is book is the transformation of state and society at Rome between 60 B.C. and A.D. 14. It is composed round a central narra

Augustus and the establishment of his rule, embracing the years 44–23 B.C. (chapters vii–xxiii). The period witnessed a viol

Wesen des Prinzipats. My opinions about the oath of allegiance of 32 B.C. and about the position of the Princeps as a party

War of Actium, from the ostensible restoration of the Republic in 27 B.C. , or from the new act of settlement four years lat

e had already taken shape, firm and manifest, as early as the year 23 B.C. , so that a continuous narrative may run down to t

or granted, however, and make a clean beginning after Actium or in 27 B.C. is an offence against the nature of history and i

nius, in which year the domination of that dynast was established (60 B.C. ). Tacitus in his Histories told of a great civil

of Octavianus, Pollio had withdrawn from political life soon after 40 B.C. , and he jealously maintained his independence. To

The breach between Pompeius and Caesar and the outbreak of war in 49 B.C. might appear to open the final act in the fall of

gan, not with the crossing of the Rubicon, but with the compact of 60 B.C. , devised by the political dynasts Pompeius, Crass

omaine I (1878), 427 ff., established this total for the Senate of 55 B.C. 2 Sallust, BJ 63, 6 (cf. BC 23, 6): ‘etiam turn

, NH 33, 134; Plutarch, Crassus 2. PageBook=>013 compact in 60 B.C. heralded the end of the Free State; and a re-alig

e potentia certabant. ’ The passage refers to the generation after 70 B.C. Cf., however, no less pessimistic remarks about a

resigned power after a brief tenure. Another year and he was dead (78 B.C. ). The government which he established lasted fo

the slaves in southern Italy. Then a coup d’état of two generals (70 B.C. ), restoring the tribunate, destroyed Sulla’s syst

18 1 Münzer, RA, 53 ff. 2 No Fabius was consul between 116 and 45 B.C. 3 Q. Fabius Maximus Aemilianus (cos. 145 B.C.)

ul between 116 and 45 B.C. 3 Q. Fabius Maximus Aemilianus (cos. 145 B.C. ) and P. Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus (cos. 147, co

iciate was in very low water in the last decade of the second century B.C. 3 Ever since M. Marcellus, cos. III 152 B.C.

of the second century B.C. 3 Ever since M. Marcellus, cos. III 152 B.C. 4 For example the Aurelii Cottae and the Octavi

elii Cottae and the Octavii (with two consuls each in the years 76-74 B.C. ), the Calpurnii, the Cassii and the Antonii. C. S

, 3. On another calculation, six consulates in fifteen years (123-109 B.C. ). Q. Metellus Macedonicus (cos. 143) had four con

e period 68-63 B.C. On the influence of Crassus with the Senate in 70 B.C. , note esp. Plutarch, Pompeius 22: ĸαὶ ἐν µὲν τ βυ

s’ (Asconius 53 = p. 60 Clark). 4 Only four of the consuls of 79–75 B.C. are heard of after 74. PageBook=>023 After

II, 411 f. Frequent complaints of Cicero about the ‘piscinarii’ in 60 B.C. , e.g. Ad Att. 1, 18, 6: ‘ceteros iam nosti; qui i

gnate to the consulship from birth (Ad Att. 4, 8 b, 2), already in 70 B.C. princeps iuventutis (In Verrem II, I, 139), and,

(Suetonius, Divus Iulius 6, 2): the son of Q. Pompeius Rufus (cos. 88 B.C. ) had married Sulla’s eldest daughter. 5 His com

A great extension of the corn-dole was carried through by Cato in 62 B.C. (Plutarch, Cato minor 26). 5 ‘Sallust’, Ad Caes

im (Plutarch, Pompeius 16, &c.). Ahenobarbus fell in Africa in 82 B.C. : though some versions exculpate Pompeius, there i

1934), 81 ff. 2 Namely, his own kinsman, Q. Pompeius Rufus, cos. 88 B.C. , cf. Appian, BC 1, 63, 284. 3 Plutarch, Pompeiu

d consuls, Pompeius and Crassus abolished the Sullan constitution (70 B.C. ). The knights received a share in the jury-courts

mperator, returning, landed in Italy towards the end of the year 62 B.C. with prestige unparalleled and the armies Notes

ntempt, even among the plebeian aristocracy: its first consul (in 141 B.C. ) had been promoted through patronage of the Scipi

us, adopted by his maternal uncle Q. Servilius Caepio (who died in 67 B.C. ) and bearing, as his official name, ‘Q. Caepio Br

venit. ’ 6 Afranius was perhaps proconsul of Gallia Cisalpina in 59 B.C. (Ad Att. 1, 19, 2; In Pisonem 58, cf. M. Gelzer,

ius, the husband of Caesar’s niece, Atia, governed Macedonia in 60-59 B.C. (Suetonius, Divus Aug. 3 f.). In Syria L. Marcius

is. ’ Compare Appian, BC 3, 27, 103 (with reference to Antonius in 44 B.C. ): ἡ δ βoυλὴ τήνδϵ τὴν Kϵλτιĸὴν ἀĸρóπoλιν πὶ σϕίσι

. P. Scipio’s mother was the daughter of L. Licinius Crassus (cos. 95 B.C. ), cf. P-W XIII, 479 f. Pius died c. 64 B.C. Pag

Licinius Crassus (cos. 95 B.C.), cf. P-W XIII, 479 f. Pius died c. 64 B.C. PageBook=>037 Pompeius in reply worked for

pening the enmity between Pompeius and Crassus. In the spring of 56 B.C. the dynasts’ coalition seemed likely to collapse.

ic and ruinous. To the bloodless but violent usurpations of 70 and 59 B.C. the logical end was armed conflict and despotism.

f Julia, and the disappearance of Crassus, slain by the Parthians (53 B.C. ), the danger of a breach between Pompeius and his

ad become consul at last, with Ap. Claudius Pulcher for colleague (54 B.C. ). Neither was strong enough to harm Pompeius; and

ear opened without consuls. Similar but worse was the beginning of 52 B.C. , three candidates contending in violence and riot

an anomalous and arbitrary fashion. As a consequence of the law of 52 B.C. the other provinces from Macedonia eastwards were

m Pollio?). 2 For the order of events in December 50 and January 49 B.C. , cf. E. Meyer, Caesars Monarchie und das Principa

iage to a daughter of Ap. Claudius Pulcher certainly took place in 54 B.C. (Ad fam. 3, 4, 2), that of Cn. Pompeius probably

nger son, Sextus, married the daughter of L. Scribonius Libo (cos. 34 B.C. ), cf. below, p. 228. On the character of Ap. Pulc

ulate in absence and retain his province until the end of the year 49 B.C. are still matters of controversy. 1 If they were

Cf. ib. 7, 7, 5; 8, 16, 1. 3 Pompeius’ illness in the summer of 50 B.C. may not have been wholly due to physical causes.

as patent. The Dictator’s task might well demand several years. In 46 B.C. his powers were prolonged to a tenure of ten year

te. As the Dictator was on the point of departing in the spring of 44 B.C. for several years of campaigning in the Balkans a

Iulius 20, 4). Suetonius (ib. 22, 2) reports a boastful remark in 59 B.C. ‘invitis et gementibus adversariis adeptum se qua

M. Valerius Messalla Rufus (53). Gabinius perished in Illyricum in 47 B.C. 2 The consuls of 54, the Optimates Ahenobarbus

harsalia 7, 307 2 C. Norbanus Flaccus, grandson of the consul of 83 B.C. , L. Cornelius Cinna (pr. 44), to whose sister Cae

in the Gallic and Civil Wars (P-W IV A, 849 f.), became censor in 42 B.C. along with the consular C. Antonius (ILS 6204).

f ‘homines calamitosi’. The censorship was a valuable weapon. In 70 B.C. two Pompeian censors had cleansed the Senate of u

earest of NotesPage=>066 1 On Q. Fufius Calenus, tribune in 61 B.C. (when he protected Clodius), praetor in 59, cf. P

earlier in Spain as well. 5 Dio 40, 63, 4. On his activities in 52 B.C. , Asconius 33 = p. 37 Clark, &c. PageBook=&g

r. He recruited his legates of the Gallic Wars (ten in number from 56 B.C. onwards) from the company of his relatives, frien

ry that never happened was the consulate of Caesar and Labienus in 48 B.C. , with the auctoritas of Pompeius behind them. For

io 41, 4, 4; Cicero, Ad Att. 7, 12, 5, &c. He was solicited in 50 B.C. , BG 8, 52, 3. 2 Suetonius, Divus Julius 6, 1: ‘

otesPage=>069 1 Q. Fabius Maximus, who died in his consulate (45 B.C. ). 2 Cicero would have preferred Nero (Ad Att. 6

y. Yet he is surely the same person as C. Vibius Pansa, tribune in 51 B.C. (Ad fam. 8, 8, 6). A. Hirtius is nowhere mentione

he elaborate excuses of his advocate. At the beginning of the year 56 B.C. the alliance of Pompeius, Crassus and Caesar thre

r NotesPage=>074 1 Ad Att. 8, 11, 2; 9, 10, 3; 11, 6, 2. In 48 B.C. he was in negotiation with Burebistas, the Dacian

of the Metelli. Celer, Clodia’s husband, governed the Cisalpina in 62 B.C. (Ad fam. 5, 1). 5 e.g. C. Fleginas (or rather,

The provincia, which received a Roman colony at Narbo as early as 118 B.C. , before all Italy became Roman, was also subjecte

his date. L. Decidius Saxa, made tribune of the plebs by Caesar in 44 B.C. , had served under him in the wars, either as a ce

. 2, 2. For their intermarriage with a dynastic house of Capua c. 217 B.C. , Livy 23, 2, 1 ff. The Fabii seem to have acquire

he Claudii can be discerned in the elevation of M. Perperna (cos. 130 B.C. ), of a name indubitably Etruscan. 7 NotesPage=&

overnment in the years 88–83 B.C. The Samnites held Nola even till 80 B.C. , Livy, Per. 89. 4 As Telesinus the Samnite excl

ro Caecina 102; Ad Att. 1, 19, 4, &c. Volaterrae held out till 80 B.C. , Livy, Per. 89. PageBook=>088 After a deca

.). Two Granii were among the partisans declared public enemies in 88 B.C. (Appian, BC 1, 60, 271). Sulla died after a fit o

d to owe their status to him, for example three of the praetors of 44 B.C. , dim figures, the bearers of obscure names, the f

and p. 237. 8 Poppaedius Silo commanded troops for Ventidius in 39 B.C. , Dio 48, 41, 1. On‘Poppaedius’, the true form (no

onsuls are P. Alfenus Varus (suff. 39) and L. Passienus Rufus (cos. 4 B.C. ): the notorious Salvidienus Rufus perished when c

os. des. (in 40). C. Billienus had been a potential consul c. 105–100 B.C. , cf. Cicero, Brutus 175. 5 Viz., ‘-idius’, ‘-ed

also deserve study. Note the Caesarian C. Calvisius Sabinus (cos. 39 B.C. ), on whom below, p. 199. PageBook=>094 obs

n the Gallic campaigns. 5 Nine consuls took office in the years 48–44 B.C. , all men with senatorial rank before the outbreak

ms 1112, 627 ff.; P- W X, 254 f. 5 An unsuccessful candidate for 49 B.C. (BG 8, 50, 4). 6 Dio 43, 47, 5. On his deserved

f. 6 The ancient evidence about provinces and their governors in 44 B.C. suffers from confusion and inaccuracy: it has bee

t him in control of Italy more than once during the Civil Wars, in 49 B.C. when Antonius was only tribune of the plebs, and

e left in charge of the government when Caesar departed. Born in 82 B.C. , Antonius was now in the prime of life, richly en

ce or to Caesar’s distrust. Dolabella had been a great nuisance in 47 B.C. , during Caesar’s absence. If Antonius stayed in I

or C. Antistius Vetus was still apparently in charge at the end of 45 B.C. (Ad Att. 14, 9, 3), L. Staius Murcus being sent o

Atia, the daughter was subsequently married to C. Marcellus (cos. 50 B.C. ); the son, in any event assured of a brilliant ca

ve parent soon provided the title of ‘Divi Julii filius’; and from 38 B.C. onwards the military leader of the Caesarian No

3, 15. 5 The young Octavius, in Spain for a time with Caesar in 45 B.C. , was enrolled among the patricians; and Caesar dr

e for the praenomen comes from coins of Agrippa, struck in Gaul in 38 B.C. , BMC, R. Rep. 11, 411 ff. 2 Antonius’ own words

ania Citerior, after which last command he triumphed at the end of 45 B.C. (CIL 12, p. 50): he is not heard of again until h

S 8963); he was the father of Sex. and of M. Appuleius, consuls in 29 B.C. and 20 B.C. respectively. PageBook=>129 Oc

was the father of Sex. and of M. Appuleius, consuls in 29 B.C. and 20 B.C. respectively. PageBook=>129 Octavianus tur

Schulze, LE, 104 ff. and above, p. 93. Coins of this man struck in 40 B.C. describe him as ‘Q. Salvius imp. cos. desig. ’ (B

lbus’ activities were usually less obtrusive. L. Cornificius (cos. 35 B.C. ), however, an early adherent (Plutarch, Brutus 27

2. He hoped to squeeze Brutus and Cassius out of the consulate of 41 B.C. and get one of the places for his son, praetor in

Brutus: and he was also connected with Ser. Sulpicius Rufus (cos. 51 B.C. ). For a table of these relationships, Münzer, RA,

monstrated by his election, though reluctant, to the censorship in 50 B.C. , an honour to which many consulars must have aspi

nobiles were far from ample. The excellent L. Aurelius Cotta (cos. 65 B.C. ) lived in a ‘villula sordida et valde pusilla’ (A

e action. Twice the predominance of Pompeius was threatened (in 61-60 B.C. and in 56): each time he reasserted it in a convi

am modo, non aspernatur. ’ 4 In the speech Pro Marcello (autumn, 46 B.C. ). PageBook=>139 some kind of open letter,

tt. 10, 10, 2: ‘Nam qui se medium esse vult in patria manet’ (May, 49 B.C. ).. 3 As Mommsen called it, Ges. Schr. iv, 173.

lavish his treasures upon an unworthy object in April of the year 44 B.C. he wrote to Dolabella a letter which offered that

Cicero and Octavianus, cf. esp. Ad M. Brutum 1, 16 and 17 (summer, 43 B.C. ). PageBook=>148 virtus (without always bei

lturii paludati’ (Pro Sestio 71). Cf. the speeches of the years 57-55 B.C. , passim. 3 In Pisonem 68 ff.; cf. Or. post red.

