semen of the Parthians were seen in Syria and on the western shore of Asia . The Empire of the Roman People, perishing of its

ern warfare under Sulla and highly trusted by him, led armies through Asia and shattered the power of Mithridates. Combining

ine of Seleucus, the Roman conqueror marched along the great roads of Asia , dispersing the kings of the East, displaying pow

feat. 4 Cato went too far. When the knights who farmed the taxes of Asia requested a rebate from the Senate, Cato denounce

(Appian, BC 2, 48, 197), the former had been a legate of Q. Cicero in Asia (Ad Q. fratrem 1, 1, 10), the latter belonged to

all the proconsuls before him. In the West, in Africa and throughout Asia , towns, provinces and kings were bound to the imp

, 2) and T. Aufidius, once a publicanus, but rising to be governor of Asia (Val. Max. 6, 9, 7; Cicero, Pro Flacco 45). 2 A

pine Gaul; about the same time, it may be presumed, Trebonius went to Asia , Cimber to Bithynia. There were no legions at all

ius went to Asia, Cimber to Bithynia. There were no legions at all in Asia and in Bithynia, only two in the Cisalpina. For

2, 1. Deiotarus, King of Galatia, was Rome’s most important vassal in Asia , worth conciliating and hardly to be prevented at

Servilius his brother-in-law, soon to return from the governorship of Asia . 2 The alternative to the primacy of Antonius d

pped of its legions. As for the East, Trebonius and Cimber might have Asia and Bithynia: the only armies east of Macedonia w

to superintend the collection of corn in the provinces of Sicily and Asia . Complimentary in appearance, the post was really

ius may not have been a man of action yet he governed the province of Asia for Caesar with some credit in 46-44 B.C. On his

the decision at last taken, he moved with rapidity. The quaestors of Asia and Syria, on their homeward journey, bearing the

er, RA, 342 ff. 4 M. Appuleius (Phil. 10, 24), probably quaestor of Asia , C. Antistius Vetus of Syria(Ad M. Brutum 1, 11,

ntage. Early in March came the news that Dolabella, passing through Asia on his way to Syria and opposed by the proconsul

astwards through Macedonia to regulate the affairs of Thrace, recover Asia from Dolabella, and make a junction with Cassius.

Hortensius, the proconsul of Macedonia, and the retiring quaestors of Asia and Syria; 7 and from Italy there came sympathize

sarian generals joined Cassius in Syria. 9 Trebonius the proconsul of Asia had been put to death by Dolabella; but his quaes

d money and the loyalty of the native chieftains. Then, crossing into Asia , he met Cassius at Smyrna towards the end of the

e spent in chastising Rhodians and Lycians and draining the wealth of Asia . Brutus and Cassius met again at Ephesus. In the

e and extort for the armies yet more money from the wealthy cities of Asia , the prey of both sides in Rome’s intestine wars.

arian compact. 2 Plancus soon followed as governor of the province of Asia ; 3 and immediately upon the conclusion of the pac

Syria, killing Decidius Saxa the governor; then they overran southern Asia as far as the coast of Caria in the west, in the

he proconsul fled for refuge to an Aegean island,5 and the defence of Asia was left to Roman partisans in the Greek cities o

e=>228 1 Appian (BC 5, 139, 579) names as his last companions in Asia (35 B.C.) Cassius of Parma, Nasidius, Saturninus,

ather in the eastern lands, raised a private army of three legions in Asia , with which force he contended for a time against

us but the victor of Philippi should have driven the Parthians out of Asia . When at last his hands were free he departed to

f Derbe and Laranda, whose principality lay beside the high road into Asia . 2 The kings of Commagene and Cappadocia lent hel

arthian invasion. 4 In this emergency men of wealth and standing in Asia , among them the famous orators Hybreas of Mylasa

ian village, harried and destroyed the invaders in the borderlands of Asia and Bithynia. 6 After the expulsion of the Parthi

