ ( BC 35, 3); ‘M. Tullius, inquilinus civis urbis Romae

and Carbo was defeated. L. Cornelius NotesPage=>016 1 Sallust, BC 38, 3: ‘namque, uti paucis verum absolvam, post i

n the next year. The son therefore inherited ‘urbana gratia’ (Caesar, BC 3, 83, 1): he is described as designate to the co

(Ad Att. 1, 1, 4). On his huge estates and armies of coloni, Caesar, BC 1, 17, 4156, 3. 3 ‘Sallust’, Ad Caesarem 2, 9,

gua, magis malus quam cailidus ingenio. ’ On his ‘iracundia’, Caesar, BC 3, 16, 3. 4 P. Clodius was an ally of Cicero ag

who carried out the sentence of the NotesPage=>025 1 Sallust, BC 53, 5 f.: ‘multis tempestatibus haud sane quisqua

orious. Cicero could not deny it, cf. Ad Att. 12, 21, 1. 2 Sallust, BC 52, 21 f. : ‘sed alia fuere, quae illos magnos fe

Namely, his own kinsman, Q. Pompeius Rufus, cos. 88 B.C., cf. Appian, BC 1, 63, 284. 3 Plutarch, Pompeius 1. 4 Cicero,

Pro Rabirio perduellionis reo 22), presumably from Cingulum (Caesar, BC 1, 15, 2; Silius Italicus, Punica 10, 34). The as

, 3). The Pompeian military man M. Petreius, old in service (Sallust, BC 59, 6), was probably the son of a centurion from

and Q. Metellus Nepos. 3 C. Calpurnius Piso (cos. 67), cf. Sallust, BC 49, 2. On his reiterated opposition to Pompeius,

to that of the Greek Theophanes, cf. Ad Alt. 9, I, 3; 11, 3; Caesar, BC 3, 18, 3: ‘adhibito Libone et L. Lucceio et Theop

pinther became proconsul of Hispania Citerior, with help from Caesar ( BC 1, 22, 4). On Pompeius’ relations with the Lentul

s? oppressos vos, inquit, tenebo exercitu Caesaris. ’ Compare Appian, BC 3, 27, 103 (with reference to Antonius in 44 B.C.

2 Attested for Lentulus Spinther, one of the consuls of 57 (Caesar, BC 1, 22, 4), and plausibly to be inferred for his c

ius 31 = p. 35 f. Clark; Plutarch, Cato minor 47, &c. 6 Appian, BC 2, 28, 107: is ς θϵραπϵίαν τ ς πóλϵως πιĸλƞθϵίς;

t. 6, 1, 17. His morals (Val. Max. 9, 1, 8) and his capacity (Caesar, BC 1, 4, 3; 3, 31, 1) were pretty dubious. 2 Ad fa

n loaded with debts, avid and openly venal (Ad Att. 11, 6, 6; Caesar, BC 1, 4, 2). 2 For the full details, cf. P-W 11 A,

harsalia 1, 125 f.; Florus 2, 13, 14. For Pompeius’ jealousy, Caesar, BC 1, 4, 4; Velleius 2, 29, 2; 33, 3. For Caesar’s a

das Principat des Pompejus3 (1922), 271 ff. 3 As Caesar complains, BC 1, 85, 9: ‘per paucos probati et electi’. 4 Cae

of the Free State. 4 The influence of NotesPage=>042 1 Caesar, BC 1, 8, 3: ‘semper se rei publicae commoda privatis

p only the Cisalpina, or even Illyricum, with a single legion(Appian, BC 2, 32, 126; Plutarch, Caesar 31; Suetonius, Divus