ἀντήλ λαςαν τῇ δικαιὡσ∈ι. 4 Dio 46, 34, 5 (with reference to 44-43 B.C. ): οἱ μὲν γὰρ ∈ὖ πράξαντ∈ς καὶ∈ὔβονλοι καὶ ϕιλοπόλ

impelled to civil strife. The non-party government of March 17th, 44 B.C. , was inaugurated under the auspices of concord an

eminent but over- lauded group,2 only two were alive at the end of 44 B.C. , Cicero and Ser. Sulpicius Rufus. Nor had the yea

3 Above, p. 94. One of them, the patrician Q. Fabius Maximus (cos. 45 B.C. ), had died in office. That left six consulars of

ce. L. Munatius Plancus held Gallia Comata, consul designate for 42 B.C. , the most polished and graceful of the correspond

and Antonius perhaps maintained the validity of the Lex Clodia of 58 B.C. , which had virtually abolished this method of obs

cated their consular provinces, that is, until the end of the year 39 B.C. , probably the date originally named in the plebis

ad recognized the claims of Brutus and Cassius to the consulate in 41 B.C. , Phil. 8, 27, cf. Dio 46, 30, 4; 35, 3. 8 Compa

ond consulate in the next year, with Plancus as his colleague. For 41 B.C. were designated P. Servilius Isauricus and L. Ant

1 B.C. were designated P. Servilius Isauricus and L. Antonius; for 40 B.C. , Pollio and Cn. Domitius Calvinus. The Caesarians

he Cisalpina, perhaps to hold it for two years till his consulate (40 B.C. ). 4 Lepidus retained his old command, Gallia Narb

9 1 Ad fam. 10, 21, 4. 2 At least he was with Sex. Pompeius in 39 B.C. (Velleius 2, 77, 3). 3 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 62

) perhaps unjustly. Varius Cotyla was left in control of Comata in 43 B.C. (Plutarch, Antonius 18): in 41 Ventidius and Cale

5 The ex-Caesarian Q. Cornificius, proconsul of Africa Vetus in 44 B.C. , remained there, loyal to the Senate against Anto

rica Nova. PageBook=>190 The rule of the dynast Pompeius in 60 B.C. and during the years following depended upon cont

f. ILS 5349, This is the family of the Pompeian L. Arruntius, cos. 22 B.C. , below, p. 425. 4 Above, p. 82. 5 On the Aeli

p. 81 and 83; on the origin of the Vinicii (L Vinicius, cos. suff. 33 B.C. , and M. Vinicius, cos. suff. 19 B.C.), cf. Tacitu

nicii (L Vinicius, cos. suff. 33 B.C., and M. Vinicius, cos. suff. 19 B.C. ), cf. Tacitus, Ann. 6, 15. An inscr. from Cales (

the friends of Varro, wealthy landowners, cf. above, p. 31. 4 In 45 B.C. he was able to provide Caesar with six thousand m

to be identified with M. Barbatius Pollio, quaestor of Antonius in 40 B.C. , cf. PIR2, B 50. PageBook=>197 elected. Si

he days when Cinna was dominant at Rome. In December of the year 44 B.C. the Senate had been able to count only seventeen

ve at the most, probably less. P. Vatinius celebrates a triumph in 42 B.C. ; 4 a Triumvir’s uncle, C. Antonius, becomes cen

ze of intrigue and ambition a second consulate from the Triumvirs (41 B.C. ), like his first from Caesar: after that he is no

us’ adherent Q. Fufius Calenus held a military command and died in 40 B.C. ; but the Caesarian nobilis Cn. Domitius Calvinus

y was NotesPage=>198 1 Above, p. 43. 2 C. Marcellus (cos. 50 B.C. ) was still alive: for the sons and relatives of t

e sons and relatives of the others the only record in the years 43–39 B.C. is a Metellus and a Lentulus among the proscribed

l killed by Sex. Pompeius. A. Allienus disappears completely after 43 B.C. 5 Consul in 39 B.C. and admiral for Octavianus

ius. A. Allienus disappears completely after 43 B.C. 5 Consul in 39 B.C. and admiral for Octavianus in the Bellum Siculum.

xvii, 926. Canidius may be the man who was with Cato in Cyprus in 57 B.C. (Plutarch, Cato Minor 35). The name ‘Canidius’, f

presumably Lucanian in origin. 7 About L. Caninius Gallus (cos. 37 B.C. ) nothing is known, save that his father married a

ical nonentity, of better descent however, was Sex. Pompeius (cos. 35 B.C. ), the grandson of Pompeius Strabo’s brother. For

p. 189. There is no evidence of the whereabouts of P. Ventidius in 42 B.C. : Gallia Comata? Cf. p. 210. 5 Appian, BC 4, 85,

f propaganda by the rulers of the world. Already coins of the year 43 B.C. bear symbols of power, fertility and the Golden A

ad been celebrated in 149 B.C. They were therefore due to recur in 39 B.C. at least on one calculation. The Etruscan seer Vu

efinite claim was early made. Pollio’s son Gallus (born perhaps in 41 B.C. ) informed the learned Asconius that, as a matter

from anachronistic opinions concerning the historical situation in 40 B.C. PageBook=>220 leadership of the Caesarian

expected child turned out to be a girl (the elder Antonia, born in 39 B.C. ), the compact of the dynasts a mere respite in th

e respite in the struggle. That was not to be known. At the end of 40 B.C. the domination of the Caesarian faction, founded

pietas of C. Calvisius Sabinus: clearly, therefore, the consul of 39 B.C. , and not his son, as commonly held (e.g. PIR2, C

y. In three great battles, at the Cilician Gates, at Mount Amanus (39 B.C. ) and at Gindarus (38 B.C.) he shattered and dispe

at the Cilician Gates, at Mount Amanus (39 B.C.) and at Gindarus (38 B.C. ) he shattered and dispersed the Parthians. Both P

operations against them. The history of Macedonia in the years 38-32 B.C. is a complete blank. 3 Coins of Sosius, ranging

acify Judaea. After a tenacious siege Jerusalem surrendered (July, 37 B.C. ). The authority of Rome had been restored. It r

thians. After Samosata, Antonius left legions in the north; and in 37 B.C. his marshal Canidius pacified Armenia and embarke

with Pompeius. Octavianus, persisting, incurred ruinous disaster (38 B.C. ) and had to beg the help of Antonius, sending Mae

1 Appian (BC 5, 139, 579) names as his last companions in Asia (35 B.C. ) Cassius of Parma, Nasidius, Saturninus, Thermus,

ng with Libo conducted Julia, the mother of Antonius, to Greece in 40 B.C. , or his son, C. Sentius Saturninus (cos. 19 B.C.)

ius, to Greece in 40 B.C., or his son, C. Sentius Saturninus (cos. 19 B.C. ), a better-known person (who is clearly referred

and. Sex. Pompeius had married a daughter of L. Scribonius Libo c. 55 B.C. 3 Tisienus Gallus, Dio 49, 8, 1 ff.; Appian, BC

elebrated at once, to the enrichment of public scandal (Jan. 17th, 38 B.C. )4. The grandson of a small-town banker had join

PIR2, C 1395. Her first husband was Cn. Lentulus Marcellinus (cos. 56 B.C. ). The second is a problem. Her daughter Cornelia,

. Her daughter Cornelia, married to Paullus Aemilius Lepidus (cos. 34 B.C. ), had Scipionic blood (Propertius 4, 11, 29 f.),

contracted as late as 38 B.C. A P. Scipio became consul suffect in 35 B.C. : perhaps he had been previously married to Scribo

B.C.: perhaps he had been previously married to Scribonia, before 40 B.C. PageBook=>230 Octavianus now had a war on

P. Servilius (Velleius 2, 88, 4, cf. Münzer, RA, 370). Perhaps in 36 B.C. : pretty certainly the Servilia once betrothed to

8. 3 Above, pp. 90 and 188. For Octavianus he fought in Spain in 41 B.C. (Appian, BC 4, 83, 351) and in the Belium Siculum

Then silence again until he becomes consul for the second time in 40 B.C. , with no record of his activity, and governor of

stinguished crew may perhaps be added P. Alfenus Varus (cos. suff. 39 B.C. ), also a new name. 8 NotesPage=>235 1 CIL

ent, along with Agrippa and Balbus, at the death-bed of Atticus in 32 B.C. (Nepos, Vita Attici 21, 4). 5 As shown by the n

elius Cinna. Of Balbus himself, nothing is recorded between 40 and 19 B.C. 7 Dio 48, 30, 7. He was later an admiral at Act

n or moment, inherited or acquired. 4 C. Calvisius Sabinus (cos. 39 B.C. ), one of Caesar’s officers and a senator before t

BC 5, 101, 422) may be the son of C. Caninius Rebilus, cos. suff. 45 B.C. 2 On freedmen in command, above p. 201. Seleucu

s later prominent, such as the great novi homines M. Lollius (cos. 21 B.C. ), L. Tarius Rufus (cos. suff. 16 B.C.) and P. Sul

ovi homines M. Lollius (cos. 21 B.C.), L. Tarius Rufus (cos. suff. 16 B.C. ) and P. Sulpicius Quirinius (cos. 12 B.C), were p

led narratives of Dio and Appian. 5 Calvisius was an Antonian in 44 B.C. (Phil. 3, 26). There is no evidence how soon he j

mably one of Caesar’s new senators. 4 Note Statius Statilius in 282 B.C. (Val. Max. 1, 8, 6) and Marius Statilius in 216(L

6 B.C(Suetonius, Divus Aug. 16, 3). 7 Pulcher was an Antonian in 43 B.C. , but willing to be recommended to D. Brutus (Ad f

of imperator. 3 Cornificius held the consulate at the beginning of 35 B.C. ; the upstart Laronius and the noble Messalla had

as contracted with the active approval of M. Antonius, probably in 37 B.C. (Nepos, Vita Attici 12, 2). PageBook=>239

aurus in Illyricum were not publicly commemorated. 1 At the end of 33 B.C. the Triumvirate (as it may still be called despit

108 ff.); and Taurus, coming from his African triumph (June 30th, 34 B.C. ) to Illyricum, took charge of affairs when Octavi

eady begun the repair of a great aqueduct, the Aqua Marcia. Now in 33 B.C. , though of consular standing, he assumed the oner

ontinus, De aq. 9; Pliny, NH 36, 121. 2 L. Volcacius Tullus (pr. 46 B.C. ) and M. Acilius were the sons of consuls of the p

e of a highly reputable praetorian family, L. Vinicius (tribune in 51 B.C. ) of equestrian stock from Cales. L. Flavius was a

us and M. Acilius (Glabrio), later proconsuls of Africa, in 28 and 25 B.C. respectively, PIR2, A 1680; 71. 3 On the family

nnius, cf. above, p. 92. Memmius may be the son of C. Memmius (pr. 58 B.C. ) and of Fausta, Sulla’s daughter (Milo was her se

ot in dignity, recent creations almost all. By the end of the year 33 B.C. they numbered over thirty, a total without preced

an, BC 5, 128, 531. 2 About consulates under the Triumvirate (43–33 B.C. ), the following brief computation can be made. Ex

onsulate of Pompeius. Expelled from the Senate by the censors of 50 B.C. , he returned with Caesar, holding military comman

haic NotesPage=>248 1 He was proconsul of Africa Nova in 46‖45 B.C. 2 Dio 43, 9, 2 though this may not be convincin

he staff of Pollio when he governed the Cisalpina for Antonius (41-40 B.C. ). 4 To Pollio fell the duty of confiscating lan

endship of Maecenas. Before long his poems were made public (38 or 37 B.C. ). Maecenas encouraged him to do better. The manne

hen the rulers of the world were to meet not far away at Tarentum (37 B.C. ). 2 Q. Horatius Flaccus was the son of a wealth

he government stood or fell. Grave mutinies broke out in 36 and in 35 B.C. ,4 harbingers of trouble before or after the conte

consecrated to the service of the Egyptian gods. 2 When Agrippa in 33 B.C. expelled astrologers and magicians from Rome,3 th

discovered in the Basilica Aemilia may belong to Paullus’ work in 34 B.C. (Dio 49, 42, 2): there was, however, a restoratio

42, 2): there was, however, a restoration after damage by fire in 14 B.C. (ib. 54, 24, 2 f.). 5 On this, cf. especially L

st lived to see firmly established. 1 T. Pomponius Atticus died in 32 B.C. , aged seventy-seven: at his bedside stood old Bal

rtner. His prestige, though waning, was still formidable enough in 33 B.C. ; and it is fatally easy to overestimate the stren

were made from time to time, but it was not until the winter of 37-36 B.C. that the principalities were built up into a soli

ce of Cilicia, if not earlier fused with Syria, certainly ended in 39 B.C. 2 Cf. J. Kromayer, Hermes XXIX (1894), 579. 3

us set out upon his great campaign, leaving Syria in the spring of 36 B.C. , in the design to avenge the disaster of Crassus,

imperatorial salutation (ILS 886) may have been won earlier, in 40-39 B.C. PageBook=>265 at not less than a quarter o

the sea-coast of Asia. 2 There the legions passed the winter of 33-32 B.C. In the year 33 B.C., with his frontiers in orde

2 There the legions passed the winter of 33-32 B.C. In the year 33 B.C. , with his frontiers in order and Asia at peace, r

ung der Triumvirn (Diss. Strassburg, 1892), 31 ff. In the years 40–32 B.C. , Ganter gives, for Syria, Saxa, Ventidius, Sosius

ns, BMC, R. Rep. 11, 532: L. Pinarius Scarpus is attested there in 31 B.C. , Dio 51, 5, 6; BMC, R. Rep. 11, 583 ff. To the ab

M. Titius (ILS 891: Miletus); and Q. Didius, attested in Syria in 31 B.C. (Dio 51, 7, 3), was perhaps appointed by Antonius

3 He had charge of the correspondence and seal-ring of Antonius in 35 B.C. (Appian, BC 5, 144, 599). Plancus had a certain f

e of the Cocceii, was an intimate, perhaps a legate, of Plancus in 43 B.C. (Ad fam. 10, 18, 1). 4 ILS 891 (Miletus), which

possibly Picene, cf. CIL IX, 4191 (Auximum). He was cos. suff. in 31 B.C. 5 P-W VII, 375 ff. He was governing Asia for An

to bring Cleopatra to Tarsus (Plutarch, Antonius 25), in Judaea in 40 B.C. (Josephus, AJ 14, 394) and in 36 (ib. 15, 25), an

3) precious little is known. One of the negotiators at Tarentum in 37 B.C. (Horace, Sat. 1, 5, 32 f.), he was sent on a miss

Antonius 65). Q. Didius, attested as governor of Syria in the year 31 B.C. (Dio 51, 7, i), is otherwise unknown: perhaps a r

o types of portrait). 2 lb. 510 ff. He took a fleet to Sicily in 36 B.C. to help Octavianus, and was governor of Syria in

ius. 1 His father-in-law L. Scribonius Libo at once became consul (34 B.C. ), but seems to have lapsed from politics. The you

in the party of Antonius. The consulars L. Gellius Poplicola (cos. 36 B.C. ), a half-brother of Messalla and a treacherous fr

acherous friend of Brutus, and L. Sempronius Atratinus (cos. suff. 34 B.C. ), whose sister Poplicola married, could recall a

y her second marriage, namely, with L. Cornelius Cinna, praetor in 44 B.C. (PIR2, C 1339). 3 Q. Nasidius (BMC, R. Rep. 11,

P-W III, 1743. 4 On Poplicola, the son of the Pompeian consul of 72 B.C. , cf. Münzer, P-W VII, 103 ff.: he is the Gellius

and other inscriptions. The admiral Atratinus served in Sicily in 36 B.C. , sent by Antonius; for his coins, BMC, R. Rep. ii

tini. 5 Dio, 51, 2, 5. 6 Crassus, grandson of M. Crassus (cos. 70 B.C. ), with Sex. Pompeius and then with Antonius (Dio

at Actium (Plutarch, Antonius 65), perhaps a son of the consul of 76 B.C. : note M. Octavius as a Pompeian admiral in 49 and

onsul of 76 B.C.: note M. Octavius as a Pompeian admiral in 49 and 48 B.C. (Caesar, JSC 3, 5, 3, &c). The mysterious Met

lous and clear-headed patriots. The territorial dispositions of 37-36 B.C. , including the augmentation of the kingdom of Egy

t once denounce the strange pageantry that Alexandria witnessed in 34 B.C. when Antonius returned from the conquest of Armen

ring, lapsed after a winter, leaving no political consequences. By 33 B.C. , however, the ambition of Antonius might have mov

ντα πєριєλθєîν. Ch. XX TOTA ITALIA PageBook=>276 THE year 33 B.C. opened with Octavianus as consul for the second t

ed by Dio and Plutarch, the only full sources for the years 33 and 32 B.C. , has been satisfactorily established by Kromayer,

sudden prominence of consuls and of a tribune at the beginning of 32 B.C. may be taken as fair proof that the Triumvirate h

iquarians and constitutional purists could recall the situation in 49 B.C. , when the Pompeian consuls departed from Rome wit

designated for office at an earlier date. L. Cornelius Cinna (pr. 44 B.C. ) was the husband of Pompeia, daughter of Pompeius

2, C 1338). CN. Pompeius was the son of Q. Pompeius rufus (tr. pl. 52 B.C. ), who was the offspring of the marriage between t

fspring of the marriage between the son of Q. Pompeius Rufus (cos. 88 B.C. ) and Cornelia, the daughter of Sulla. 4 Dio 50,

Suetonius, Nero 4 (a clash between Ahenobarbus’ son and Plancus in 22 B.C. ). 2 Velleius 2, 84, 2. The city of Domitiopolis

ocios ac nomen Latinum. ’ Sallust also records (ib. 40, 2) how in 109 B.C. the nobiles employed ‘homines nominis Latini et s

, p. 169). For numerous knights at Corduba, subjected to a levy in 48 B.C. , cf. Bell. Al. 56, 4. 3 The knight L. Annaeus S

p. 77. C. Carrinas (cf. also Dio 51, 21, 6) triumphed on May 30th, 28 B.C. , Calvisius on May 26th, Autronius on August 16th,

ote also the inscription from Philae in Egypt (OGIS 196), dated to 32 B.C. , mentioning an ἔπαρχʋϛ (praefectus), C. Julius Pa

s (BJ 1, 324, cf. AJ 14, 449) attests local recruiting in Syria in 38 B.C. 2 Dio so, 14, 1 f. PageBook=>296 Then th

phs soon to be held by Caesarian marshals (no fewer than six in 28-26 B.C. ) were fairly earned. Then came the reckoning wi

hium, ILS 2678. 5 Taurus in Spain, Dio 51, 20, 5 (under the year 29 B.C. ). Calvisius held his triumph on May 26th, 28 B.C.