East of the Hellespont there were to be three Roman provinces only, Asia , Bithynia and Syria. For the rest, the greater pa

protecting on front and flank the Roman provinces of Syria, Bithynia, Asia and Macedonia. These vassal-states, serving the n

a friend of Pompeius, a man of fabulous wealth and wide influence in Asia , founding thereby a line of kings. 6 It was not

influence. 1 A day would come when the ruling class in the cities of Asia might hope to enter the Senate of Rome, take rank

or untimely: it revealed a habit and created a policy. At Ephesus all Asia proclaimed Caesar as a god manifest, son of Ares

nts of another kind. 2 Sosius was left in charge of Syria, Furnius of Asia . Ahenobarbus had been governor of Bithynia since

onius was delayed in the next year by the arrival of Sex. Pompeius in Asia and by the lack of trained troops. The western so

tonius instructed Canidius to bring the army down to the sea-coast of Asia . 2 There the legions passed the winter of 33-32 B

of 33-32 B.C. In the year 33 B.C., with his frontiers in order and Asia at peace, recovering from oppression and looking

anter gives, for Syria, Saxa, Ventidius, Sosius, Plancus and Bibulus; Asia , Plancus (39–37) and Furnius (36–35); Macedonia,

583 ff. To the above list should probably be added, as proconsuls of Asia , M. Cocceius Nerva between Plancus and Furnius. o

us), which describes him as ‘cos. des. ’ and ‘proconsul’ (probably of Asia ). The origin of Titius is unknown possibly Picene

). He was cos. suff. in 31 B.C. 5 P-W VII, 375 ff. He was governing Asia for Antonius in 35 (Dio 49, 17, 5; Appian, BC 5,

le and workable. Of the Roman provinces which Antonius inherited in Asia , three were recent acquisitions. To Pompeius Syri

esar took from the companies of publicara the farming of the tithe of Asia ; 3 NotesPage=>271 1 Below, p. 278. 2 As

tra at Tarsus, it was Aphrodite meeting Dionysus, for the blessing of Asia , so one account goes; 1 and their union has been

a, closing the series that began with C. Trebo-nius, the proconsul of Asia . 1 P. Canidius, the last of Antonius’ marshals, a

Amyntas, Archelaus and Herod; and there were three Roman provinces in Asia , namely Asia, Bithynia-Pontus and Syria. Such w

elaus and Herod; and there were three Roman provinces in Asia, namely Asia , Bithynia-Pontus and Syria. Such was the sober

d not stand the trial of arms—or even of diplomacy. Of an invasion of Asia and Syria there was no danger to be apprehended,

ars 29 and 28. 3 C Norbanus Flaccus, cos. 38 B.C., was proconsul of Asia soon after Actium(Josephus, AJ 16, 171), perhaps

es in 27 B.C. were probably Africa, Illyricum, Macedonia with Achaia, Asia , Bithynia-Pontus, Crete and Cyrene, Sicily, Sardi

ovinces from the beginning. Ultimately only two provinces, Africa and Asia , were governed by proconsuls of consular rank. In

Macer, who was the son of the Mytilenean historian, was procurator in Asia ; 7 and before long two men from Gallia Narbonensi

w dynasty the chieftains of Gallia Comata, the wealthy aristocracy of Asia and even the kings of the East would enter the im

he Annaei, and a certain Pompeius Macer, the son of the procurator of Asia , entered the Senate during the reign of Augustus,

ike Kunstprosa 1, 289 f. A portion of Fabius’ letter to the cities of Asia can be recovered from several fragmentary copies,

med, was governed from the beginning by men of consular rank, perhaps Asia as well. Illyricum, as long as it was senatorial,

f thirty-three did not have to wait too long for a province Africa or Asia might be his by the working of the lot after an i

r his consulate; 2 Paullus Fabius Maximus and Asinius Gallus governed Asia after an even shorter interval, perhaps of barely