126; Plutarch, Caesar 31; Suetonius, Divus Iulius 29, 2). 3 Appian, BC 2, 30, 119. PageBook=>048 The precise lega

sfrage’, and interminably discussed, depends upon a ‘Machtfrage’. 2 BC 1, 9, 2: ‘sibi semper primam fuisse dignitatem vi

cti pro salute unius astrinxerant’; Appian, in several passages, esp. BC 2, 145, 604: ĸαί αὗθις ἀν∊γίγνωσĸ∊ τούς ö⍴ĸυνς’,

f the consulars, condemned in the law courts, NotesPage=>061 1 BC 1, 4, 4: ‘ipse Pompeius ab inimicis Caesaris inci

t, so it was alleged (Pliny, NH 7, 156). 3 Above, p. 41 4 Caesar, BC 3, 83 (especially the competition for Caesar’s of

). As for A. Allienus and Sex. Peducaeus, attested in 48 b.c (Appian, BC 2, 48, 197), the former had been a legate of Q. C

2 For example, a son of Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus (Caesar, BC 3, 62, 4) and M. Claudius Marcellus Aeserninus (B

; P- W, Supp. v, 369 ff. 3 L. Julius Caesar (cos. 64) was a legate ( BC 1, 8, 2), but his son fought for the Republic in

, Sex. Julius Caesar (quaestor in 47), is attested with Caesar in 49 ( BC 2, 20, 7). On Q. Pedius, cf. below, p. 128. For t

, Divus Iulius 79, 4) but not very conspicuous in public. 4 Caesar, BC 1, 6, 4. 5 Caesar served under P. Servilius Vat

M. Licinius Crassus was made governor of the Cisalpina in 49 (Appian, BC 2, 41, 165). He died soon after. PageBook=>0

2). 2 Gellius 12, 12, 2 ff.; ‘Sallust’, In Ciceronem 3. 3 Caesar, BC 3, 89, 3. Caesar also stole Venus victrix from hi

89, 3. Caesar also stole Venus victrix from his adversaries, Appian, BC 2, 68, 281. 4 Cn. Lentulus Clodianus and L. Gel

sunt reges. ’ 3 Compare Catilina’s remarks in the Senate, Sallust, BC 31, 7: ‘sibi, Patricio homini, cuius ipsius atque

f 44: he cannot then have been only twenty-five, as stated by Appian, BC 2, 129, 539. Other Caesarian patricians were the

that P. Servilius’ wife was a Junia, daughter of Decimus. 5 Appian, BC 2, 26, 102. (Curio was a relative of his, Dio 40,

uae non solum vobis obsistere sed etiam caelum diruere possent? ’ 5 BC 3, 91, 2. 6 For example, BC 3, 53, 4 f., cf. Ci

sed etiam caelum diruere possent? ’ 5 BC 3, 91, 2. 6 For example, BC 3, 53, 4 f., cf. Cicero, Ad Att. 14, 10, 2 (Scaev

071 1 BG 3, 5, 2; 4, 21, 1 and 23, 5; 6, 41, 2; 8, 23, 4 and 48, 1; BC 3, 60, 4. 2 Cicero, Ad Att. 7, 7, 6; Catullus 2

, 33, 4: ‘Xerxes togatus. ’ 3 e.g., N. Magius from Cremona (Caesar, BC 1, 24, 4). 4 Suetonius, Divus Iulius 73. The po

). 5 e.g. C. Fleginas (or rather, Felginas) from Placentia, Caesar, BC 3, 71, 1. The maternal grandfather of L. Calpurni

of his auctoritas with Pompeius (Ad Att. 5, 11, 3); cf. also Caesar, BC 3, 18, 3 (Libo, Lucceius and Theophanes). Of his

bundant evidence, cf. P-W V A, 2090 ff. 3 For example, in Thessaly ( BC 3, 34, 4; 35, 2; Cicero, Phil. 13, 33). Note also

R Papers XIV (1938), 12 ff. 3 Bell. Afr. 54, 5 and, by implication, BC 1, 46, 4. On the whole question of the social sta

of the Senate before his Dictatorship NotesPage=>080 1 Caesar, BC 1, 66, 3; Cicero, Phil. 11, 12; 13, 27, &c, d