(under the year 29 B.C.). Calvisius held his triumph on May 26th, 28 B.C. (CIL I 2, p. 77): none the less his command in Sp

of C. Carrinas (51, 21, 6). Carrinas held a triumph, on May 30th, 28 B.C. (CIL 12, p. 77). Not so Nonius, so far as known,

ssalla, Tibullus 1, 7, 3 ff.; CIL I2, p. 50 and p. 77 (Sept. 25th, 27 B.C. ). PageBook=>303 M. Tullius Cicero (cos. su

25th, 27 B.C.). PageBook=>303 M. Tullius Cicero (cos. suff. 30 B.C. ), the dissolute and irascible son of the great or

character, the distinguished renegade M. Licinius Crassus (cos. 30 B.C. ). 2 The other provinces of the East, not so impor

ial honour: he was not allowed to celebrate his triumph till July, 27 B.C. When a party has triumphed in civil war, it cla

came governor of Syria. About the date, no evidence. The period 29–27 B.C. is attractive, but 27–25 not excluded. On his hab

paigns belong to the years 29 and 28. 3 C Norbanus Flaccus, cos. 38 B.C. , was proconsul of Asia soon after Actium(Josephus

therwise unknown (but from Lanuvium), was proconsul of Bithynia c. 28 B.C. (P-W VI A, 346). 4 CIL 12, p. 50 and p. 77. 5

a Lex Saenia (Tacitus, Ann. 11, 25). L. Saenius was cos. suff. in 30 B.C. PageBook=>307 meaning of this ‘reform’ wil

has often been believed that the words allude to the coniuratio of 32 B.C. , when an extraordinary manifestation of the will

tesPage=>308 1 If he received tribunicia potestas for life in 30 B.C. (Dio 51, 19, 6), he seems to have made little use

e relevance of the dispute to the constitutional settlement of 28– 27 B.C. was first emphasized by E. Groag, P-W XIII, 283 f

inction of a triumph when a convenient interval had elapsed (July, 27 B.C. ), after which he disappears completely from histo

te passed a decree against the offender. Gallus took his own life (27 B.C. ). 2 The offence of Gallus is variously described

rus in Spain. Messalla, who triumphed from Gaul on September 25th, 27 B.C. , was in command of a great military province at t

episodically and not in clear chronological order, under the year 26 B.C. : his account of the procedure (53, 23, 7) is also

in the first three books of the Odes of Horace (which appeared in 23 B.C. ). Propertius uses it but once, ‘dux’, however, at

twice. 1 As late as the publication of the last book of the Odes (13 B.C. ) the ruler of Rome can still be called ‘dux’—but

process was completed in a session of the Senate on January 13th, 27 B.C. , when he solemnly announced that he resigned all

Werden und Wesen des Prinzipats, 227), who demonstrates that after 27 B.C. the consulate was reduced to its due and constitu

a quasi-dictatorial position in Rome as consul for the third time (52 B.C. ), at first without a colleague, under a mandate t

s, in his history of legislation (Ann. 3, 28), passes at once from 52 B.C. to 28 B.C. In between, ‘non mos, non ius. ’ 4 S

civis et vir bonus est. ’ Plutarch (Pompeius 54) describes Cato in 52 B.C. as πᾶσαν μὲν ἀρχὴν μᾶλλʋν αἱρʋύμενʋζ αναρξίαζ. Co

ersonal oath of allegiance rendered by Rome, Italy and the West in 32 B.C. , subsequently by the other regions of the Empire.

definition. The ‘constitutional’ settlement of the years 28 and 27 B.C. was described in official language as ‘res public

eption of Tacitus when he referred elsewhere to the legislation of 28 B.C. — he speaks of ‘pax et princeps’; 3 others would h

nsulate was not the only reward of loyal service—he was granted in 30 B.C. the right of nominating each year one member of t

Pompeius, Crassus and Caesar took a large share of provinces. From 55 B.C. they held Gaul, Cisalpine and Transalpine, Spain

on was closely comparable in extent and power. The settlement of 27 B.C. gave him for his provincia Spain, Gaul and Syria

mal and legitimate competence. The remedy was clear. Augustus in 27 B.C. professed to resign provinces to the Senate; and

ral development. No new system was suddenly introduced in the year 27 B.C. —Augustus’ men should be described as legati in hi

t, apart from these survivals of a lost cause, Rome could boast in 27 B.C. some eleven viri triumphales. Some of the militar

stus’ half-sister Octavia (ILS 8963). He was legate of Illyricum in 8 B.C. (Cassiodorus, Chron. min. 2, 135). 2 Namely C.

e not to be had. 3 Namely M. Acilius Glabrio (cos. suff. 33), c. 25 B.C. (PIR2, A 71); L. Sempronius Atratinus and L. Corn

pronius Atratinus and L. Cornelius Balbus, who triumphed in 21 and 19 B.C. respectively (CIL 12, p. 50). 4 Dio and Strabo

). 4 Dio and Strabo are inadequate here. The public provinces in 27 B.C. were probably Africa, Illyricum, Macedonia with A

ed as legates in the first four years of the new dispensation (27- 23 B.C. ). 5 NotesPage=>329 1 Cf. below, p. 394.

=>329 1 Cf. below, p. 394. 2 M. Lollius in Macedonia, c. 19-18 B.C. (Dio 54, 20, 4 ff., cf. L’ ann. ép., 1933, 85), P

aigns against the Salassi conducted by C. Antistius Vetus in 35 or 34 B.C. (Appian, Ill. 17) and by Messalla Corvinus at a d

la Corvinus at a date difficult to determine (Dio 49, 38, 3, under 34 B.C. , but perhaps in error, cf. L. Ganter, Die Provinz

the Salassi (Dio 53, 25, 3 f.; Strabo, p. 205). M. Appuleius (cos. 20 B.C. ) is attested at Tridentum, bearing the title of ‘

attested at Tridentum, bearing the title of ‘legatus’, perhaps c. 23 B.C. (ILS 86). Note also a proconsul, L. Piso, sitting

h legates, below, p. 332 f.). M. Vinicius won a victory in Gaul in 25 B.C. (Dio 53, 26, 4). In Syria a certain Varro is atte

hen praetorian in rank. 4 Augustus was consul every year down to 23 B.C. ; he therefore possessed a voice in the direction

etus (cos suff. 30 b.c.) Governing Syria for Caesar as quaestor in 45 B.C. , he joined the Liberators at the end of the follo

umably the M. Terentius Varro attested by the SC de Mytilenaeis of 25 B.C. (IGRR IV, 33, col. c, 1. 15), cf. P-W V A 691 ff.

urena. 3 The consular M. Acilius Glabrio, proconsul of Africa c. 25 B.C. (PIR2, A 71), and the obscure M. Primus, proconsu

R2, A 71), and the obscure M. Primus, proconsul of Macedonia c. 24-23 B.C. (Dio 54, 3, 2—misdated to 22 b.c.). 4 For examp

social and moral regeneration. The constitutional settlement of 27 B.C. regulated without restricting the powers of the P

ius Calvinus had governed Spain during a difficult three years (39-36 B.C. ); 2 Calvinus and five proconsuls after him had

20, 5). Orosius, however (6, 21, 1), makes Augustus’ war begin in 28 B.C. 4 On these campaigns, AJP LV (1934), 293 ff.; f

campaigns, AJP LV (1934), 293 ff.; for the legates in Spain in 26-19 B.C. , ib. 315 ff. P. Carisius coined at Emerita (BMC,

ed land. Such was the end of a ten years’ war in Spain (from 28 to 19 B.C. )2. Frail and in despair of life, Augustus retur

sequences for the Caesarian party and for the Roman State. Late in 24 B.C. or early in 23 a proconsul of Macedonia, a certai

and sentiment. 6 PageNote. 333 1 Namely L. Aelius Lamia in 24–22 B.C. (in Dio 53, 29, 1 the name Λoύκιoς Aἰμίλιoς shoul

35; cf. PIR2, A 199); C. Furnius (the younger, cos. 17 b.c.) in 22–19 B.C. (Dio 54, 5, 1 f.); P. Silius Nerva in 19 B.C. (Ve

cos. 17 b.c.) in 22–19 B.C. (Dio 54, 5, 1 f.); P. Silius Nerva in 19 B.C. (Velleius 2, 90, 4; cf. CIL 11, 3414 (Carthago No

t Augustus in person had achieved the conquest of Spain (in 26 and 25 B.C. ), and that there was no trouble ever after ’poste

. 2 Dio 53, 30, 2. 3 Ib. 50, 32, 4. Son of P. Sestius (tr. pl. 57 B.C. ). Horace dedicated Odes 1, 4 to him. 4 Horace,

sanius Agrippa, thrice consul. This was the settlement of the year 23 B.C. Augustus resolved to refrain from holding the s

ite instrument of government, the tribunicia potestas. As early as 36 B.C. he had acquired the sacrosanctity of a tribune fo

6 B.C. he had acquired the sacrosanctity of a tribune for life, in 30 B.C. certain powers in law. No trace hitherto of the

ere, though the poem may well have been composed as early as 29 or 28 B.C. 2 Dio 53, 32, 5 f. (the only evidence). Procons

were sanctioned by the passing of a lex de imperio. 3 Unless in 29 B.C. , to exclude a man from the tribunate (Dio 52, 42,

ogatives of magistracy. His passage from Dux to Princeps in 28 and 27 B.C. embodied a clear definition and ostensible restri

ιάδoχoς Kαίσαρι. Against a grant of authority over all the East in 23 B.C. can be urged the fact that a few years later, in

in 23 B.C. can be urged the fact that a few years later, in 20 and 19 B.C. , Agrippa is found, not there, but in Gaul and Spa

5 ff. 4 M.(?) Aelius Gallus, Prefect of Egypt perhaps from 27 to 25 B.C. , made a fruitless invasion of Arabia in 25 B.C. (

perhaps from 27 to 25 B.C., made a fruitless invasion of Arabia in 25 B.C. (Dio 53, 29 &c); P. Petronius, his successor

Aeserninus) and of the ex-Pompeian L. Arruntius wholly convincing (22 B.C. ). Augustus adopted certain other specious measure

re military glory L. Sempronius Atratinus triumphed from Africa in 21 B.C. , Balbus two years later for his raid into the lan

tes. 3 That was not all. The appointment of a pair of censors in 22 B.C. (Paullus Aemilius Lepidus and L. Munatius Plancus

kable that certain Odes of Horace (published in the second half of 23 B.C. ) should contain such vivid and exact anticipation

censors abdicated, nothing done. PageNote. 339 1 Dio 54, 4, 1 (22 B.C. ). 2 M. Vinicius in Gaul (Dio 53, 26, 4), Murena

340 1 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 79, 2. 2 Tiberius was permitted in 24 B.C. to stand for office five years earlier than the l

cotidiana repudia’. 5 Odes 2, 12. For scandal about Terentia in 16 B.C. , Dio 54, 19, 3. 6 Velleius 2, 93, 2; Suetonius,

cceed. It may fairly be represented that the secret coup d’etat of 23 B.C. was the work of Livia as well as of Agrippa and a

s faciundis who supervised the celebration of the Secular Games in 17 B.C. (ILS 5050, 1. 150). C. Furnius, along with a myst

Cluvius (PIR2, C 1204), was specially adlected to consular rank in 29 B.C. (Dio 52, 42, 4). PageBook=>350 Scaurus and

oured Augustus as their patron and their defender. 2 In the year 29 B.C. , about the time of his triumph, Octavianus gave a

s unofficial army of civic order was steadily replenished. Down to 13 B.C. , a cardinal date in the history of the Roman army

ituted a bounty, paid in money. 4 Soldiers dismissed in the years 7-2 B.C. received in all no less than four hundred million

istinguished of noble families. The grandfather of L. Piso (cos. 58 B.C. ) was a business man from Placentia; 4 a patrician

. ILS 105). 3 The first pair of praefecti praetorio was chosen in 2 B.C. (Dio 55, 10, 10), Q. Ostorius Scapula and P. Salv

onsul with a name terminating in ‘-isius’ is C. Calvisius Sabinus (39 B.C. ). As for P. Viriasius Naso (ILS 158; 5940), the e

principibus Etruriae. ’ For an earlier member of it, CIL 12, 2511 (67 B.C. ). 5 Suetonius, Vitellius 2, 2. 6 Suetonius, D

unknown origin. The father-in-law of P. Servilius Rullus (tr. pl. 63 B.C. ), possessing large estates in Samnium (De lege ag

ot a Valgius but a (Quinctius) Valgus. 5 L. Passienus Rufus, cos. 4 B.C. , and A. Caecina (Severus), cos. suff. 1 B.C. (L

Passienus Rufus, cos. 4 B.C., and A. Caecina (Severus), cos. suff. 1 B.C. (L’ann. ép., 1937, 62). Passienus is the first

en and scandalous category. The ancestry of D. Laelius Ballus (cos. 6 B.C. ) was senatorial. L. Volusius Saturninus (cos. suf

s (cos. 6 B.C.) was senatorial. L. Volusius Saturninus (cos. suff. 12 B.C. ) came of an old praetorian family. L. Aelius Lami

onist at Pisidian Antioch). 4 Not only Gallus. C. Turranius (c. 7-4 B.C. ) came from Spain, if he is rightly to be identifi

. A. Stein, Der r. Rttterstand, 389. Further, C. Julius Aquila (c. 10 B.C. ) may well be provincial, perhaps from Bithynia- P

he most recalcitrant of the nobiles; and some, like Cn. Piso (cos. 23 B.C. ), joined perhaps from a disinterested patriotism.

ns and the knights who had won the War of Actium. In the crisis of 23 B.C. the Caesarian party thwarted the monarchical desi

of the oligarchy. No new system was suddenly created in January, 27 B.C. , complete in every organ and function, nor yet by

ensations accorded show that the low age limit was in force before 23 B.C. : it was probably established in 29-28 B.C. Page

mit was in force before 23 B.C.: it was probably established in 29-28 B.C. PageBook=>370 The Senate had been purged o

as not enough for Augustus. He may have hoped to renew the work in 22 B.C. : he delayed until 18 B.C., the year of the introd

. He may have hoped to renew the work in 22 B.C.: he delayed until 18 B.C. , the year of the introduction of the new moral co

on or disorders. Emerging with renewed strength from the crisis of 23 B.C. , the Princeps demonstrated his security by specio

PageBook=>371 Agrippa departed from Rome before the end of 23 B.C. , removing from men’s eyes one of the visible evid

ar Augustus himself set out on a tour of the eastern provinces (22-19 B.C. ), while Agrippa in his turn passed westwards and

grippa in his turn passed westwards and went to Gaul and Spain (20-19 B.C. ), after a brief sojourn in Rome. For a time the

y elected. 1 After an interval the same trouble recurred. The year 19 B.C. opened with Augustus still absent, and only one c

ge=>371 1 Dio 54, 6, 2 ff. Consular elections in the years 22–19 B.C. are very puzzling. It almost looks as though, in

re consulum more ac severitate gessisset. ’ 3 Dio 53, 24, 4 ff. (26 B.C. ). 4 Velleius 2, 92; cf. Dio 54, 10, 1 (where, h

serious danger in Rome itself. During the absence of the ruler (22-19 B.C. ) each year one of the two consuls had been a part

Sentius Saturninus; and when Saturninus resigned late in the year 19 B.C. he was replaced by M. Vinicius, another of the ma

. The domination of the Triumvirs had created numerous consuls, in 33 B.C. no fewer than eight, with masses of novi homines

p distinction. The suffect consulates of Ventidius and Carrinas in 43 B.C. showed the way. At first the dynasts were tempera

s own partisans, in 31-29 four novi homines and five nobiles. With 28 B.C. annual consulates come back, monopolized at first

t by Augustus, Agrippa and Taurus. Of the consuls of the period 25-19 B.C. , eight come of new families against five nobles.