ILS 6095. 3 Paullus Fabius Maximus (cos. 11 B.C.), was proconsul of Asia (OGIS 458), probably in 9 B.C. (for the arguments

where he was engaged for three years; after that, he was proconsul of Asia ; 7 subsequently, it may be, legate of Syria. 8

ll refer to L. Calpurnius Piso (the augur), cos. I B.C., proconsul of Asia (ILS 8814). 8 No evidence: but there would be r

ned him ornamenta triumphalia for a successful war, then proconsul of Asia , then legate again, of Syria. This would fit Piso

s Silvanus (cos. 2 B.C.) held in succession the posts of proconsul of Asia and imperial legate of Galatia, fighting there an

cation to Silvanus at Attaleia in Pamphylia). For his proconsulate of Asia , IGRR IV, 1362 (nr. Thyatira). 6 Velleius 2, 11

onia; and, no doubt, many others. The language in which the cities of Asia extol Paullus Fabius Maximus is suggestive ὰπò τ

ad once been useful he appears to have been active in the province of Asia shortly after the War of Actium, perhaps setting

lorification he had assiduously propagated during his proconsulate of Asia ; 3 and he drew the bond tighter by giving in marr

; after him came Quirinius (A.D. 6). 6 M. Plautius Silvanus governs Asia and then Galatia (A.D. 4-6); 7 Cn. Piso’s command

sius); Josephus AJ 18, 1 ff., &c. (Quirinius). 7 IGRR iv, 1362 ( Asia ); Dio 55, 28, 2 f., cf. SEG VI, 646 (Galatia).

a temple for the joint worship of Augustus and the Goddess Rome. 2 Asia is incited by that loyal proconsul, the patrician

ts calendar-year; for that day announced good tidings to the world. 3 Asia surpasses decency in the thanks it renders to div

ivy, Per. 139. PageBook=>475 As in Galatia or in the cities of Asia , the aristocracy of land and birth is firmly rive

preserved and supported all over the world, whether in the cities of Asia or the country districts of Gaul and Galatia. Nat

ernors are recorded in the time of Augustus: one of them reveals what Asia had to suffer from a murderous proconsul. 4 Lack

, 5, 5 (an allegation that L. Valerius Messalla Volesus, proconsul of Asia c. A.D. 11, Had Executed Three Hundred Persons In

different the proud sons of the great priestly and dynastic houses of Asia , now holding consular rank in the imperial Senate

e as of right, and after a long interval of years the proconsulate of Asia or of Africa. For all else it was perilous. Even

see Claudius. Appuleii, 289, 382, 496. Appuleius, M., quaestor of Asia , 171. Appuleius, M. (cos. 20 B.C.), son of Octa

. Artavasdes, King of Armenia, 264 f., 270. Asculum, 71, 86, 357. Asia , aristocracy of, 261 f., 365, 476, 490, 506; in t

, 398; in Galatia, 391, 398; Bellum Thracicum, 391, 398; proconsul of Asia , 398; praefectus urbi, 404, 436; political and so

, 487; his oratory, 375; as a patron of literature, 460; proconsul of Asia , 375, 395, 405, 474; in Spain, 401; propagator of

s son, 377, 497. Furnius, C, Antonian partisan, 210, 267; governor of Asia , 232, 264; as a speaker, 283; spared after Actium

erusine War, 210 ff., 215; flees to Antonius, 215 f.; as proconsul of Asia , 223; of Syria, 232; as an Antonian, 264, 267; fl

7; in the campaign of Philippi, 202, 204; in Spain, 239; proconsul of Asia , 303; his descendants, 499. Norbanus Flaccus, C

r, 478. Plautius Silvanus, M. (cos. 2 B.C.), 385, 422; proconsul of Asia , 399, 435; legate of Galatia, 399, 435; in Illy

icus, P. (cos. 48 B.C.), Caesarian partisan, 64, 69, 94; proconsul of Asia , 109, 136; attacks Antonius, 123; his policy, 134

ff. 45 B.C.), legate of Caesar, 94; son of a knight, 95; proconsul of Asia , 102 f., 164; his fate, 172, 197; no descendants,

us Pollio, P., equestrian friend of Augustus, 342, 452; activities in Asia , 410; scandalous luxury, 410. Vehilius, M. (pr.