On the class of domi nobiles, cf. Pro Cluentio 23; 109; 196; Sallust, BC 17, 4. 4 e.g., L. Visidius (Cicero, Phil. 7, 24

d and may have NotesPage=>088 1 Velleius 2, 16, 2. 2 Appian, BC 4, 25, 102: διἀ δὲ π∊⍴ιϕἀν∊ιαν ἕ⍴γων ĸαȋ διἀ πλoȗ

ntio 153: ‘illa robora populi Romani. ’ 5 Phil. 7, 24. 6 Sallust, BC 17, 4: ‘ad hoc multi ex coloniis et municipiis do

rian:7 a certain Granius Petro is found among NotesPage=>090 1 BC 1, 15, 2. 2 ILS 877. 3 For ‘tantis rebus gest

=>090 1 BC 1, 15, 2. 2 ILS 877. 3 For ‘tantis rebus gestis’ ( BC 1, 13, 1) cf. Caesar’s own remark after Pharsalus

were among the partisans declared public enemies in 88 B.C. (Appian, BC 1, 60, 271). Sulla died after a fit of apoplexy c

e=>091 1 Plutarch, Caesar 16. For another Caesarian Granius, cf. BC 3, 71, 1 2 CIL X, 3758. 3 Namely C. Turranius

0, 4). 6 Dio 43, 47, 5. On his deserved and unedifying end, Appian, BC 3, 98, 409. 7 On Cimber (whose origin cannot be

erous ardour was not put to the test. NotesPage=>101 1 Appian, BC 2, 140, 581; 3, 2, 5 2 Ad Att. 14, 6, 2; 20, 4

the adoption had not yet been passed (cf. esp. Dio 45, 5, 3; Appian, BC 3, 14, 48 ff.). This was a mere formality. 2 Ad

f it, the Cisalpina, which may have been Piso’s proposal (cf. Appian, BC 3, 30, 115). It must be repeated that the only cl

e vague, various and inconsistent in the ancient authorities (Appian, BC 3, 31, 120; Plutarch, Antonius 16; Suetonius, Div

i viri et credunt factum et probant. ’ 2 As Appian justly observes, BC 3, 39, 158. 3 Ad Att. 15, 13, 4 (Oct. 25th). Th

, 8, 1 f.; 11, 6. 2 Ad Att 16, 8, 2. 3 Ib. 16, 15, 3. 4 Appian, BC 3, 42, 174. PageBook=>126 It would surely

NotesPage=>126 1 Phil. 3, 20 f. Q. Fufius Calenus? 2 Appian, BC 3, 46, 188; 58, 241; Dio 45, 13, 5. 3 Phil. 10,

subsequent events, perhaps also from a mysterious passage in Appian ( BC 3, 66, 270), on which see O. E. Schmidt, Philolog

ver, appears to have helped his step-son to pay the legacies (Appian, BC 3, 23, 89): for his later services, attested or c

s later services, attested or conjectural, below, p. 134. 4 Appian, BC 2, 23, 89. Suetonius (Divus Iulius 83, 2) calls t

o his enemies. NotesPage=>130 1 Ad fam. 12, 23, 2. 2 Appian, BC 3, 94, 391 one of the great advantages of the ado

Phil. 2, 93, &c. 2 Nicolaus, Vita Caesaris 18, 55, cf. Appian, BC 3, 11, 39; Dio 45, 3, 2. On this cf. the acute ob

1925, 93 (Velitrae), honouring him as praefectus classis; cf. Appian, BC 5, 102, 422. On his profiteering, Ad fam. 15, 17,

d hardly lend help or sanction to the NotesPage=>136 1 Caesar, BC 1, 3, 6; Plutarch, Pompeius 58, and Caesar 37; Di

misgivings of men who knew his character and NotesPage=>146 1 BC 53, 6, cf. above, p. 25. PageBook=>147 rec

d sincere reformers NotesPage=>153 1 Compare Caesar’s remarks ( BC 1, 7, 51.). PageBook=>154 among the champi

come freedom and orderly government, without NotesPage=>154 1 BC 38, 3: ‘bonurn publicum simulantes pro sua quisqu

etam Italiam urbemque Romanam in libertatem vindicavit. ’ 3 Caesar, BC 22, 5: ‘ut se et populum Romanum factione paucoru