Fasti showing no great change from the Triumviral period. After 19 B.C. , however, a development is perceptible. Yet this

n names), see above, p. 243 f. For the whole Triumviral period (43–33 B.C. ) the proportion is twenty-five to ten. 3 Not co

en. 3 Not counting Varro Murena. PageBook=>373 From 18 to 13 B.C. only two novi homines appear on the Fasti, both w

red for a long time, hardly ever admitting a suffect consul. After 19 B.C. , down to and including 6 B.C., a period of thirte

er admitting a suffect consul. After 19 B.C., down to and including 6 B.C. , a period of thirteen years, only four are record

ystem could show in the last years of the Princeps’ life. Not until 5 B.C. do suffect consuls become frequent and regular up

t went now by nomination. NotesPage=>373 1 C. Furnius (cos. 17 B.C. ) and L. Tarius Rufus (cos. suff. 16 B.C.). 2 Be

;373 1 C. Furnius (cos. 17 B.C.) and L. Tarius Rufus (cos. suff. 16 B.C. ). 2 Below, pp. 378 f.; 421 f. 3 In 12 B.C. M.

s Rufus (cos. suff. 16 B.C.). 2 Below, pp. 378 f.; 421 f. 3 In 12 B.C. M. Valerius Messalla Barbatus and C. Caninius Reb

ro, Pro Murena, passim. 3 He hoped to stand for the consulate in 67 B.C. (Val. Max. 3, 8, 3) and in 65 (Ad Att. 1, 1, 1).

m several fragmentary copies, OGIS 458. 3 L. Vinicius (cos. suff. 5 B.C. ), the son of the consul of 33 B.C. Augustus disap

4 P. Vinicius (cos. suff. A.D. 2), son of M. Vinicius (cos. suff. 19 B.C. ). On him, cf. Seneca, Controv. 1, 2, 3; 7, 5, 10;

s. NotesPage=>377 1 T. Quinctius Crispinus Sulpicianus (cos. 9 B.C. ), one of the paramours of Julia; P. Quinctilius V

9 B.C.), one of the paramours of Julia; P. Quinctilius Varus (cos. 13 B.C. ), of whom Velleius (2, 117, 2) makes the signific

nius, Galba 3, 4), the first wife of C. Sulpicius Galba (cos. suff. 5 B.C. ). Note the praenomina, Paullus and Africanus, of

na, ib., C 1454-6; and the father of C. Sulpicius Galba (cos. suff. 5 B.C. ), cf. Suetonius, Galba 3. PageBook=>378 Of

tae et modeste habitae. ’ This Lentulus was probably the consul of 14 B.C. , cf. E. Groag in PIR2, C 1379. Some did not prais

ae. 9 NotesPage=>382 1 He was pontifex at least as early as 64 B.C. , Macrobius 3, 13, II. 2 Cicero, Ad fam. 8, 14,

la and a C. Licinius Stolo, otherwise unknown, among the XVυiri in 17 B.C. (ILS 5050, 1. 150). 8 Res Gestae 8, cf. Dio 52,

8, cf. Dio 52, 42, 5. Augustus conveniently omits the adlection in 33 B.C. (Dio 49, 43, 6). It belonged, of course, to a per

lanum, descendant of Decius Magius of Capua, and his activities in 89 B.C. , cf. Velleius 2, 16, 3; for his son, ILS 5318. M.

on. The promotion and successful career of L. Passienus Rufus (cos. 4 B.C. ), a novus homo, attests the influence of C. Sallu

uds, from incompetence and from their very paucity. In December of 43 B.C. there were only seventeen consulars alive, mostly

of his Principate the greater part was spent abroad, in Spain (27-24 B.C. ,) in the East (22-19 B.C.) and again in Spain and

ater part was spent abroad, in Spain (27-24 B.C.,) in the East (22-19 B.C. ) and again in Spain and Gaul (16-13 B.C.). In the

24 B.C.,) in the East (22-19 B.C.) and again in Spain and Gaul (16-13 B.C. ). In the East, prestige was his object, diplomacy

osed without fighting a Roman nominee on the throne of Armenia (20-19 B.C. )4 NotesPage=>388 1 Above, p. 327 f. 2 Ta

endous achievement to their credit. The outcome of the crisis of 23 B.C. furnished a deputy-leader and a partner in the go

government of the provinces. Agrippa was active in the East in 23-22 B.C. , in the West in 20-19 B.C., when he completed the

s. Agrippa was active in the East in 23-22 B.C., in the West in 20-19 B.C. , when he completed the pacification of Spain. But

oon augmented in a measure that none of the agents of the drama of 23 B.C. could have foreseen. Before the year was out, Mar

ugustus must make Agrippa his son-in-law or destroy him. 1 Then in 18 B.C. the imperium of Agrippa was augmented, to cover (

um of Agrippa was augmented, to cover (like that of Augustus since 23 B.C. ) the provinces of the Senate. More than that, he

n of four years as vicegerent of the East, Agrippa came to Rome in 13 B.C. , to find Augustus newly returned from Spain and G

Res Gestae 12. The monument was not completed and inaugurated until 9 B.C. PageBook=>390 The army now numbered twenty

riumviral period, that the Empire might split into two parts. By 13 B.C. a firm beginning had been made. The conquest of t

he competent soldier P. Silius as proconsul of Illyricum in 17 and 16 B.C. ,3 was consummated by Tiberius and Drusus in conve

ted by Tiberius and Drusus in converging and triumphant campaigns (15 B.C. ). Silius has almost faded from historical record:

time. 5 Then came the turn of Illyricum and the Balkans. In 14 or 13 B.C. in Illyricum M. Vinicius began the Bellum Pannoni

er has often been obscured by the belief that Octavianus in 35 and 34 B.C. conquered the whole of Bosnia and the Save valley

o ancient source asserts) and that the operations of Tiberius in 12–9 B.C. were confined to the suppression of local rebelli

o the suppression of local rebellions. 3 Dio 54, 20, 1 f. (under 16 B.C. ); ILS 899 (Aenona in Dalmatia): ‘P. Silio | P. f.

eius 2, 96, 2 f.; Florus 2, 24. Dio records risings in Dalmatia in 16 B.C. and among the Pannonians in 14 B.C. (54, 20, 3; 2

records risings in Dalmatia in 16 B.C. and among the Pannonians in 14 B.C. (54, 20, 3; 24, 3), with no mention of M. Viniciu

. (54, 20, 3; 24, 3), with no mention of M. Vinicius here or under 13 B.C. (54, 28, 1). It might be conjectured that Viniciu

conjectured that Vinicius was proconsul of Illyricum in 14 and in 13 B.C. presumably the last proconsul of that province.

of that province. PageBook=>391 In Macedonia M. Lollius (19-18 B.C. ) and L. Tarius Rufus (17-16 B.C.?) had recently b

391 In Macedonia M. Lollius (19-18 B.C.) and L. Tarius Rufus (17-16 B.C. ?) had recently been employed; 1 and on this occas

ed, was that Agrippa should prosecute the conquest of Illyricum in 12 B.C. while Drusus from the Rhine invaded Germany and T

ricum, not Agrippa, who subdued the Pannonians and Dalmatians (12-9 B.C. ). 4 In the same years Drusus with the legions o

e campaigns against the Germans were conducted by Tiberius. Then in 6 B.C. came a crisis in the family and the party of Augu

y exile at Rhodes. NotesPage=>391 1 Dio 54, 20, 3 f. (under 16 B.C. ). For M. Lollius, cf. the fragment of an inscr. f

us, the sons of Agrippa, whom he had adopted as his own. Down to 13 B.C. , Augustus and Agrippa conducted or at least super

gt;394 The partition of provinces between Princeps and Senate in 27 B.C. was likewise neither final nor systematic. August

and Piso and the first stage in the pacification of the Balkans (c. 9 B.C. ,) or some dozen years later, the legions of Maced

wer than fifteen legions. The contrast with the three provinces of 27 B.C. illustrates the change both in administration and

A.D. 3 (ILS 8966). 2 Dio (54, 34, 4), dating the transference to 11 B.C. , assigns as cause the need for military protectio

hich fits his conception of the original partition of provinces in 27 B.C. , and reveals its own inadequacy. It is here assum

d the island of Cyprus. 1 This looked well and mattered little. In 27 B.C. , the Senate provided proconsuls for eight provinc

ienced soldiers. NotesPage=>395 1 Cyprus and Narbonensis in 22 B.C. (Dio 54, 4, 1). The date at which Baetica was sev

rred to the Senate has not been recorded. Hardly perhaps as late as 2 B.C. , as Dessau argued, adducing ILS 102. Perhaps in t

B.C., as Dessau argued, adducing ILS 102. Perhaps in the period 16–13 B.C. , when the Princeps himself visited Spain. Two arm

Cf. below, p. 401. 2 ILS 6095. 3 Paullus Fabius Maximus (cos. 11 B.C. ), was proconsul of Asia (OGIS 458), probably in 9

ximus (cos. 11 B.C.), was proconsul of Asia (OGIS 458), probably in 9 B.C. (for the arguments, P-W VI, 1782); C. Asinius Gal

n 9 B.C. (for the arguments, P-W VI, 1782); C. Asinius Gallus (cos. 8 B.C. ), certainly in 6–5 B.C., ILS 97. Fabius is descri

nts, P-W VI, 1782); C. Asinius Gallus (cos. 8 B.C.), certainly in 6–5 B.C. , ILS 97. Fabius is described as ἀπò т ς κ∈ίνου δ∈

g the period of his sojourn as vicegerent of the eastern lands (17-13 B.C. ). That was one solution of the political danger.

was one solution of the political danger. But Agrippa departed in 13 B.C. M. Titius, who possessed a long experience of the

times, one when praetorian, the others consular. M. Lollius (cos. 21 B.C. ) carried out the annexation of the province after

eath of Amyntas; then he saw service in Macedonia as proconsul (19-18 B.C. ) and governed Gallia Comata (17-16 B.C.)3 After t

Macedonia as proconsul (19-18 B.C.) and governed Gallia Comata (17-16 B.C. )3 After that, a long lapse until Lollius emerges

aesar when he went to the East in 1 B.C.4 L. Calpurnius Piso (cos. 15 B.C. ) is attested in Galatia-Pamphylia c. 13 B.C.5 H

NotesPage=>398 1 He is attested at some time between 13 and 8 B.C. (Josephus AJ 16, 270), perhaps as early as 13 B.C

e between 13 and 8 B.C. (Josephus AJ 16, 270), perhaps as early as 13 B.C. , cf. T. Corbishley, JRS XXIV (1934), 43 ff. Strab

time of the surrender of the Parthian hostages, which may fall in 19 B.C. and not, as usually assumed, r. 13–10 B.C., cf. L

ages, which may fall in 19 B.C. and not, as usually assumed, r. 13–10 B.C. , cf. L. R. Taylor, JRS XXVI (1936), 161 ff. Hence

Josephus, AJ 16, 344, &c. The date of his command is probably 9–6 B.C. (P-W I A, 1519 ff.). There might be room for anot

, 20, 4 ff.; Velleius 2, 97, 1; Julius Obsequens, De prodigiis 71 (17 B.C. ). 4 Below, p. 428 f. 5 Dio 54, 34, 6, cf. Ant

h these could as well refer to L. Calpurnius Piso (the augur), cos. I B.C. , proconsul of Asia (ILS 8814). 8 No evidence: b

, p. 399, n. 4). PageBook=>399 P. Sulpicius Quirinius (cos. 12 B.C. ) passed through a long career of faithful service

en and distasteful novelty (A.D. 6). 4 M. Plautius Silvanus (cos. 2 B.C. ) held in succession the posts of proconsul of Asi

ary ties. 7 NotesPage=>399 1 Florus 2, 31. Date unknown: c. 15 B.C. , as proconsul of Crete and Cyrene? cf. E. Groag,

. 3, 48; Strabo, p. 569. Date unknown: the most plausible, 9–8 or 4–3 B.C. , cf. Klio XXVII (1934), 135 ff. 3 Below, p. 429

the war which he fought as legate of Galatia- Pamphylia c. 9-8 or 4-3 B.C. ), it cannot be made to prove two governorships of

Rhine after Drusus’ death he was succeeded by Sex. Appuleius (cos. 29 B.C. ); 2 the next legate was L. Domitius Ahenobarbus,

LS 8965). On the propriety of putting them all in this blank period 9 B.C. –A.D. 6 (or even more narrowly, 6 B.C.–A.D. 4), cf

them all in this blank period 9 B.C.–A.D. 6 (or even more narrowly, 6 B.C. –A.D. 4), cf. CQ XXVII (1933), 142 ft. JRS XXIV (1

and (ILS 8965) is quite uncertain. A. v. Premerstein argues for 14–13 B.C. (when he is in fact attested in Illyricum at the

E. Groag, PIK2, C 1379, who demonstrates that he is the consul of 14 B.C. , not, as hitherto believed, of 18 B.C. Dates for

as hitherto believed, of 18 B.C. Dates for Lentulus range from 15–14 B.C. (C. Patsch, o.c, 91 ff.) to A.D. II (A. v. Premer

hreshefte XXIX, 60 ff.). 5 Above, p. 394. 6 Velleius 2, 101, 3 (I B.C. ), cf. IGRR 1, 654, from Callatis (for P. Vinicius

yricum, could quite well have been a legate of Moesia in the period 9 B.C. –A.D. 6. PageBook=>401 As for the Rhine, it

1 1 Probably not Ahenobarbus, attested here by Dio under the year 1 B.C. (55, 10a, 3): possibly Saturninus, if an earlier

104, 2, under A.D. 2). 3 Paullus Fabius Maximus is attested in 3/2 B.C. , ILS 8895 (Bracara), cf. CIL II 2581 (Lucus Augus

ely. As for Varus, his proconsulate of Africa probably belongs To 7–6 B.C. , and his governorship of Syria (Josephus, AJ 17,

B.C., and his governorship of Syria (Josephus, AJ 17, 89) begins in 6 B.C. , cf. PIR1t Q 27. 4 L. Passienus Rufus earned or

h from war-booty; and Balbus’ theatre also commemorated a triumph (19 B.C. )2 Augustus himself repaired the Via Flaminia. 3 T

hich he had recruited and trained. 5 That could not go on. After 19 B.C. there were no more triumphs of senators; and in a

ices of aedile and censor. Two incidents hardened his policy. In 22 B.C. he secured the appointment of a pair of censors,

ards of senators had been established. The first dealt with roads (20 B.C. ); 2 it was composed, however, not of consulars bu

aintenance of temples and public buildings. 3 When Agrippa died in 12 B.C. the State took over his trained staff; of the cur

d the prevention of floods was entrusted to the consuls of the year 8 B.C. ; the first standing commission dates from A.D. 15

6 Again, appeals from the provinces were delegated to consulars. In 4 B.C. a new procedure was devised to try certain cases

eputy, and the behaviour of Messalla, appointed praefectus urbi in 26 B.C. and resigning the office after a few days, becaus

4 Frontinus, De aq. 99 and 102. 5 On the work of the consuls of 8 B.C. , ILS 5923 a–d; the first commission, Tacitus, Ann

awarding ornamenta triumphalia instead of a triumph began towards 12 B.C. (Dio 54, 24, 8; Suetonius, Tib. 9, 2). 7 Sueton

NotesPage=>406 1 Tacitus, Ann. 1, 3. 2 As was permitted in 23 B.C. (Dio 53, 32, 5). This does not mean, however, tha

Premerstein (ib., 237 f.). 3 Provinces taken over: Illyricum in 12 B.C. , Sardinia in A.D. 6. Proconsuls nominated, not on

uum provinciae Cypri’ (ILS 915); and, presumably, M. Lollius c. 19–18 B.C. (Dio 54, 20, 3) in Macedonia; and, no doubt, many

σειν οί т ν Κρηтικ ν καì Κυρηναϊκ ν παρχήαν καθ- ξοντ∈ςκτλ. 5 In 19 B.C. , but only for a few years, after which Augustus e

ources of Gaul. 5 The treasury of the Roman State was placed (in 23 B.C. ) under the charge of two praetors each year, chos

and a libellis under Claudius. 9 It was handed to the consul in 23 B.C. , Dio 53, 30, 2. PageBook=>411 In these mat

. 4 That is, if the magister fratrum Arvalium on the fragment of 20 B.C. (CIL I2, p. 214 f.) was Calvinus: the fragment Ep

f.) was Calvinus: the fragment Eph. Ep. VIII, p. 317, probably of 21 B.C. , mentions a Cn. Dom[itius], who can hardly be any

ary regions directly, and all provinces indirectly. The statute of 23 B.C. may not have given the Princeps the power of maki

were his gift, precarious and revocable. When Herod the Great died (4 B.C. ), the future status of Judaea was debated in a cr

d his talents to the elucidation of the ‘constitutional’ crisis of 23 B.C. by composing speeches for the principal agents in

and by Seneca, De clem. 1, 9 (apparently indicating the period 16–13 B.C. , but inaccurately). Suetonius and Tacitus know no

, namely, a special mandate conferred for merit and by consent. In 23 B.C. , after an open crisis and a secret struggle, the

ession for heirs of his own blood. Julia was to provide them. In 21 B.C. the marriage of Agrippa and Julia was solemnized.

son was born, named Gaius. When a second son, Lucius, followed in 17 B.C. the Princeps adopted the two boys as his own. In

rippina, and the posthumous infant Agrippa, an ill-favoured child (12 B.C. ). Tiberius succeeded Agrippa as husband of Juli

s all in the situation already. Nobody could have been deceived. In 6 B.C. there was an agitation that Gaius should be made

ed by death. For the moment, Augustus had his way. He was left in 6 B.C. with the two boys, the one in his fourteenth, the

nd the profits. The most open political prize was the consulate. In 5 B.C. Augustus assumed that office, after a lapse of

Most of them were already of consular rank. Sex. Appuleius (cos. 29 B.C. ), a dim and mysterious figure, but none the less

dim and mysterious figure, but none the less legate of Illyricum in 8 B.C. , was the son of Octavia, the half-sister of the P

of Octavia, the half-sister of the Princeps. Iullus Antonius (cos. 10 B.C. ), a man of taste and culture, took over from Agri

ook over from Agrippa the one Marcella, P. Quinctilius Varus (cos. 13 B.C. ) had married the daughter of the other. 1 Paullus

married the daughter of the other. 1 Paullus Fabius Maximus (cos. 11 B.C. ) had taken to wife Marcia, the granddaughter of A

rkable than any of them, however, is L. Domitius Ahenobarbus (cos. 16 B.C. ), the husband of Augustus’ own niece Antonia, and

C 1116), daughter of M. Valerius Messalla Barbatus Appianus (cos. 12 B.C. ) and the younger Claudia Marcella. 2 Tacitus, A

censorship. It is assumed by Münzer that M. Plautius Silvanus (cos. 2 B.C. ) and A. Plautius (cos.suff. 1 B.C.) descend from

that M. Plautius Silvanus (cos. 2 B.C.) and A. Plautius (cos.suff. 1 B.C. ) descend from that family: which cannot be proved

s wives was probably a Calpurnia, CIL VI, 29782); Messallinus (cos. 3 B.C. ) and Cotta Messallinus (cos. A.D. 20) are his son

inus (cos. A.D. 20) are his sons, Messalla Barbatus Appianus (cos. 12 B.C. ) perhaps an adopted son. On the difficulties abou

consul of A.D. 2 is probably a Lentulus. 3 Namely two consuls in 18 B.C. , one in 14 B.C. Then an interval, and four more (

consuls in 18 B.C., one in 14 B.C. Then an interval, and four more (3 B.C. , 1 B.C., A.D. 2, A.D. 10). 4 The last consular

in 18 B.C., one in 14 B.C. Then an interval, and four more (3 B.C., 1 B.C. , A.D. 2, A.D. 10). 4 The last consular Marcellu

, A.D. 2, A.D. 10). 4 The last consular Marcellus is Aeserninus (22 B.C. ), a person of no great note who had been a partis

See Table V at end. PageBook=>424 L. Calpurnius Piso (cos. 15 B.C. ) occupied rank and eminence with the foremost in

trials in adversity for the Republic. 5 Cn. Calpurnius Piso (cos. 23 B.C. ) had been a Republican but rallied to Augustus; h

, adopted, it appears, by the mysterious M. Licinius Crassus, cos. 14 B.C. , as is inferred from 1G 112, 4163. On this proble

. Volusius may be the father of L. Volusius Saturninus (cos. suff. 12 B.C. ); that consul’s wife was Nonia Polla (OGIS 468).

