ause. That would merely substitute one form of biography for another. At its worst, biography is flat and schematic: at th

rvice to Pompeius. 1 Cicero was in high spirits and fatal confidence. At variance with the Metelli through his clash with

, Divus Iulius 30, 3 (mentioning Cato and Milo). PageBook=>049 At last the enemies of Caesar had succeeded in ensna

Pro Sulla 22. 3 Suetonius, Divus Iulius 79, 2. PageBook=>056 At the moment it was intolerable: the autocrat becam

is unpopularity is attested by the elaborate excuses of his advocate. At the beginning of the year 56 B.C. the alliance of

the alliance of Pompeius, Crassus and Caesar threatened to collapse. At this favourable moment an unknown agent was insti

aries. Land was seized for his veteran colonies, in Italy and abroad. At auction Pompeius’ property brought in fifty milli

, 3. Possibly ‘Rufio’, not ‘Rufinus’, cf. Münzer in P-W IA, 1198. 6 At least seventy millions (Dio 48, 36, 4f.). 7 Plu

ve extraction. The antithesis is incomplete and of no legal validity. At the very least, colonial Romans or other wealthy

a decade of war Italy was united, but only in name, not in sentiment. At first the new citizens had been cheated of the fu

Lepidus had troops under his command, with results at once apparent. At dawn on March 16th he occupied the Forum with arm

en menacing tone. D. Brutus was in despair. 3 NotesPage=>097 1 At least according to Nicolaus, Vita Caesaris 27, 10

rm, the speech was brief and moderate:1 the audience was inflammable. At the recital of the great deeds of Caesar and No

manders for their cause and they did not think that it was necessary. At the time of Caesar’s death, the armies were held

ts powers could easily be restored one day under another appellation. At the end of March or early in April the Senate all

ce and his own resolution had given Antonius the position of vantage. At first he seemed harmless:5 before long, he was se

nts and restless ambition In April Antonius seemed reasonably secure. At home the one menace was assassination. Republican

he name and at the expense of Brutus, the urban praetor, on July 7th. At last his chance arrived. Certain friends of Caesa

nd veterans went to Caesar’s heir. And now Heaven itself took a hand. At the eighth hour of the day a comet appeared in th

the Caesarian faction in the person of Antonius appeared unshakable. At last, after long doubt and hesitation, Cicero set

ates of Catilina, it would not do to condemn a Roman citizen unheard. At the very least Antonius should be brought to tria

n the camps. When soldiers are citizens, rhetoric is worth regiments. At a famous scene by the bank of the river Apsus in

war against Antonius. NotesPage=>189 1 Ad fam. 10, 21, 4. 2 At least he was with Sex. Pompeius in 39 B.C. (Velle

ed in Italy,3 while Pollio held the Cisalpina with a strong army. 4 At first there was delay. Octavianus turned aside to

adequately informed, may still have preferred to wait upon events. 5 At last he moved. The Parthian menace was upon him

the dynasts a mere respite in the struggle. That was not to be known. At the end of 40 B.C. the domination of the Caesaria

he patience of Antonius and the diplomacy of Maecenas were exhausted. At last the mediation of Octavia was invoked to secu

nd’s cause and made peace with Antonius, some entering his service. 1 At last Titius captured Pompeius and put him to deat

Agrippa and of Taurus in Illyricum were not publicly commemorated. 1 At the end of 33 B.C. the Triumvirate (as it may sti

t heralded an armed struggle. It had begun some six years before. 2 At first Octavianus was outshone. Antonius’ men cele

ned books were plundered, the indefatigable scholar was not deterred. At the age of eighty, discovering, as he said, that

B.C. (P-W VI A, 346). 4 CIL 12, p. 50 and p. 77. 5 Res Gestae 13. At the same time the ancient ceremony of the Auguriu

aging. Pompeius Magnus governed Spain in absence through his legates. At the same time he acquired a quasi-dictatorial pos

them—a fair and fraudulent pretext to lighten the task of the Senate. At first the portion of the Senate seems to balance

olicy, a vague and traditional control over all provincial governors. At need, he could revive the imperium consulare, ost

ity from which it arose the fact that he was the leader of a party. At the core of a Roman political group are the famil

shattered Princeps. Rumour and intrigue began to surround the youth. At his trial, M. Primus the proconsul of Macedonia a

man who was ‘trib. mil. leg. x geminae | in Hispania annis XVI’. 4 At least to begin with, cf. ILS 2687. For subsequent

ffect consulates of Ventidius and Carrinas in 43 B.C. showed the way. At first the dynasts were temperate. Then after the

ous and cumulative, were almost without exception praetorian in rank. At the same time, as more senators reached the consu

f. Cf. Suetonius, Divus Aug. 38. 6 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 38, 2. 7 At this time, they are often, perhaps usually, quaes

dae, a tribe of the African desert dwelling to the south of Cyrene. 1 At some time in the twelve years after his consulate

C.); 2 it was composed, however, not of consulars but of praetorians. At a later date a definite body assumed the maintena

c building erected in Rome at private expense. Nor any more triumphs. At the most, a stray proconsul of Africa, fighting u

ned, and next to them the Claudian connexion. NotesPage=>420 1 At least, so Seneca says (De clem. 1, 9, 10): ‘cedo,

ps in the censors of that year. He departed to the eastern provinces. At once on his return in 19 B.C., and again in the n

decade. PageNotes. 447 1 Odes 3, 6, 1 ff. 2 Ib. 1, 2, 29 f. 3 At least by Augustus, Res Gestae 10: ‘eo mor|[t]uo q

ccession of Gaius and Lucius. He did not need it so much for himself. At the colony of Acerrae in Campania a centurion set

er, Cassius’ wife, was the last. She died at the age of ninety-three. At her funeral were borne the imagines of twenty nob

ame less political, justice less a matter of partisan interpretation. At the same time, however, a new scourge arose which

the rival ambitions of Seianus’ faction and the family of Germanicus. At all turns the nobiles were imperilled above all a

ve adopted the title of ‘Optimus princeps’: that was left for Trajan. At the very beginning of Augustus’ Principate the id

e the greatest of duces and principes, intended to outshine them all. At the very moment when he was engaged upon the oste