‘sed haec inter bonos amicitia, inter malos factio est. ’ 2 Appian, BC 2, 104, 430 Eὐσέβ∈ια). 3 BMC, R. Rep. 11, 370 f

not really, despite appearances, an ‘inimicus’ of Caesar. 2 Caesar, BC 1, 8, 3: ‘semper se rei publicae commoda privatis

the plea of Lepidus recoiled upon his NotesPage=>159 1 Appian, BC 5, 17, 69: οὔτ∈ στρατ∈ύ∈σθαι νομίςουσι μᾶλλον ἢ β

d that ‘misericordia’ should not be regarded as criminal. Cf. Appian, BC 3, 84, 345 (clearly following an excellent source

, vincunt aetatibus; nimirum etiam auctoritate vincunt. ’ 5 Appian, BC 3, 68, 281: θάμβοζ τ∈ ἦν τοῖς ν∈ή λνσιν ἐπ∈λθοῦσι

1), Antonius threatened Octavianus with this alternative. 4 Appian, BC 3, 75, 305 ff. probably fictitious, cf. E. Schwar

usa eorum salutis rationem habuimus’ (Ad fam. 10, 34, 2). 2 Caesar, BC 3, 19. PageBook=>165 intervened. Lepidus w

n July 28th Plancus composed his last NotesPage=>165 1 Appian, BC 3, 83, 341 ff. 2 Ad fam. 10, 35, 2: ‘quod si sa

es, Phil. 14, 15 f. 2 Ad M. Brutum 1, 4a, 4 (May 15th). 3 Appian, BC 3, 82, 337 ft.; Dio 46, 42, 2; Plutarch, Cicero 4

ulcedinem vivendi minuere potuerit. ’ 4 Ib. I, 18 1 ff. 5 Appian, BC 3, 88, 361. 6 Phil. 5, 47, above, p.167. 7 Su

ctavianus himself was not yet twenty. NotesPage=>172 1 Appian, BC 3, 92, 382 perhaps not authentic. 2 Ib. 3, 93,

An uncle of Velleius co-operated 2 Plutarch, Brutus 27. 3 Appian, BC 3, 95, 394. 4 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 27, 4. 5

3 Appian, BC 3, 95, 394. 4 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 27, 4. 5 Appian, BC 3, 94, 387, cf, 74, 303. PageBook=>188 aft

ty of Marius. Lepidus appears to have NotesPage=>188 1 Appian, BC 3, 80, 329 (a certain P. Decius, on whom cf. Phil

cedented wealth of material evoked. 6 NotesPage=>190 1 Appian ( BC 4, 8, 31 ff.) gives what purports to be their off

mentioned by Servius on Ecl. 9, 47. 3 Ad Att. 9, 10, 2 4 Appian, BC 4, 17, 65. 5 e.g., the wife praised in ILS 8393

18, 10; Florus 2, 16, 3) perhaps too low. Appian gives 300 senators ( BC 4, 5, 20, cf. 7, 28) and 2,000 knights. Plutarch’

(quoted by Seneca, Suasoriae 6, 17); Plutarch, Cicero 47 f.; Appian, BC 4, 19, 73 ff. The best obituary notice was Pollio

et since Lucretius and Catullus. Otherwise quite unknown. 2 Appian, BC 4, 47, 202 f. 3 Pro Balbo 53; cf. ILS 3700 (an