Tiberius on his mother’s side. 2 The family of L. Arruntius (cos. 22 B.C. ), also an associate of Sex. Pompeius, formed a Po

ilitary provinces. The supersession of Sentius in Syria by Varus in 6 B.C. may, or may not, have had political causes. No do

ate of government. In the end, everything played into her hands. In 2 B.C. an opportune scandal burst into publicity and rui

tesPage=>425 1 ILS 8892. 2 Note M. Livius Drusus Libo (cos. 15 B.C. ), whose connexions are unknown. The other relatio

us Pulcher, who may have been the son or grandson of the consul of 38 B.C. , and a Cornelius Scipio were all relegated. 5 The

but probably appointed legate of Syria when Agrippa left the East (13 B.C. ,) C. Sentius Saturninus and P. Quinctilius Varus.

etation. Lollius was favoured by Augustus, loathed by Tiberius. In 17 B.C. , when governor of Gaul, Lollius had suffered at t

NotesPage=>429 1 Velleius 2, 102, 1 f. 2 As Cn. Piso (cos. 7 B.C. ) found to his cost when trying to control Germani

, 13, according to whom some authorities substituted Cn. Piso (cos. 7 B.C. ) for Arruntius. That is not the only uncertainty

y, newly ennobled through his father, admiral at Actium, consul in 22 B.C. , and the author of a history of the Punic Wars in

eius 2, 114, 5 (Illyricum); 125, 5 (Șpain). 2 L. Arruntius, cos. 22 B.C. (PIR2, A 1129); his son, cos. A.D. 6 (ib., 1130).

haps from A.D. 3. Possibly on an earlier and separate occasion c. 6-3 B.C. 5 lb. 117 ff.; 120, ι (Asprenas). 6 PIR1, V 6

citus, Ann. 3, 13, cf. PIR2, C 287. 9 L. Cornelius Lentulus, cos. 3 B.C. (Inst. Iust. 2, 25 pr.), c. A.D. 4-5, CF. PIR2, C

r.), c. A.D. 4-5, CF. PIR2, C 1384; Cossus Cornelius Lentulus, cos. 1 B.C. , proconsul in A.D. 6 (Dio 55, 28, 3 f.; Velleius

while under Tiberius served M. Valerius Messalla Messallinus (cos. 3 B.C. ) as governor of the province of Illyricum, ‘vir a

the Balkans the experienced soldier A. Caecina Severus (cos. suff. 1 B.C. ) was in charge of Moesia (now that Macedonia had

lpurnii Pisones and the Cornelii Lentuli. L. Calpurnius Piso (cos. 15 B.C. ) was connected, it is true, with the family of Ca

l in his family. 6 After Lamia came Cossus Cornelius Lentulus (cos. 1 B.C. ), the distinguished general of a war in Africa, a

spositions for the smooth transference of the supreme power. As in 27 B.C. , it was necessary that the Principate should be c

s law was at once withdrawn in the face of protest and opposition (28 B.C. )2 But reform was in the air. The unpopular task c

Still Augustus delayed, abandoning his project of Secular Games in 22 B.C. , disappointed perhaps in the censors of that year

ar. He departed to the eastern provinces. At once on his return in 19 B.C. , and again in the next year, he was offered the c

he point, he did not need it. The Princeps enacted the measures of 18 B.C. in virtue of auctoritas and by means of his tribu

edonia, ILS 8763. 4 Propertius 4, 1, 37. 5 On this legislation (2 B.C. and A.D. 4), cf. H. M. Last, CAH x, 432 ff. 6 T

6 The Roman cult goes back to the organization of the city wards in 7 B.C. (Dio 55, 8, 6f.), cf. ILS 9250. On this and on th

enhanced dignity for the State and new resources of patronage. In 28 B.C. the Senate entrusted Augustus with the task of re

em. ’ PageBook=>448 Two deities deserved special honour. In 29 B.C. the Temple of Divus Julius vowed by the Triumvirs

ointments. The army engaged in completing the conquest of Spain in 19 B.C. was dejected and mutinous. 5 Agrippa dealt with t

and patriotic vein to the poet Virgil. The Georgics completed (c. 30 B.C. ), Virgil was engaged in writing an epic poem that

publican’. 3 Macrobius 1, 11, 22. Patavium was for the Senate in 43 B.C. , cf. Phil. 12, 10. PageBook=>465 If Livy,

opertius (e.g. 1, 1, 9) is the nephew of L. Volcacius Tullus, cos. 33 B.C. PageBook=>467 Propertius preferred his Cyn

oting-booths of the Roman People. 7 When Lepidus at last died in 12 B.C. , Augustus assumed the dignity of pontifex maximus

elity the poets expressed the spirit of the national programme. In 13 B.C. , when both Augustus and Agrippa had returned from

tes. 470 1 Res Gestae 24. 2 Aen. 6, 403. 3 Dio 55, 10, 2 ff. (2 B.C. ); Res Gestae 21 and 29; Suetonius, Divus Aug. 29,

noticeable spread and intensification of the cult towards the year 2 B.C. reflects his overt designs for the succession of

and comprehensive oath of loyalty to the ruler and to his house (3/2 B.C. ). 6 In regions where submission to kings was an

s, an Aeduan noble (Livy, Per. 139). Note, as fighting for Rome in 10 B.C. , Chumstinctus and Avectius, described as ‘tribuni

evenues for Augustus, the introduction of a regular assessment (13-12 B.C. ) provoked local disturbances. 1 The proconsuls

1, 65). Varus got fifteen hundred men from the colony of Berytus in 4 B.C. (Josephus, AJ 17, 287). 2 Plutarch, Comp. Dioni

the party itself and dissension between its leaders. The crisis of 23 B.C. , the secession of Tiberius and the mysterious int

of political ambition, to waive that solemn duty in the autumn of 44 B.C. when he made a pact with Pompeians; and when unit

Republican Valerius Messalla gave himself airs of independence. In 26 B.C. he had laid down the office of praefectus urbi al

atriotic language, that Augustus should be hailed as pater patriae (2 B.C. ) Pollio, however, did not suffer himself thus t

rtas and ferocia. When the roll of the Senate was being revised in 18 B.C. , Labeo put forward the name of the relegated Triu

ollateral consul then, M. Claudius Marcellus Aeserninus, consul in 22 B.C. , a not very distinguished partisan of Caesar the

. M. Junius Silanus, grandson of the renegade who became consul in 25 B.C. , married Aemilia Lepida, the daughter of L. Aemil

er another generation, with the family of L. Calpurnius Piso (cos. 15 B.C. ). Pompeius the Great had descendants only through

s. 6 PageNotes. 496 1 Neither L. Marcius Philippus (cos. suff. 38 B.C. ), nor another Marcius, namely Censorinus (cos. 8

(cos. suff. 38 B.C.), nor another Marcius, namely Censorinus (cos. 8 B.C. ), seems to have left male issue. The last consula

to have left male issue. The last consular Marcellus was consul in 22 B.C. 2 ILS 935. 3 Tacitus, Ann. 4, 66. 4 Paullus

laudius, P-W III a, 2198. Calvisius’ line, continued by a son (cos. 4 B.C. ), ended with his grandson (cos. A.D. 26), legate

59, 18, 4). 2 Balbus’ daughter married C. Norbanus Flaccus, cos. 25 B.C. (PIR2, C 1474); Sosius’ daughter married Sex. Non

4). 3 For example, no issue is known of T. Peducaeus (cos. suff. 35 B.C. ) or of L. Autronius Paetus and L. Flavius (suffec

B.C.) or of L. Autronius Paetus and L. Flavius (suffect consuls in 33 B.C. ). P. Alfenus Varus (cos. suff. 39 B.C.), L. Canin

Flavius (suffect consuls in 33 B.C.). P. Alfenus Varus (cos. suff. 39 B.C. ), L. Caninius Gallus (cos. 37 B.C.), and M. Heren

). P. Alfenus Varus (cos. suff. 39 B.C.), L. Caninius Gallus (cos. 37 B.C. ), and M. Herennius (cos. 34 B.C.) each had a cons

9 B.C.), L. Caninius Gallus (cos. 37 B.C.), and M. Herennius (cos. 34 B.C. ) each had a consular son, but no further descenda

th. Less spectacular, the family of C. Antistius Vetus (cos. suff. 30 B.C. ) lasted longer. 6 PageNotes. 499 1 She marrie

od two consuls recalled the merits of L. Volusius Saturninus (cos. 12 B.C. ,) himself of an ancient and respectable family th

descendants of another novus homo, L. Nonius Asprenas (cos. suff. 36 B.C. ), lasted as long and perpetuated the blood of L.

Balbus had a share in the making of it, from the dynasts’ pact in 60 B.C. through civil wars and Dictatorship into the rule

ship into the rule of the Triumvirs. The man from Gades, consul in 40 B.C. , is a portent, it is true but a portent of the fu

man blood. 7 NotesPage=>511 1 C. Sulpicius Galba (cos. suff. 5 B.C. ), married to Mummia Achaica and then to the beaut

. Varus certainly behaved with decision and competence in Judaea in 4 B.C. 3 Seneca, De ira 2, 5, 5 (Messalla Volesus).

us, Nero 4); and Plancina his granddaughter, wife of Cn. Piso (cos. 7 B.C. ), was accused of poisoning Germanicus. Hence the

through these trials, from caution like L. Marcius Philippus (cos. 91 B.C. ) and his son, or from honest independence like Pi

pecial plea and political propaganda in the military plebiscite of 32 B.C. became a reality under the Principate Augustus re

tles official or conventional, were already there. It was not until 2 B.C. that Augustus was acclaimed pater patriae. Horace

e. Perusia and the proscriptions are forgotten, the coup d’état of 32 B.C. appears as a spontaneous uprising of all Italy, P

1 As W. Weber, Princeps 1 (1936). 94. APPENDIX: THE CONSULS 80 B.C. –A.D. 14 PageBook=>525 THE consular Fasti o

. Liebenam printed a convenient list of the imperial consuls, from 30 B.C. onwards (Fasti Consulares Imperii Romani, Kleine

sproving the identification with P. Cornelius Scipio (for whom cf. 35 B.C. ). It is not certain, however, who he was. 36 B.

in the documents that attest the consulates of the men in question. B.C. 80 L. Cornelius L. f. Sulla Felix II: Q. Caecil

stus’, JRS XXIII (1933), 14 ff. ——— ‘M. Vinicius (cos. 19 B.C. )’, CQ XXVII (1933), 142 ff. ——— ‘The

II (1938), 39 ff. ——— ‘The Spanish War of Augustus (26–25 B.C. )’, AJP LV (1934), 293 ff. ——— ‘Who wa

, 472. Acilii Glabriones, 500. Acilius Glabrio, M. (cos. suff. 33 B.C. ), 242, 328, 330. Actium, Battle of, 276 f.; enhan

, 422, 423, 491, 493, 494, 495, 511. Aemilius Lepidus, M’, (cos, 66 B.C. ), 22. Aemilius Lepidus, M., (cos. A.D. II), 433.

ius Lepidus, M., (cos. A.D. II), 433. Aemilius Lepidus, M. (cos. 78 B.C. ), 17, 28 f., 89, 148. Aemilius Lepidus, M. (cos

. (cos. 78 B.C.), 17, 28 f., 89, 148. Aemilius Lepidus, M. (cos. 46 B.C. ), 69, 94, 96, 97, 104, 126, 382, 482; in alliance

2; in alliancewith Antonius, 109; his provinces, 110; behaviour in 43 B.C. , 158, 159, 160, 163, 164 ff., 173, 178 ff.; a def

brother-in-law of Caligula, 494. Aemilius Lepidus, Paullus (cos. 34 B.C. ), patrician partisan of Octavianus, 229, 237 f.;

wives, 378, 422; his sons, 422, 433. Aemilius Lepidus, Q. (cos. 21 B.C. ), 371. Aemilius Paullus, L. (cos. 50 B.C.), 41,

lius Lepidus, Q. (cos. 21 B.C.), 371. Aemilius Paullus, L. (cos. 50 B.C. ), 41, 69, 164, 192, 197. PageBook=>536 Aem

374; marries Aemilia Lepida, 492 f. Aemilius Scaurus, M. (cos. 115 B.C. ), 20. Aemilius Scaurus, M., stepbrother of Sex.

0. Aerarium militare, 352. Aesernia, 289. Afranius, L. (cos. 60 B.C. ), 5, 31, 35, 45, 94, 163, 498; origin and career,

Africa, in relation to Marius, Pompeius and Caesar, 75 f., 82; in 44 B.C. , 110; in the Triumviral period, 189, 213, 233; as

Alexander Helios, 261, 265, 300. Alfenus Varus, P. (cos. suff. 39 B.C. ), novus homo, 79, 93, 498; in the Cisalpina, 235;

52, 126, 284 ff. 473; sworn to Livius Drusus, 285; character of in 32 B.C. , 288; sworn to Tiberius, 438. Allienus, A., Cae

consul of Hispania Ulterior, 64. Antistius Vetus, C. (cos. suff. 30 B.C. ), 64, 111, 171, 206, 328, 329; legate of Hispania

nius, son of lullus, the last of his line, 494. Antonius, C, (cos. 63 B.C. ), 62, 65, 81, 165, 197. Antonius, C. (pr. 44 B.

nius, C, (cos. 63 B.C.), 62, 65, 81, 165, 197. Antonius, C. (pr. 44 B.C. ), 126, 171, 183, 203. Antonius, Iullus (cos. 10

us, C. (pr. 44 B.C.), 126, 171, 183, 203. Antonius, Iullus (cos. 10 B.C. ), 373, 376, 378, 421, 494; executed, 426; importa

nce of, 427; his son, 494. PageBook=>537 Antonius, L. (cos. 41 B.C. ), 115, 116, 189; his cognomen, 157; in the Perusi

8 ff., 215; pietas, 157, 208; his death, 211. Antonius, M. (cos. 44 B.C. ), family and relatives of, 63, 64, 103; early car

8; alleged embezzlement, 107, 131; arrangements about provinces in 44 B.C. , 107, 110, 115, 170; relations with the Liberator

riage to Octavia, 219; prestige of Antonius, 221 f.; actions in 39–37 B.C. , 221 ff.; relations with Cleopatra, 214 f., 260 f

h with Octavianus, 276 ff.; testament of Antonius, 282; actions in 32 B.C. , 280 ff.; strategy, 294 f.; defeat and death, 295

496. Appuleius, M., quaestor of Asia, 171. Appuleius, M. (cos. 20 B.C. ), son of Octavia, 129, 329, 378. Appuleius, Sex.,

Appuleius, Sex., husband of Octavia, 129. Appuleius, Sex. (cos. 29 B.C. ), nephew of Augustus, 129, 378, 421, 483; procons

378, 421, 483; proconsul of Spain, 303, 309; legate of Illyricum in 8 B.C. , 328, 400. Appuleius, Sex. (cos, A.D. 14), 421,

; Augustus’ policy, 388, 428. Armies, control of, 35 f., 325; in 44 B.C. , 102 f., 110 f.; in 43 B.C., 165 f.; by the Tri

. Armies, control of, 35 f., 325; in 44 B.C., 102 f., 110 f.; in 43 B.C. , 165 f.; by the Triumvirs, 189; after Actium, 3

43 B.C., 165 f.; by the Triumvirs, 189; after Actium, 302 f.; in 27 B.C. , 326 ff.; in A.D. 14, 437 f. Armies, private, 1

425, 497, 499. Arruntius, proscribed, 194. Arruntius, L. (cos. 22 B.C. ), 227, 282, 297, 330, 339, 372, 434; Pompeian con

us, Herius, leader of the Marrucini, 91. Asinius Gallus, C. (cos. 8 B.C. ), 219, 375, 395, 439; marries Vipsania, 378, 512;

ius Marcellus, M. (cos. A.D. 104), 500. Asinius Pollio, C. (cos. 40 B.C. ), his origin, and career, 5 f., 91 f.; his allegi

, 180; his conduct defended, 180 f.; in the proscriptions, 193; in 42 B.C. , 202; in the Cisalpina, 189, 207 f., 252, 462; re

2, 241; not at Tarentum, 225; his public library, 241; attitude in 32 B.C. , 291; under the Principate, 320, 482, 512; his de

race’s Ode quoted, 6, 8; his Histories, 5 f., 484 ff.; on the year 60 B.C. , 8; on Caesar, 6, 42, 484; on Cicero, 147, 192; o

ilippi, 202 ff.; Perusine War, 207 ff.; Brundisium, 217 ff.; in 38–37 B.C. , 225; his marriage to Livia, 229, 340; the Bellum

ff.; in Illyricum, 240. Breach with Antonius, 276 ff.; position in 32 B.C. , 277 f.; iuratio Italiae, 284 ff.; Actium, 294 ff

ctium, 294 ff.; powers after Actium, 307 ff.; the settlement of 28–27 B.C. , 313 ff.; in the West, 331 ff.; the new settlemen

13 ff.; in the West, 331 ff.; the new settlement, 333 ff.; acts in 22 B.C. , 339; in the East, 371, 388; moral programme, 443

1, 388; moral programme, 443 ff.; in Gaul and Spain, 388 f.; after 12 B.C. , 391 f.; dynastic ambitions for his grandsons, 41

1 f.; dynastic ambitions for his grandsons, 416 ff.; position after 6 B.C. , 419 ff.; disgrace of Julia, 426 f.; adoption of

er of Caesar, 25. Aurelii Cottae, 19. Aurelius Cotta, L, (cos. 65 B.C. ), 64, 135, 164. Autobiography of Augustus, 176

04 f., 225, 332, 464, 484, 522. Autronius Paetus, L. (cos. suff. 33 B.C. ), 242, 327; proconsul of Africa, 292, 303, 498. A

0, 92, 478. Avectius, Nervian, 475. Baetica, not a province in 27 B.C. , 326; date of origin, 395. Balbus, see Cornelius.

; obscurity of birth, 78, 81, 150 f., 350. Bithynia, allotted in 44 B.C. , 103; under Antonius, 266; a senatorial province,

us, Antonian partisan, 269, 299, 377. Caecilius Metellus, L. (cos. 68 B.C. ), 43. Caecilius Metellus, Q., Augustan senator,

s, Q., Augustan senator, 377. Caecilius Metellus Celer, Q. (cos. 60 B.C. ), 5, 20, 23, 43; as praetor, 32; as governor of C

his letter to Cicero, 45. Caecilius Metellus Creticus, Q. (cos. 69 B.C. ), 21, 23, 43. Caecilius Metellus Creticus Silan

.D. 7), 423, 437, 491. Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus, Q. (cos. 143 B.C. ), 20, 444. Caecilius Metellus Nepos, Q. (cos. 5

Q. (cos. 143 B.C.), 20, 444. Caecilius Metellus Nepos, Q. (cos. 57 B.C. ), 23, 32, 36, 43. Caecilius Metellus Pius, Q. (

cos. 57 B.C.), 23, 32, 36, 43. Caecilius Metellus Pius, Q. (cos. 80 B.C. ), 20, 21, 22, 36, 43. Caecilius Metellus Pius S

.), 20, 21, 22, 36, 43. Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio, Q. (cos. 52 B.C. ), his origin and character, 36, 40, 45; his consu

nobleman, 82. PageBook=>540 Caecina Severus, A. (cos. suff. 1 B.C. ), 363; legate of Moesia, 394, 399, 436; on the Rh

ndants, 500. Caecinae, of Volaterrae, 83. Caelius, C. (cos. suff. 4 B.C. ), 362. Caelius Rufus, M., parentage of, 63; ori

, 231; governor of Syria, 268, 282. Calpurnius Bibulus, M. (cos. 59 B.C. ), 24, 34, 39, 44 f.; his wife, 24, 58. Calpurnius

anus, C, illustrious conspirator, 497. Calpurnius Piso, C. (cos. 67 B.C. ), enemy of Pompeius, 35. Calpurnius Piso, C. (cos

urnius Piso, C. (cos. A.D. 111), 497. Calpurnius Piso, Cn. (cos. 23 B.C. ), with the Liberators, 199, 206; accepts the cons

6; accepts the consulate, 334 f., 368. Calpurnius Piso, Cn. (cos. 7 B.C. ), son of the preceding, and friend of Tiberius, 4

of Tiberius, 424, 433, 435. Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus, L. (cos. 58 B.C. ), father-in-law of Caesar, 36; feud with Cicero,

5; as censor, 66, 135; attitude during the Civil Wars, 62, 136; in 44 B.C. , 98, 117, 118, 134; during the War of Mutina, 164

357; descendants, 424, 434, 497. Calpurnius Piso Frugi, L. (cos. 15 B.C. ), 373, 375, 379, 392; his career, 398; in Galatia

randfather of L. Piso, 74, 150, 357. Calvisius Sabinus, C. (cos. 39 B.C. ), 91, 93, 111, 199 f., 236 f., 255, 308, 327; his

200. Canidius, in Cyprus, 200. Canidius Crassus, P. (cos. suff. 40 B.C. ), 189, 220, 268; his campaign towards the Caucasu

189, 220, 268; his campaign towards the Caucasus, 224, 264; in 35–33 B.C. , 265, 266; against Cleopatra, 280; in the War of

and name, 200 f.; no descendants, 498. Caninius Gallus, L. (cos. 37 B.C. ), partisan of Antonius, 200, 266, 498. Caninius

san of Antonius, 200, 266, 498. Caninius Rebilus, C. (cos. suff. 45 B.C. ), 94, 111, 165, 236. Caninius Rebilus, C. (cos. s

uff. 45 B.C.), 94, 111, 165, 236. Caninius Rebilus, C. (cos. suff. 12 B.C. ), 373. Cannutius, Ti. (tr.pl. 44 B.C.), 123, 12

us Rebilus, C. (cos. suff. 12 B.C.), 373. Cannutius, Ti. (tr.pl. 44 B.C. ), 123, 125, 132, 136, 212. Cantabri, 332. Can

Caesar, 52 f.; attacked by the Triumvirs, 195, 355; endangered in 32 B.C. , 290; favourable to the Principate, 351, 451 f.,

367. Carrinas, C., Marian partisan, 65. Carrinas, C. (cos. suff. 43 B.C. ), Caesarian partisan, 65, 90, 111, 188, 199, 234,

assius, of Patavium, conspirator, 478. Cassius Longinus, C. (pr. 44 B.C. ), 57, 95; after the Ides of March, 101, 116 ff.,

ginus, C. (cos. suff. A.D. 30), 492. Cassius Longinus, L. (tr. pl. 44 B.C. ), 64, 132. Cassius Longinus, L. (cos. A.D. 11), 4

Longinus, L. (cos. A.D. 30), 492. Cassius Longinus, Q. (tr. pl. 49 B.C. ), Caesarian, 43, 64. Cassius Severus, the orato

in Roman politics, 41, 66; suitable functions of, 444; revived in 22 B.C. , 339. Centurions, 70, 79 f., 243, 395; promotio

albillus, Ti., eminent Greek, 506. Claudius Caecus, Ap. (censor 312 B.C. ), 84, 285, 494; his progeny, 378. PageBook=>

Ti., Greek in equestrian service, 506. Claudius Drusus, Nero (cos. 9 B.C. ), see Drusus. Claudius Marcellus, C. (cos. 50 B

us, Nero (cos. 9 B.C.), see Drusus. Claudius Marcellus, C. (cos. 50 B.C. ), 42, 43, 45, 112, 164, 197; neutral in the Civil

, 128; family connexions, 112, 134. Claudius Marcellus, C. (cos. 49 B.C. ), 43, 45. Claudius Marcellus, C, nephew of Augu

347, 369, 378, 491; death of, 389. Claudius Marcellus, M. (cos. 51 B.C. ), 40, 43, 45. Claudius Marcellus Aeserninus, M.

s. 51 B.C.), 40, 43, 45. Claudius Marcellus Aeserninus, M. (cos. 22 B.C. ), 64, 339, 423, 491, 512. Claudius Nero, Ti., C

divorces his wife Livia Drusilla, 229. Claudius Nero, Ti. (cos. 13 B.C. ), see Tiberius, the Emperor. Claudius Pulcher, Ap

13 B.C.), see Tiberius, the Emperor. Claudius Pulcher, Ap. (cos. 143 B.C. ), 60, 494. Claudius Pulcher, Ap. (cos. 79 B.C.)

lcher, Ap. (cos. 143 B.C.), 60, 494. Claudius Pulcher, Ap. (cos. 79 B.C. ), 20, 21. Claudius Pulcher, Ap. (cos. 54 B.C.),

Pulcher, Ap. (cos. 79 B.C.), 20, 21. Claudius Pulcher, Ap. (cos. 54 B.C. ), 20, 23, 36, 38, 39, 61, 62, 69, 110; his censor

d descendants, 20, 23, 45, 229, 426. Claudius Pulcher, Ap. (cos. 38 B.C. ), 229, 237, 238, 239, 327, 368; proconsul of Spai

lcher, Ap., paramour of Julia, 426, 493. Claudius Pulcher, C. (pr. 56 B.C. ), 20, 23. Clementia, 51, 65, 159 f., 299, 442,

ia, wife of Q. Marcius Rex, 20, 23. Clodius Pulcher, P. (tr. pl. 58 B.C. ), 20, 23, 24, 33 f.; his death, 36; friends and a

7, 282, 382, 385, 500, 504, 518. Cocceius Balbus, C. (cos. suff. 39 B.C. ), Antonian, 200, 267. Cocceius Nerva, L., Antonia

L., Antonian, 200, 208, 225, 267. Cocceius Nerva, M. (cos. suff. 36 B.C. ), Antonian, 200, 266, 267. Cocceius Nerva, M. (

. (cos. A.D. 71), see Nerva, the Emperor. Coelius Caldus, C. (cos. 94 B.C. ), a novus homo, 94. Cognomina, foreign, 84; ado

s of, 38, 316, 325; respect for, 101, 316; regarded as obsolete in 32 B.C. , 285; Augustus in relation to, 314 ff., 520 ff.;

0 ff.; on the side of Pompeius, 44 f.; Caesarians, 61 f.; total in 48 B.C. , 61; in December 44 B.C., 164 f.; in December 43

peius, 44 f.; Caesarians, 61 f.; total in 48 B.C., 61; in December 44 B.C. , 164 f.; in December 43 B.C., 197; in 33 B.C., 24

f.; total in 48 B.C., 61; in December 44 B.C., 164 f.; in December 43 B.C. , 197; in 33 B.C., 243 f.; in 27 B.C., 327 f., 388

.C., 61; in December 44 B.C., 164 f.; in December 43 B.C., 197; in 33 B.C. , 243 f.; in 27 B.C., 327 f., 388; controlled by A

44 B.C., 164 f.; in December 43 B.C., 197; in 33 B.C., 243 f.; in 27 B.C. , 327 f., 388; controlled by Augustus, 388 f.; as

ictatorship, 94 f.; Triumviral, 188 f., 199 f., 243 f., 327 f.; in 33 B.C. , 242; in 27–23 B.C., 325; in 28–19 B.C., 372; in

Triumviral, 188 f., 199 f., 243 f., 327 f.; in 33 B.C., 242; in 27–23 B.C. , 325; in 28–19 B.C., 372; in 18–13 B.C., 373; in

199 f., 243 f., 327 f.; in 33 B.C., 242; in 27–23 B.C., 325; in 28–19 B.C. , 372; in 18–13 B.C., 373; in 15 B.C.-A.D. 3, 362;

f.; in 33 B.C., 242; in 27–23 B.C., 325; in 28–19 B.C., 372; in 18–13 B.C. , 373; in 15 B.C.-A.D. 3, 362; in A.D. 5–10,434 f.

491,493. Cornelius, the scribe, 249. Cornelius, L. (cos. suff. 38 B.C. ), 235, 243. Cornelius, L. (cos. suff. 32 B.C.), 2

lius, L. (cos. suff. 38 B.C.), 235, 243. Cornelius, L. (cos. suff. 32 B.C. ), 279. Cornelius Balbus, L., from Gades, 44, 97

rica, 328, 339; his triumph, 339, 367. Cornelius Cinna, L. (cos. 87 B.C. ), 9, 25, 65, 197; his daughters, 20, 25; descenda

5; descendants, 65, 269, 279, 423, 496. Cornelius Cinna, L. (pr. 44 B.C. ), 65, 269. Cornelius Cinna, L. (? cos. suff. 32 B

inna, L. (pr. 44 B.C.), 65, 269. Cornelius Cinna, L. (? cos. suff. 32 B.C. ), 279, 328. Cornelius Cinna Magnus, Cn. (cos. A

nsulate under Augustus, 377. Cornelius Dolabella, P. (cos. suff. 44 B.C. ), 69, 94, 143, 163, 197; actions in 44 B.C., 97,

abella, P. (cos. suff. 44 B.C.), 69, 94, 143, 163, 197; actions in 44 B.C. , 97, 102, 107, 109; sets out for Syria, 124, 166;

lus, adherent of Sex. Pompeius, 228. Cornelius Lentulus, Cn. (cos. 18 B.C. ), 373, 400. Cornelius Lentulus, Cn., the Augur

os. 18 B.C.), 373, 400. Cornelius Lentulus, Cn., the Augur (cos. 14 B.C. ), 381, 400 f. Cornelius Lentulus, Cossus (cos.

ugur (cos. 14 B.C.), 381, 400 f. Cornelius Lentulus, Cossus (cos. 1 B.C. ), proconsul of Africa, 401, 435; praefectus urbi

s urbi and trusted by Tiberius, 436. Cornelius Lentulus, L. (cos. 3 B.C. ), proconsul of Africa, 435. Cornelius Lentulus Cl

proconsul of Africa, 435. Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus, Cn. (cos. 72 B.C. ), 44, 66. Cornelius Lentulus Crus, L. (cos. 49

s, Cn. (cos. 72 B.C.), 44, 66. Cornelius Lentulus Crus, L. (cos. 49 B.C. ), 41, 44 f. Cornelius Lentulus Gaetulicus, Cn.

. suff. A.D. 10), 377. Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus, Cn. (cos. 56 B.C. ), 35, 36, 44; his son a Caesarian, 64; his wife S

is wife Scribonia, 229. Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus, P. (cos. 18 B.C. ), 373. Cornelius Lentulus Scipio, P. (cos. suff

24), legionary legate, 396. Cornelius Lentulus Spinther, P. (cos. 57 B.C. ), 35, 36, 44 f., 61. Cornelius Lentulus Spinthe

h the Liberators, 171, 198, 206. Cornelius Lentulus Sura, P. (cos. 71 B.C. ), Catilinarian, 44. Cornelius Nepos, his sagaci

o, paramour of Julia, 426, 493. Cornelius Scipio, P. (cos. suff. 35 B.C. ), 230, 244; husband of Scribonia, 230. Corneliu

230, 244; husband of Scribonia, 230. Cornelius Scipio, P. (cos. 16 B.C. ), 373, 423. Cornelius Scipio, P. (cos. A.D. 50),

, P. (cos. A.D. 50), 497. Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus, P. (cos. 147 B.C. ), 12; his dictum about a Metellus, 20; enemies of

icero’s De re publica, 319. Cornelius Scipio Asiagenus, L. (cos. 83 B.C. ), 43. Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus, P. (cos. suff.

lla, Faustus, son of the Dictator, 39. Cornelius Sulla, L. (cos. 88 B.C. ), 7, 9, 16 f., 47, 51 f., 53, 65, 287, 306, 442,

y of, 65; descendants, 377, 423, 496 f. Cornelius Sulla, L. (cos. 5 B.C. ), 420. Cornelius Sulla, P., Catilinarian, 66, 7

red with Lucan, 507 f.; with Juvenal, 489. Cornificius, L. (cos. 35 B.C. ), partisan of Octavianus, 132, 187, 200, 498; an

Curtius Rufus, alleged son of a gladiator, 503. Cusinius, M. (pr. 44 B.C. ), 91. Custos, as title of Augustus, 519 f. Cy

ecidius, Cn., proscribed Samnite, 80. Decidius Saxa, L. (tr. pl. 44 B.C. ), Caesarian partisan from Spain, 79, 80, 116, 126

m Larinum, 361. Didius, Q., Antonian, 266, 267. Didius, T. (cos. 98 B.C. ), novus homo, 93, 94. Dignitas, 13, 25, 26, 35,

357, 406, 417, 430, 442, 504. Dio (Cassius), on the politics of 44 B.C. , 122; an imitator of Thucydides, 154; on the diff

Dominatio, 155, 418, 516. Domitia, daughter of Ahenobarbus (cos. 16 B.C. ) and wife of Passienus Crispus, 384, 501. Domit

Crispus, 384, 501. Domitia Lepida, daughter of Ahenobarbus (cos. 16 B.C. ), 230. Domitian, the Emperor, called ‘dux’ by Sta

om Vienna, 44, 79, 367, 456, 502. Domitius Ahenobarbus, Cn. (cos. 122 B.C. ), 44. Domitius Ahenobarbus, Cn. (cos. 96 B.C.),

barbus, Cn. (cos. 122 B.C.), 44. Domitius Ahenobarbus, Cn. (cos. 96 B.C. ), 24, 44. Domitius Ahenobarbus, Cn. (Marian parti