3 Pro Balbo 53; cf. ILS 3700 (an aedile of that family). 4 Appian, BC 4, 40, 170: for later enmity of that family towar

y L. Quinctius, of unascertained origin, who perished at sea (Appian, BC 4, 27, 114). 8 Pro Cluentio, passim. 9 Appian

at sea (Appian, BC 4, 27, 114). 8 Pro Cluentio, passim. 9 Appian, BC 4, 47, 201 f. This Sittius presumably a relative

eir money in the solid form of landed NotesPage=>194 1 Appian, BC 4, 43, 180, On this person, a cousin of Pompeius

son, a cousin of Pompeius Magnus, cf. above, p. 31, n. I. 2 Appian, BC 4, 46, 195. 3 Cf. ILS 5349, This is the family

sand muraenae for a triumphal banquet (Pliny, NH 9, 171). 5 Appian, BC 4, 25, 102. 6 Pliny, NH 7, 134; 34, 6. 7 Nepo

Antonian noble L. Marcius Censorinus (Velleius 2, 14, 3). 9 Appian, BC 4, 32, 136 ff. PageBook=>196 abandon the p

istrates, nominated as they were, not NotesPage=>196 1 Appian, BC 4, 34, 146; Dio 47, 14, 2. 2 Dio 47, 16, 1. 3

Appian, BC 4, 34, 146; Dio 47, 14, 2. 2 Dio 47, 16, 1. 3 Appian, BC 4, 3, 10 f. Among them were Capua, Rhegium, Venus

NotesPage=>197 1 Dio 48, 43, 2. 2 Above, p. 164. 3 Appian, BC 4, 6, 26. 4 CIL 12, p. 50. 5 Ib. 12, p. 64, c

, 26. 4 CIL 12, p. 50. 5 Ib. 12, p. 64, cf. ILS 6204. 6 Appian, BC 4, 37, 155. PageBook=>198 When a civil war

43–39 B.C. is a Metellus and a Lentulus among the proscribed (Appian, BC 4, 42, 175; ib. 39, 164) and Spinther’s son, quae

, 40, 5 f.), Helenus for Octavianus (Dio 48, 30, 8 cf. 45, 5; Appian, BC 5, 66, 277; ILS 6267). Also Herod the Idumaean, i

renus was a Caesarian (Ad fam. 10, 21, 4, above, p. 189). 3 Appian, BC 5, 12, 46, cf. Dio 48, 2, 3. 4 Above, p. 189. T

ts of P. Ventidius in 42 B.C.: Gallia Comata? Cf. p. 210. 5 Appian, BC 4, 85, 358; Dio 48, 18, 1; sling-bullets found ne

urite doctor. 2 The other wing of the NotesPage=>204 1 Appian, BC 4, 100, 422. 2 Even admitted by the apologetic

1922, 96. Cf. C. Hülsen, Strena Buliciana (1924), 193 ff. 3 Appian, BC 4, 115, 479 ff.; Dio 47, 47, 4; Plutarch, Brutus

nius, Divus Aug. 13, 2 (M. Favonius, the loyal Catonian). 6 Appian, BC 4, 136, 575. 7 Plutarch, Brutus 50. 8 Appian,

an). 6 Appian, BC 4, 136, 575. 7 Plutarch, Brutus 50. 8 Appian, BC 5, 2, 4 ff. Among them were Cicero’s son and the

n. Piso, C. Antistius Vetus and L. Sestius also survived. 9 Appian, BC 4, 137, 577 f. PageBook=>207 decided, invo

rate or an interested alliance of the NotesPage=>207 1 Appian, BC 5, 3, 12, cf. 22, 87; Dio 48, 12, 5. 2 Dio 48,

5, 3, 12, cf. 22, 87; Dio 48, 12, 5. 2 Dio 48, 3, I ff. 3 Appian, BC 5, 12, 49: θρήνϵνν, oὐδ v μ ν ἀδικ σαι λέγοντ ς,

st military despotism, of the consular power against the Triumvirate ( BC 5, 19, 74; 43, 179 ff.; 54, 226 ff.). 2 Dio 48,