, Cn. (Marian partisan), 20, 27. Domitius Ahenobarbus, Cn. (cos. 32 B.C. ), 51, 198, 202, 206, 210, 212, 213, 216, 225, 227

30, 241, 264, 405; as a Republican party leader, 268, 281, 495; in 32 B.C. , 276, 278, 281; dislikes Cleopatra, 281; loyalty

obarbus, Cn. (cos. A.D. 32), 510. Domitius Ahenobarbus, L. (cos. 54 B.C. ), 24, 50, 61, 90, 110, 495; active in 56 B.C., 37

henobarbus, L. (cos. 54 B.C.), 24, 50, 61, 90, 110, 495; active in 56 B.C. , 37; his consulate, 37, 38, 374; misses an augurs

13, 14, 24; connexions, 24, 44 f. Domitius Ahenobarbus, L. (cos. 16 B.C. ), 373, 378, 379, 392, 393, 423, 425; proconsul of

. Domitius Apulus, Antonian, 132. Domitius Calvinus, Cn. (cos. 53 B.C. ), Caesarian partisan, 62, 111, 165, 197, 327, 368

4, 373, 376, 379, 423, 496, 511. Fabius Maximus, Africanus (cos. 10 B.C. ), 373, 377. Fabius Maximus, Paullus (cos. 11 B.

fricanus (cos. 10 B.C.), 373, 377. Fabius Maximus, Paullus (cos. 11 B.C. ), 375, 376, 377, 379, 420, 421, 425, 487; his ora

ius Severus, 487; by Horace, 511. Fabius Maximus, Q. (cos. suff. 45 B.C. ), 68 f., 95. Fabius Persicus, Paullus (cos. A.D

on ‘Patavinitas’, 485; on satire, 489. Fabricius, Q. (cos. suff. 2 B.C. ), 362. Factio, 12, 22, 157. Factions, in Roman

sar, 73, 81 f.; afraid of the Pompeians, 73; support Octavianus in 44 B.C. , 131; attitude to Antonius, 272 f., 290; welcome

s, C., banker and friend of Brutus, 102, 198. Flavius, L. (tr. pl. 60 B.C. ), 33 f., 66. Flavius, L. (cos. suff. 33 B.C.),

lavius, L. (tr. pl. 60 B.C.), 33 f., 66. Flavius, L. (cos. suff. 33 B.C. ), Antonian partisan, 242, 266, 498. Flavius Fimbr

.C.), Antonian partisan, 242, 266, 498. Flavius Fimbria, C. (cos. 104 B.C. ), novus homo, 94. Flavius Gallus, Antonian gene

s, C, knight from Placentia, 74. Fonteius Capito, C. (cos. suff. 33 B.C. ), Antonian diplomat, 225, 242, 259, 266, 267. For

h Sex. Pompeius, 228; holding military commands, 201; unpopular in 32 B.C. , 284; status and opportunities in the Principate,

Fufius Calenus, 213. PageBook=>548 Fufius Calenus, Q. (cos. 47 B.C. ), Caesarian partisan, 66, 94, 111, 126, 197; defe

e cause of Antonius, 165, 167, 168, 172; rescues Varro, 193; in 42–40 B.C. , 202, 210; his death, 213; related to Pansa, 134.

Actium, 299; adlected inter consulares, 349 f. Furnius, C. (cos. 17 B.C. ), saves his father, 299; legate in Spain, 333; co

ther, 299; legate in Spain, 333; consul, 373. Gabinius, A. (cos. 58 B.C. ), as tribune, 29; legate of Pompeius, 31, 32; con

he Pompeii and to Caesar, 74; strategic importance of, 36, 124; in 44 B.C. , 103, 110, 124, 126; a proposal about the provinc

5; Republicanism, 465. Gallia Comata, loyal to Caesar, 74 f.; in 44 B.C. , 110, 165; under the Triumvirate, 189, 207, 210,

te, 501. Gallia Narbonensis, as Caesar’s province, 36, 74 f.; in 44 B.C. , no, 165; under the Triumvirate, 189, 207, 292; i

455. Gallia Transalpina, see Gallia Narbonensis. Gallius, Q. (pr. 43 B.C. ), 187. Games, demonstrations at, 116 f., 459, 4

21, 77, 380, 452. Gaul, see Gallia. Gellius Poplicola, L. (cos. 72 B.C. ), censor and legate of Pompeius, 66. Gellius Po

, censor and legate of Pompeius, 66. Gellius Poplicola, L. (cos. 36 B.C. ), Antonian partisan and admiral, 198, 269, 296, 3

65 ff. Hadrian, the Emperor, 415, 502. Haterius, Q. (cos. suff. 5 B.C. ), 362, 375. Helenus, freedman of Octavianus, 20

Caesarian and poet, 79, 251. Heracles, 263. Herennius, M. (cos. 93 B.C. ), novus homo, 94. Herennius, M. (cos. suff. 34 B.

nius, M. (cos. 93 B.C.), novus homo, 94. Herennius, M. (cos. suff. 34 B.C. ), 92, 200, 242, 328, 498. Herennius, T., Italian

, 105, 116. Hirtius, A., from Ferentinum, 362. Hirtius, A. (cos. 43 B.C. ), novus homo and Caesarian, 95; in 44 B.C., 97, 9

62. Hirtius, A. (cos. 43 B.C.), novus homo and Caesarian, 95; in 44 B.C. , 97, 99 f., 102, 114, 115, 142, 163; his policy,

rvilius Caepio, 23 f., 196. Hortensii, 492. Hortensius, Q. (cos. 69 B.C. ), his character and wealth, 21; political activit

., from Forum Julii, 292, 356, 455, 502. Julius Caesar, C. (cos. 59 B.C. ), his family and connexions, 25, 64, 68; early ca

1), see Gaius Caesar. Julius Caesar (Octavianus), C. (cos. suff. 43 B.C. ), see Augustus. PageBook=>551 Julius Caesa

B.C.), see Augustus. PageBook=>551 Julius Caesar, L. (cos. 64 B.C. ), 64; attitude in 43 B.C., 164, 170, 172; proscri

geBook=>551 Julius Caesar, L. (cos. 64 B.C.), 64; attitude in 43 B.C. , 164, 170, 172; proscribed, 192; disappears from

ribed, 192; disappears from notice, 197. Julius Caesar, Sex. (q. 47 B.C. ), Caesarian, 64. Julius Calidus, L., poetical k

; her funeral, 492. Junia, mother of C. Claudius Marcellus (cos. 50 B.C. ), 134. Junia Calvina, descendant of Augustus, 495

A.D. 10), novus homo, 363, 404, 434, 437. Junius Brutus, L. (cos. 509 B.C. ), of dubious authenticity, 59, 85. Junius Brutu

C.), of dubious authenticity, 59, 85. Junius Brutus, M. (tr. pl. 83 B.C. ), father of the tyrannicide, 19, 27, 148. Juniu

, father of the tyrannicide, 19, 27, 148. Junius Brutus, M. (pr. 44 B.C. ), his family, 27, 44 f., 58; betrothed to Julia,

is friendship with Antonius, 98, 106, 203, 206; actions in summer, 44 B.C. , 116 ff.; departure from Italy, 119, 140; seizure

questrian officer with long service, 356. Junius Silanus, D. (cos. 62 B.C. ), 69. Junius Silanus, D., paramour of the young

the younger Julia, 432. Junius Silanus, L., consular candidate in 22 B.C. , 371. Junius Silanus, M. (cos. A.D. 19), husban

), husband of Aemilia Lepida, 432, 495. Junius Silanus, M. (cos. 25 B.C. ), notorious renegade, 325, 349; legate of Lepidus

commanding armies, 201, 355; victims of the proscriptions, 195; in 32 B.C. , 290; at Gades and Corduba, 292; sentiments about

31, 88; his tribunate, 32; attacked by Catullus, 63; allegiance in 50 B.C. , 42, 63; prospects of consulate, 67; deserts Caes

Larinum, 82, 193, 360, 361, 362, 383. Laronius, Q. (cos. suff. 33 B.C. ), novus homo and admiral of Octavianus, 200, 237

9; of Octavianus, consular and praetorian, 327, 329 f., 393; in 27–23 B.C. , 329 f.; choice of, 395; military experience, 396

6, 396; recruitment, 15, 295, 456 ff.; total after Actium, 304; in 13 B.C. , 389 f. Legislation, moral, 53, 443 ff.; effica

f., 205 f.; on and after the Ides of March, 97 ff.; in the summer, 44 B.C. , 116 ff.; leave Italy, 119, 124, 163, 167; win ea

C, poet and orator, 63, 245, 246, 251. Licinius Crassus, L. (cos, 95 B.C. ), great orator, 36. Licinius Crassus, M. (cos.

L. (cos, 95 B.C.), great orator, 36. Licinius Crassus, M. (cos. 70 B.C. ), 8; his career, 22, 26, 29, 33 f., 35 f., 37; de

424, 496 f. Licinius Crassus, M., elder son of M. Crassus (cos. 70 B.C. ), and a Caesarian, 22, 36, 64. Licinius Crassus

0 B.C.), and a Caesarian, 22, 36, 64. Licinius Crassus, M. (cos. 30 B.C. ), with Sex. Pompeius, 269; with Antonius, 266, 26

nus, 308 f.; descendants, 424, 496 f. Licinius Crassus, M. (cos. 14 B.C. ), 424. Licinius Crassus, P. (cos. 97 B.C.), 22.

cinius Crassus, M. (cos. 14 B.C.), 424. Licinius Crassus, P. (cos. 97 B.C. ), 22. Licinius Crassus, P., younger son of M. C

B.C.), 22. Licinius Crassus, P., younger son of M. Crassus (cos. 70 B.C. ), married to Cornelia, 22, 36, 40. Licinius Cra

. (cos, A.D. 27), 424, 497. Licinius Crassus Mucianus, P. (cos. 131 B.C. ), 60. PageBook=>553 Licinius Lucullus, L.

s. 131 B.C.), 60. PageBook=>553 Licinius Lucullus, L. (cos. 74 B.C. ), his eastern command, 21, 29, 48, 385; in retire

wives, 20, 21; relatives, 21 f., 44. Licinius Lucullus, M. (cos. 73 B.C. ), see Terentius Varro Lucullus, M. Licinius Lucul

llus, M., kinsman of Brutus, 198, 205. Licinius Murena, L. (cos. 62 B.C. ), novus homo, 94. Licinius Nerva Silianus, A. (co

ctavianus, 229; character and ambitions of, 340 f.; her success in 23 B.C. , 345; political activities of, 385, 422 f., 425,

gula’s proposal about his works, 489. Livius Drusus, M. (tr. pl. 91 B.C. ), 16, 19, 20, 87, 89, 229, 345; as a party leader

her of Livia Drusilla, 199, 206, 229. Livius Drusus Libo, M. (cos. 15 B.C. ), a mysterious character, 422, 425. Lollia, wife

Pompeius, 31. Lollius, M., of Ferentinum, 362. Lollius, M. (cos. 21 B.C. ), 236, 329, 362, 372, 392, 397, 413, 417, 452, 47

429; upbraided by Velleius, 429. Lollius Palicanus, M. (tr. pl. 71 B.C. ), Pompeian partisan from Picenum, 31, 88, 374. Lo

435. Lucilius, C., satirist, 30 f. Lucilius Hirrus, C. (tr. pl. 53 B.C. ), cousin of Pompeius, 31, 38 f., 363 proscribed,

usus Troiae, 445. Lutatii, 19, 492. Lutatius Catulus, Q. (cos. 78 B.C. ), his eminence and virtues, 21; political activit

nsmen, 21, 24. Lycoris, mistress of Gallus, 252. Macedonia, in 44 B.C. , 107, 110 f.; legions of, 110, 126; seized by Bru

233, 292, 298; relations with poets, 242, 253 f., 460, 466 f.; in 23 B.C. , 340,341 f.; as a domestic minister, 347; charact

us, 208, 209. Manlii, 10, 18, 357. Manlius Torquatus, L. (cos. 65 B.C. ), marries a woman from Asculum, 357. Mantua, 465.

Philippi, 19, 496. Marcii Reges, 25, 68. Marcius, (cos. suff. 36 B.C. ), 199, 243. Marcius, Ancus, King of Rome, 68, 85.

nsorinus, C. (Marian partisan), 19. Marcius Censorinus, L. (cos. 39 B.C. ), Caesarian and Antonian partisan, 221, 266, 327;

acquires Cicero’s mansion, 195, 380. Marcius Censorinus, L. (cos. 8 B.C. ), 496. Marcius Coriolanus, 85. Marcius Crispus,

extensive military experience, 396. Marcius Philippus, L. (cos. 91 B.C. ), his political actions, 19, 21, 28; his caution

his caution and craft, 19, 128, 517. Marcius Philippus, L. (cos. 56 B.C. ), 35 f., 62, 197; relations with Octavianus, 114,

ily and kinsmen, 36, 112, 128. Marcius Philippus, L. (cos. suff. 38 B.C. ), as a Caesarian, 64; his consulate, 229; procons

rcules, 241; last consul of his line, 496. Marcius Rex, Q. (cos. 68 B.C. ), 20, 23. Marcomanni, 400, 431. Marius, C. (c

cos. 68 B.C.), 20, 23. Marcomanni, 400, 431. Marius, C. (cos. 107 B.C. ), 9, 16, 86, 441, 515; his policy, 86, 94; party,

, 398; the Liberators honoured there, 465, 478. Memmius, C. (pr. 58 B.C. ), 242. Memmius, C. (cos. suff. 34 B.C.), 242.

, 478. Memmius, C. (pr. 58 B.C.), 242. Memmius, C. (cos. suff. 34 B.C. ), 242. Memmius Regulus, P. (cos. suff. A.D. 31)

s Scaevola, C, Augustan nobilis, 382. Mucius Scaevola, P. (cos. 133 B.C. ), 60. Mucius Scaevola, Q. (cos. 95 B.C.), 32. M

Mucius Scaevola, P. (cos. 133 B.C.), 60. Mucius Scaevola, Q. (cos. 95 B.C. ), 32. Mummia Achaica, illustrious wife of C. Su

Munatius Plancus, C, proscribed, 193. Munatius Plancus, L. (cos. 42 B.C. ), 95, 109, 197, 199, 245; legate of Comata, 110,

, 95, 109, 197, 199, 245; legate of Comata, 110, 165; behaviour in 43 B.C. , 173, 179 f.; use of humanitarian language, 158 f

sprenates, of new nobility, 424. Nonius Asprenas, L. (cos. suff. 36 B.C. ), Caesarian partisan, 64, 111, 199; his origin, 9

ies a daughter of C. Sosius, 498. Norba, 200. Norbanus, C. (cos. 83 B.C. ), Marian partisan, 65, 93. Norbanus Flaccus, C.

s. 83 B.C.), Marian partisan, 65, 93. Norbanus Flaccus, C. (cos. 38 B.C. ), Caesarian partisan, 65, 200, 235, 325, 327; in

l of Asia, 303; his descendants, 499. Norbanus Flaccus, C. (cos. 24 B.C. ), 325. Noricum, 357, 390, 394, 457. Novi homine

nius, 217; mediates, 225; sent back by Antonius, 226; behaviour in 35 B.C. , 265; divorce of, 280; her son Marcellus, 341.

Allenius, Sex., Augustan senator, 363. Papirius Carbo, Cn. (cos. 85 B.C. ), 16, 27, 28. Papius Mutilus, M. (cos. suff. A.

428 f. Parthini, Illyrian tribe, 223. Passienus Rufus, L. (cos. 4 B.C. ), remarkable novus homo, 93, 362; relations with

al origins of, 84; liberalism of, 70, 345; patricians surviving in 33 B.C. , 244; added by Octavianus, 244, 306, 376; created

iers, 449 ff.; idealization of, 453, 456. Pedius, Q. (cos. suff. 43 B.C. ), nephew of Caesar, 64; his career, 128 f.; consu

9; his family, 235. PageBook=>558 Peducaeus, T. (cos. suff. 35 B.C. ), 200, 235, 498. Pergamum, 76, 262. Perperna,

5 B.C.), 200, 235, 498. Pergamum, 76, 262. Perperna, M. (cos. 130 B.C. ), Etruscan novus homo, 85, 93. Perperna, M. (cos.

. (cos. 130 B.C.), Etruscan novus homo, 85, 93. Perperna, M. (cos. 92 B.C. ), his death, 61. Perperna, M. (associate of Ser

us, see Munatius. Plautii, 85, 399, 422. Plautius, A. (cos. suff. 1 B.C. ), 422. Plautius Hypsaeus, P., consular candidat

uff. 1 B.C.), 422. Plautius Hypsaeus, P., consular candidate for 52 B.C. , 40. Plautius Rufus, conspirator, 478. Plautius

40. Plautius Rufus, conspirator, 478. Plautius Silvanus, M. (cos. 2 B.C. ), 385, 422; proconsul of Asia, 399, 435; legate o

of, 317, 464. Pompeii, origin of, 28. Pompeius, Cn. (cos. suff. 31 B.C. ), 279, 328. Pompeius, Q. (cos. 141 B.C.), 30, 8

ompeius, Cn. (cos. suff. 31 B.C.), 279, 328. Pompeius, Q. (cos. 141 B.C. ), 30, 85. Pompeius, Sex. (son of Magnus), 45; p

nd death of, 231 f.; relatives, 228, 424 f. Pompeius, Sex. (cos. 35 B.C. ), 200. PageBook=>559 Pompeius Macer, procu

ompeius Macer, Q. (pr. A.D. 15), 367. Pompeius Magnus, Cn. (cos. 70 B.C. ), his origin and early career, 28 ff.; position i

. (cos. 70 B.C.), his origin and early career, 28 ff.; position in 62 B.C. , 30; dynastic marriages, 31 f., 36, 40, 43; allia

Caesar, 8, 34 f.; his control of provinces, 35, 42; actions in 59–53 B.C. , 36 ff.; sole consulate, 39; in 52–50 B.C., 40 ff

, 35, 42; actions in 59–53 B.C., 36 ff.; sole consulate, 39; in 52–50 B.C. , 40 ff.; at the outbreak of the Civil War, 42 f.,

ullinus, brother-in-law of Seneca, 502 f. Pompeius Rufus, Q. (cos. 88 B.C. ), 25, 28, 279. Pompeius Rufus, Q. (tr. pl. 52 B

fus, Q. (cos. 88 B.C.), 25, 28, 279. Pompeius Rufus, Q. (tr. pl. 52 B.C. ), 279. Pompeius Strabo, Cn. (cos. 89 B.C.), his

ius Rufus, Q. (tr. pl. 52 B.C.), 279. Pompeius Strabo, Cn. (cos. 89 B.C. ), his character and actions, 28; adherents and cl

, 61, 65, 72, 153. Porcia, wife of L. Domitius Ahenobarbus (cos. 54 B.C. ), 21, 24. Porcia, wife of M. Calpurnius Bibulus

s. 54 B.C.), 21, 24. Porcia, wife of M. Calpurnius Bibulus (cos. 59 B.C. ), 24; marries M. Brutus, 58, 116. Porcius Cato, C

6. Porcius Cato, C., enemy of Pollio, 92. Porcius Cato, L. (cos. 89 B.C. ), 26. Porcius Cato, M., the Censor (cos. 195 B.

Cato, L. (cos. 89 B.C.), 26. Porcius Cato, M., the Censor (cos. 195 B.C. ), 26, 85; as a landowner, 452; as a historian, 50

rs, 26; opposes Pompeius, 33 f.; against Caesar, 34; his policy in 52 B.C. , 37, 46; misses the consulate, 40; in the Civil W

145; as political dynasts, 8 f., etc.; inadequacy of principes in 43 B.C. , 197; function under Augustus, 348, 379, 387, 392

Italian, 15, 89, 180 f., 352, 514. Propaganda, of Octavianus in 44 B.C. , 116 f., 120, 125; political, 154 ff., 208, 218,

r, 384, 466. Proscriptions, 190 ff. Provinces, control of, in 60–58 B.C. , 35 f.; in 50 B.C., 42; in 44 B.C., 102 f., 110 f

iptions, 190 ff. Provinces, control of, in 60–58 B.C., 35 f.; in 50 B.C. , 42; in 44 B.C., 102 f., 110 f.; allotment in 44

Provinces, control of, in 60–58 B.C., 35 f.; in 50 B.C., 42; in 44 B.C. , 102 f., 110 f.; allotment in 44 B.C., 103, 107;

., 35 f.; in 50 B.C., 42; in 44 B.C., 102 f., 110 f.; allotment in 44 B.C. , 103, 107; of the Triumvirs, 189, 206 f., 217; go

iumviral period, 310; arrangements of Antonius, 266; allegiance in 32 B.C. , 292; control of, after Actium, 302 f.; division

nce in 32 B.C., 292; control of, after Actium, 302 f.; division in 27 B.C. , 313 ff., 323 ff., 394; consular and praetorian,

, 477. Pulcher, see Claudius. Pupius Piso Calpurnianus, M. (cos. 61 B.C. ), 32, 33. Pythagoreanism, 150, 218, 247. Pythod

lius Varus, last of his family, 496. Quinctilius Varus, P. (cos. 13 B.C. ), 377, 421, 424, 425, 434; proconsul of Africa an

, 437; character, 511; his son, 496. Quinctilius Varus, Sex. (q. 49 B.C. ), 199, 206. Quinctius, L., father-in-law of Polli

-in-law of Pollio, 193. Quinctius Crispinus Sulpicianus, T. (cos. 9 B.C. ), 377; paramour of Julia, 426. Quintilian, see Fa

urio, stepson of M. Antonius, 269, 299. Scribonius Curio, C. (cos. 76 B.C. ), 19, 63. Scribonius Curio, C. (tr. pl. 50 B.C.

Curio, C. (cos. 76 B.C.), 19, 63. Scribonius Curio, C. (tr. pl. 50 B.C. ), becomes a Caesarian, 41 f.; his friends and ene

ilius Paullus, 69; his death, 76, 110. Scribonius Libo, L. (cos. 34 B.C. ), father-in-law of Sex. Pompeius, 45, 213, 215, 2

84 f. Sempronii, 19, 493. Sempronius Atratinus, L. (cos. suff. 34 B.C. ), admiral of Antonius, 231, 269; deserts to Octav

cchus, last of the Gracchi, 493. Sempronius Gracchus, C. (tr. pl. 123 B.C. ), 13. Sempronius Gracchus, Ti. (tr. pl. 133 B.C.)

hus, C. (tr. pl. 123 B.C.), 13. Sempronius Gracchus, Ti. (tr. pl. 133 B.C. ), 12, 60, 494. Sempronius Gracchus, Ti., paramour

8, 370; increased by Sulla, 78, 81; by Caesar, 77 ff.; weakness in 44 B.C. , 100, 110 f., 163 ff.; increased by Triumvirs, 19

ansformation during the Empire, 365 ff., 501 ff.; its provinces in 27 B.C. , 314, 328 f.; loses provinces, 394, 406; prerogat

the Principate, 406. Sentinum, 210. Sentius Saturninus, C. (cos. 19 B.C. ), 227, 228, 269, 282, 330, 382, 397; behaviour as

of L. Lucullus, 21. Servilia, wife of Ap. Claudius Pulcher (cos. 54 B.C. ), 23, 45. Servilia, the mother of Brutus, 12, 2

f, 152, 487, 507. Servilius, son of P. Servilius Isauricus (cos. 48 B.C. ), 492. Servilius Caepio, Q. (cos. 106 B.C.), 19.

rvilius Isauricus (cos. 48 B.C.), 492. Servilius Caepio, Q. (cos. 106 B.C. ), 19. PageBook=>563 Servilius Caepio, Q. (

cos. 106 B.C.), 19. PageBook=>563 Servilius Caepio, Q. (pr. 91 B.C. ), 21. Servilius Caepio, Q., uncle of M. Brutus,

, Q., uncle of M. Brutus, 21, 23 f., 34. Servilius Vatia, P. (cos. 79 B.C. ), 20, 21, 25, 64. Servilius Vatia Isauricus, P.

s. 79 B.C.), 20, 21, 25, 64. Servilius Vatia Isauricus, P. (cos. 48 B.C. ), Caesarian partisan, 64, 69, 94; proconsul of As

nexions, 69, 136; descendants, 298, 492. Sestius, L. (cos. suff. 23 B.C. ), 206, 335. Sestius, P. (tr. pl. 57 B.C.), 335.

Sestius, L. (cos. suff. 23 B.C.), 206, 335. Sestius, P. (tr. pl. 57 B.C. ), 335. Seviri, 472. Sextius, T., Caesarian gene

cina Largus, C. (cos. A.D. 13). 435, 437. Silius Nerva, P. (cos. 20 B.C. ), 330, 372, 425; legate in Hispania Citerior, 333

cial status of, 15, 457 see also Army, Legions. Sosius, C. (cos. 32 B.C. ), novus homo and Antonian partisan, 200, 267 f.;

23; as legate of Syria, 224, 264; builds temple of Apollo, 241; in 32 B.C. , 276, 278, 327; at Actium, 295 ff.; as a survivor

eii, 75; relations with Caesar, 75; Caesarian partisans, 80; in 44–43 B.C. , 110, 165 f., 189; under the Triumvirate, 189, 20

virate, 189, 207, 213, 227, 292, 326; governors of all Spain in 39–27 B.C. , 227, 239, 292, 302 f., 309, 327; as a provincia

i, from Lucania, 237, 382, 425. Statilius Taurus, T. (cos. suff. 37 B.C. ), 91, 95, 200, 238, 241, 302, 325, 327, 329, 397,

9, 363, 468. Sulpicii, 18, 511. Sulpicius Galba, C. (cos. suff. 5 B.C. ), 377, 386, 511. Sulpicius Galba, Ser., legate

A.D. 33), see Galba, the Emperor. Sulpicius Quirinius, P. (cos. 12 B.C. ), 236, 376, 393, 419, 425, 434, 452; his career,

xions, 425; lack of offspring, 499. Sulpicius Rufus, P. (tr. pl. 88 B.C. ), 65. Sulpicius Rufus, P., Caesarian, 65. Sulpi

Sulpicius Rufus, P., Caesarian, 65. Sulpicius Rufus, Ser. (cos. 51 B.C. ), as consul, 41; a neutral in the Civil War, 45,

.), as consul, 41; a neutral in the Civil War, 45, 64; attitude in 43 B.C. , 164, 170; death, 170, 197; connexions, 64, 134.

n, spread of, 218, 256, 471 f. Syria, held by Crassus, 37; in 44–43 B.C. , 107, 111, 124, 171; in the Triumviral period, 21

435, 437. Tacitus, see Cornelius. Tarius Rufus, L. (cos. suff. 16 B.C. ), novus homo, 362, 373, 376, 397, 403, 425, 452,

; military experience, 31, 396. Terentius Varro, M., attested in 25 B.C. , 330; ? legate of Syria, 334, 338. Terentius Varr

P., Narbonensian, poet, 253. Terentius Varro Lucullus, M. (cos. 73 B.C. ), 21, 22, 23. Terentius Varro Murena, A. (cos.

M. (cos. 73 B.C.), 21, 22, 23. Terentius Varro Murena, A. (cos. 23 B.C. ), 225, 325 f., 329, 333, 358, 483, 504; conspirac

ius, T., officer of Caesar, 89. Tertulia, wife of M. Crassus (cos. 70 B.C. ), 22. Tertulia, alleged mistress of Octavianus, 2

aesarian senator, perhaps from Spain, 80. Titius, M. (cos. suff. 31 B.C. ), proscribed, 193; with Sex. Pompeius, 227; as an

ufus, T., senator from Concordia, 363. Trebonius, C. (cos. suff. 45 B.C. ), legate of Caesar, 94; son of a knight, 95; proc

., 470. Tullia, daughter of Cicero, 69. Tullius Cicero, M. (cos. 63 B.C. ), early career and consulate, 24 f., 29 f., 32; a

Pompeius, 29 f., 37, 45, 137 f.; with Caesar, 138 f.; activity in 60 B.C. , 34; exile,36, 135; feud with Piso, 135, 140; in

53, 56, 81, 138 f., 143; his verdict on Caesar, 56, 145; in March, 44 B.C. , 97 ff., 139; meets Octavianus, 114, 141; in the

44 B.C., 97 ff., 139; meets Octavianus, 114, 141; in the summer of 44 B.C. , 139 ff.; attacks Antonius, 123; relations with O

ks Antonius, 123; relations with Octavianus, 141 ff.; policy in 44–43 B.C. , 143 ff., the Philippics, 104, 140, 146 f.; his p

143 ff., the Philippics, 104, 140, 146 f.; his policy and acts in 43 B.C. , 167–86; and the consulate, 182 f.; disagreements

pute and rank in history, 4, 146. Tullius Cicero, M. (cos. suff. 30 B.C. ), with the Liberators, 198, 206; his consulate, 3

Q., 64, 67. Turius, L., obscure senator, 81. Turranius, C. (pr. 44 B.C. ), obscure person, 91. Turranius, C., praefectus a

te of L. Piso in Macedonia, 396. Valerius Messalla, M. (cos. suff. 32 B.C. ), 244, 279. Valerius Messalla, Potitus (cos. 29

(cos. suff. 32 B.C.), 244, 279. Valerius Messalla, Potitus (cos. 29 B.C. ), 244. Valerius Messalla Barbatus Appianus, M.

os. 29 B.C.), 244. Valerius Messalla Barbatus Appianus, M. (cos. 12 B.C. ), 373, 378, 379, 423, 425. Valerius Messalla Corv

C.), 373, 378, 379, 423, 425. Valerius Messalla Corvinus, M. (cos. 31 B.C. ), as a Republican, 198; an Antonian, 206, 222; jo

, M. (cos. A.D. 58), 496. Valerius Messalla Messailinus, M. (cos. 3 B.C. ), 375, 423, 436. Valerius Messalla Rufus, M. (c

(cos. 3 B.C.), 375, 423, 436. Valerius Messalla Rufus, M. (cos. 53 B.C. ), disgraced consular, 62, 69; his long life, 165,

Valgus, landowner in Samnium, 362. Valgius Rufus, C. (cos. suff. 12 B.C. ), 362, 375. Varius Cotyla, Antonian, 189. Variu

io, 502, 503. Vatinius, P., from Reate, 90. Vatinius, P. (cos. 47 B.C. ), as tribune, 66; attacked by poets, 63, 252; as

tivities in Asia, 410; scandalous luxury, 410. Vehilius, M. (pr. 44 B.C. ), 91. Velitrae, 83, 132, 236, 362. Velius Ruf

icts, 488. Ventidii, of Auximum, 92. Ventidius, P. (cos. suff. 43 B.C. ), origin and early career, 71, 92; a ‘muleteer’,

from Larinum, 362, 434, 498. Vibius Pansa Caetronianus, C. (cos. 43 B.C. ), Caesarian novus homo, 71; his name and origin,

Caesarian novus homo, 71; his name and origin, 71, 90; attitude in 44 B.C. , 100, 114, 133, 134; as consul, 162, 167, 172; in

06, 469. Vinicii, of Cales, 194, 289. Vinicius, L. (cos. suff. 33 B.C. ), 194, 200, 242, 328. Vinicius, L. (cos. suff. 5

(cos. suff. 33 B.C.), 194, 200, 242, 328. Vinicius, L. (cos. suff. 5 B.C. ), 375. Vinicius, M. (cos. suff. 19 B.C.), novus

Vinicius, L. (cos. suff. 5 B.C.), 375. Vinicius, M. (cos. suff. 19 B.C. ), novus homo, his origin, 194, 362; in Gaul, 329,

atronage, 384; long military career, 397, 413; re-emergence after 6 B.C. , 419; in Illyricum, 329, 390, 394, 400; in German

married to Asinius Gallus, 416, 512. Vipsanius Agrippa, M. (cos. 37 B.C. ), 95, 129, 131, 187, 201, 331, 335, 336; his orig

at the bedside of Atticus, 257; in the War of Actium, 295 ff.; in 28 B.C. , 306; constitutional powers of, 337, 389; his pos

B.C., 306; constitutional powers of, 337, 389; his position after 23 B.C. , 345 f.; in the East, 338, 342, 371, 388 f.; in S

cal magnate, 82; his origin and family-god, 83; protects Cicero in 63 B.C. , 89; patriotic exertions in 43 B.C., 169 f., 289.

ly-god, 83; protects Cicero in 63 B.C., 89; patriotic exertions in 43 B.C. , 169 f., 289. Vitellii, of Nuceria, 83. Vitel

in, 361. Volaterrae, 82, 83, 87, 362. Volcacius Tullus, L. (cos. 33 B.C. ), 242, 466. Volceii, in Lucania, 237. Volscians

., kinsman of Tiberius, 424. Volusius Saturninus, L. (cos. suff. 12 B.C. ), 362, 381, 434, 435, 438; connected with Tiber

rinted in black type. On Tables I and II the dates are given in years B.C. II. THE KINSMEN OF CATO This table reproduces

he two marriages of Livia, the sister of M. Livius Drusus (tr. pl. 91 B.C. ). For the relationship of Catulus to the Domitii

roag’s table (PIR2, A, p. 57), omitting M’. Aemilius Lepidus (cos. 66 B.C. ) and his son Q. Aemilius Lepidus (cos. 21 B.C.).

ilius Lepidus (cos. 66 B.C.) and his son Q. Aemilius Lepidus (cos. 21 B.C. ). Groag’s elucidation of the connexion with the d

een the descendants of Pompeius, Sulla, Crassus, and L. Piso (cos. 15 B.C. ), cf. above, pp. 424 and 496 f. For the Calpurnii

, cf. above, pp. 425 and 497. Further, M. Livius Drusus Libo (cos. 15 B.C. ) and M. Furius Camillus (cos. A.D. 8) adhere some