54, 226 ff.). 2 Dio 48, 5, 4; BMC, R. Rep. 11, 400 ff. 3 Appian, BC 5, 60, 251. PageBook=>209 As the year adva

idienus pass through the Cisalpina on NotesPage=>209 1 Appian, BC 5, 23, 92 ff. According to Dio, Antonius and Fulv

the soldiers, calling them βουλὴν καλιγ ταν (48, 12, 3). 2 Appian, BC 5, 29, 112: πολϵμϵ ν άv τις αὑτο τὴν ξίωσιν καθαι

befitted his character, at Spoletium. NotesPage=>210 1 Appian, BC 5, 20, 80 f. 2 Dio 48, 10, 1. 3 It is quite i

reconstruct these operations with narrative or with map. 4 Appian, BC 5, 30, 116; Dio 48, 13, 4 ff. 5 Dio 48, 13, 2;

n, BC 5, 30, 116; Dio 48, 13, 4 ff. 5 Dio 48, 13, 2; 6. 6 Appian, BC 5, 33, 130 ff. 7 Ib. 5, 33, 131; cf. ILS 886.

est enim facile in eum scribere qui potest proscribere. ’ 5 Appian, BC 5, 35, 139 ff. 6 Ib. 5, 54, 229. 7 Velleius 2

BC 5, 35, 139 ff. 6 Ib. 5, 54, 229. 7 Velleius 2, 74, 4; Appian, BC 5, 49, 204 ff. PageBook=>212 The captives

enemies. Antonius was NotesPage=>212 1 Dio 48, 14, 4; Appian, BC 5, 49, 207. 2 Appian, JSC 5, 48, 203. 3Sueton

gly dated by Suetonius, Divus Aug. 12. 5 Velleius 2, 76, 2; Appian, BC 5, 50, 212. PageBook=>213 approaching with

he great Antonius. NotesPage=>213 1 Dio 48, 30, 7. 2 Appian, BC 5, 26, 103. 3 Ib. 5, 26, 102; Dio 48, 22, 1 ff.

t by Octavianus after Philippi to take over from Sextius. 4 Appian, BC 5, 53, 222; below, p. 228. 5 Dio 48, 20, 3; App

4 Appian, BC 5, 53, 222; below, p. 228. 5 Dio 48, 20, 3; Appian, BC 5, 51, 213 f. Ch. XVI THE PREDOMINANCE OF ANTON

in Italy his wife and his brother not NotesPage=>214 1 Appian, BC 5, 4, 15 ff. 2 Plutarch, Antonius 25. 3 It wi

h’s dramatic and romantic account of their confrontation. 4 Appian, BC 5, 7, 31; Martial 11, 20. She was the mistress of

ial 11, 20. She was the mistress of the dynast of Comana. 5 Appian, BC 5, 52, 216. PageBook=>215 merely champione

6 The envoys were L. Scribonius Libo and Sentius Saturninus (Appian, BC 5, 52, 217): they brought with them Julia, the mo

tonius hold the sea and starve Italy. NotesPage=>216 1 Appian, BC 5, 55, 230 ff. 2 Velleius 2, 76, 2. 3 Dio 48,

, BC 5, 55, 230 ff. 2 Velleius 2, 76, 2. 3 Dio 48, 28, 1; Appian, BC 5, 58, 245. 4 Appian, BC 5, 53, 220. Appian may

leius 2, 76, 2. 3 Dio 48, 28, 1; Appian, BC 5, 58, 245. 4 Appian, BC 5, 53, 220. Appian may, however, be exaggerating

eparate kingdoms and rival dynasties. NotesPage=>217 1 Appian, BC 5, 59, 246 ff. 2 Ib. 5, 64, 272. 3 Dio 48, 28

ian, BC 5, 59, 246 ff. 2 Ib. 5, 64, 272. 3 Dio 48, 28, 4; Appian, BC 5, 65, 274 4 An approximate date is provided by

lowing year. The next NotesPage=>220 1 Ecl. 4, 17. 2 Appian, BC 5, 63, 269. 3 As may be inferred from Dio 48, 2

BC 5, 63, 269. 3 As may be inferred from Dio 48, 26, 3. 4 Appian, BC 5, 65, 276. 5 Dio 48, 32, 1. They had a very br

. Livy, Per. 127; Dio 48, 33, 3; Suetonius, Divus Aug. 66, 2; Appian, BC 5, 66, 278 f. Coins bear the legend ‘Q. Salvius i

C., and not his son, as commonly held (e.g. PIR2, C 353). 2 Appian, BC 5, 66, 277. PageBook=>222 watched. As far

CQ xxxi (1937), 39 ff. 2 W. W. Tarn, CQ xxvi (1932), 75 ff. Appian ( BC 5, 75, 320) mentions the Dardani, but there is no

c tokens of political pacts or feuds. NotesPage=>228 1 Appian ( BC 5, 139, 579) names as his last companions in Asia

bonius Libo c. 55 B.C. 3 Tisienus Gallus, Dio 49, 8, 1 ff.; Appian, BC 5, 104, 432, &c. L. Plinius Rufus, Appian, BC

, 8, 1 ff.; Appian, BC 5, 104, 432, &c. L. Plinius Rufus, Appian, BC 5, 97, 405, &c; ILS 8891. Perhaps add Cn. Cor

ce, Epodes 9, 7 f.: ‘Neptunius dux’; Dio 48, 31, 5 and 48, 5; Appian, BC 5, 100, 416; BMC, R. Rep. 11, 564 f. (coins of hi

st the NotesPage=>231 1 Dio 48, 49, 4 2 For Bibulus, Appian, BC 4, 38, 162; 5, 132, 549; and coins, BMC, R, Rep.

enerals than with soldiers. In Sicily NotesPage=>232 1 Appian, BC 5, 139, 579. Libo became cos. ord. in 34. 2 Ib.

6 Appian indicates that the soldiers had carefully been worked upon ( BC 5, 124, 513), and Dio (49, 12, 1) is cynical abou

nce that, after prolonged NotesPage=>233 1 Dio 49, 13; Appian, BC 5, 128, 528 ff. 2 Dio 49, 12, 4. 3 Appian, BC

Dio 49, 13; Appian, BC 5, 128, 528 ff. 2 Dio 49, 12, 4. 3 Appian, BC 5, 112, 470. 4 Dio 49, 15, 1. 5 Virgil, Ecl.

1. 5 Virgil, Ecl. 1, 6: ‘deus nobis haec otia fecit. ’ 6 Appian, BC 5, 132, 546: καὶ αὐτὸν αἱ πόλϵις το ς σϕϵτ ροις θ

; 4 and Caesar had destined him to be NotesPage=>234 1 Appian, BC 5, 130, 541 f. 2 Ib. 5, 132, 548. 3 Above, pp

pp. 90 and 188. For Octavianus he fought in Spain in 41 B.C. (Appian, BC 4, 83, 351) and in the Belium Siculum (ib. 5, 112

p. 42. 2 Münzer, P-W XIX, 45 ff. 3 Ad fam. 10, 33, 4. 4 Appian, BC 5, 54, 229 f., cf. Münzer, P-W XIX, 46 f. and 51.

4). 5 As shown by the new Fasti, L’ann. ép., 1937, 62. 6 Appian, BC 5, 54, 229, cf. Groag, PIR2, C 1331. If or when h

to prosecute the absent Brutus under NotesPage=>236 1 Appian, BC 5, 102, 422; SEG VI, 102 = L’ann. ép., 1925, 93 (

L’ann. ép., 1925, 93 (Velitrae). Also Titinius and Carisius (Appian, BC 5, 111, 463). Titinius is unknown. Carisius is pr

interesting and rare name of non-Latin termination. Rebilus (Appian, BC 5, 101, 422) may be the son of C. Caninius Rebilu

as naturally disapproval of Antonius’ conduct with Cleopatra (Appian, BC 4, 38, 161; Pliny, NH 33, 50). The wife of Octavi

of the aristocracy had NotesPage=>243 1 Dio 49, 14, 3; Appian, BC 5, 128, 531. 2 About consulates under the Trium

e authenticity of the very plausible Epistulae ad Caesarem senem. 3 BC 4, ι: ‘non fuit consilium socordia atque desidia

m cadentia et obscura brevitas fuere pro cultu. ’ 2 Sallust, BJ 41; BC 10; Hist. 1, 11 m. 3 Sallust, Hist, 1, 55, 13 f

NotesPage=>250 1 Suetonius, Divus Iulius 53; 81, 2. 2 Sallust, BC 5 3, 5 f. 3 Varro made the most of Sallustius’

. The conservative NotesPage=>255 1 Dio 49, 15, 1. 2 Appian, BC 5, 132, 547, cf. Suetonius, Divus Aug. 32, 1. 3

e of the correspondence and seal-ring of Antonius in 35 B.C. (Appian, BC 5, 144, 599). Plancus had a certain following, fo

ff. He was governing Asia for Antonius in 35 (Dio 49, 17, 5; Appian, BC 5, 137, 567 ff.). 6 On Dellius’ changes of side

lp Octavianus, and was governor of Syria in 32, when he died (Appian, BC 4, 38, 162; Syr, 51). 3 Described on an Athenia

mattered little now, it is true. They NotesPage=>269 1 Appian, BC 5, 139, 579. Cf. above, p. 228. 2 Dio 51, 2, 4

.C. (PIR2, C 1339). 3 Q. Nasidius (BMC, R. Rep. 11, 564 f.; Appian, BC 5, 139, 579) fought as an admiral at Actium (Dio

). The mysterious Metellus was saved by his son after Actium (Appian, BC 4, 42, 175 ff). L. Pinarius Scarpus, the nephew o

2) records‘ Italiam per clientelas occupare temptavit. ’ 4 Appian, BC 1, 19, 78; Sallust, BJ 42, 1: ‘per socios ac nome

ita Caesaris 22, 80; Suetonius, Divus Iulius 84, 2 and 86, 1; Appian, BC 2, 144, 600 ff. (Caesar); 3, 46, 188 (Antonius).

upon. Brutus, for example, raised two legions of Macedonians (Appian, BC 3, 79, 324). As for Ántonius, O. Ćuntz(jahresheft

us 2, 85, 2 Plutarch, Antonius 65; Dio 50, 13, 5; 14, 1. Also Appian, BC 4, 38, 161 (for Messalla). 7 Virgil, Aen. 8, 68

se non sustinerent. ’ 6 Seneca, De ben. 2, 25, 1 (Furnius); Appian, BC 4, 42, 175 ff. (Metellus). 7 Dio 51, 2, 4 f. (S

ory of Rome. An assertion of imperial NotesPage=>303 1 Appian ( BC 4, 51, 221) records that he became governor of Sy

r[um exe]mpla imi|tanda pos [teris tradidi]. ’ 3 lb. 6. 4 Appian, BC 2, 28, 107: ἐζ θεραπείαν τῆζ πόλεωζ ἐπικληθείζ; c

calls the preceding epoch the age of the δυναστεῖαι. Compare Appian, BC 1. 2, 7. PageBook=>325 The choice of means

without such men. NotesPage=>355 1 Caesar, BG 3, 5, 2 &c.; BC 3, 60, 4. L. Decidius Saxa probably belongs to th

s (Ad Jam. 15, 4, 8). Flaccus and Pomptinus are described by Sallust ( BC 45, 2) as ‘homines militares’. Rightly so, as the

23, 14; Plutarch, Pompeius 34, 36 and 39; Dio37, 5, 4 f. 4 Sallust, BC 59, 6: ‘homo militaris, quod amplius annos trigin