of despotism. ‘Cum domino pax ista venit. ’7 NotesPage=>009 1 Appian , BC 1, 2, 7: δυναστϵȋαι τϵ σαν ἤδƞ ĸατἀ πoλλἀ ĸαὶ

em nostram, esse ultionem. ’ Cf. Lucan, Pharsalia 4, 207; 7, 455. 6 Appian , BC 1, 6, 24: δϵ µὲν ὲĸ στἀσϵων πoιĸίλων ἡ πoλιτϵ

ff. 2 Namely, his own kinsman, Q. Pompeius Rufus, cos. 88 B.C., cf. Appian , BC 1, 63, 284. 3 Plutarch, Pompeius 1. 4 Cic

again in 65 (Ad Att. 1, 1, 1). Note also Pompeius’ legate L. Lollius ( Appian , Mithr. 95; Josephus, AJ 14, 29). 5 Against Ser

ppus was succeeded by Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus in 60 or 59 ( Appian , Syr. 51); and in 59 P. Cornelius Lentulus Spinth

obtinebis? oppressos vos, inquit, tenebo exercitu Caesaris. ’ Compare Appian , BC 3, 27, 103 (with reference to Antonius in 44

was the wife of Cato); and Marcellinus had been a legate of Pompeius ( Appian , Mithr. 95; S1G3 750). 3 Crassus was in allianc

5 Asconius 31 = p. 35 f. Clark; Plutarch, Cato minor 47, &c. 6 Appian , BC 2, 28, 107: is ς θϵραπϵίαν τ ς πóλϵως πιĸλƞθϵ

0. But Clodianus (cos. 72, censor 70) was a legate in the Pirate War ( Appian , Mithr. 95) and so was Marcellinus (ib. and the i

d to keep only the Cisalpina, or even Illyricum, with a single legion( Appian , BC 2, 32, 126; Plutarch, Caesar 31; Suetonius, D

2, 32, 126; Plutarch, Caesar 31; Suetonius, Divus Iulius 29, 2). 3 Appian , BC 2, 30, 119. PageBook=>048 The precise

rat, item ius iurandum, quo se cuncti pro salute unius astrinxerant’; Appian , in several passages, esp. BC 2, 145, 604: ĸαί αὗ

sonem 54). As for A. Allienus and Sex. Peducaeus, attested in 48 b.c ( Appian , BC 2, 48, 197), the former had been a legate of

nwards, M. Licinius Crassus was made governor of the Cisalpina in 49 ( Appian , BC 2, 41, 165). He died soon after. PageBook=&

r, BC 3, 89, 3. Caesar also stole Venus victrix from his adversaries, Appian , BC 2, 68, 281. 4 Cn. Lentulus Clodianus and L.

anus and L. Gellius Poplicola, legates of Pompeius in the Pirate War ( Appian , Mithr. 95), perhaps earlier in Spain as well.

sulate of 44: he cannot then have been only twenty-five, as stated by Appian , BC 2, 129, 539. Other Caesarian patricians were

) shows that P. Servilius’ wife was a Junia, daughter of Decimus. 5 Appian , BC 2, 26, 102. (Curio was a relative of his, Dio

required and may have NotesPage=>088 1 Velleius 2, 16, 2. 2 Appian , BC 4, 25, 102: διἀ δὲ π∊⍴ιϕἀν∊ιαν ἕ⍴γων ĸαȋ διἀ

o Granii were among the partisans declared public enemies in 88 B.C. ( Appian , BC 1, 60, 271). Sulla died after a fit of apople

(BG 8, 50, 4). 6 Dio 43, 47, 5. On his deserved and unedifying end, Appian , BC 3, 98, 409. 7 On Cimber (whose origin canno

d dramatic speech of Antonius is recorded by certain historians (esp. Appian , on whom see E. Schwartz, P-W II, 230), but is su

heir generous ardour was not put to the test. NotesPage=>101 1 Appian , BC 2, 140, 581; 3, 2, 5 2 Ad Att. 14, 6, 2; 20

atifying the adoption had not yet been passed (cf. esp. Dio 45, 5, 3; Appian , BC 3, 14, 48 ff.). This was a mere formality.

a part of it, the Cisalpina, which may have been Piso’s proposal (cf. Appian , BC 3, 30, 115). It must be repeated that the onl

ances are vague, various and inconsistent in the ancient authorities ( Appian , BC 3, 31, 120; Plutarch, Antonius 16; Suetonius,

‘prudentes autem et boni viri et credunt factum et probant. ’ 2 As Appian justly observes, BC 3, 39, 158. 3 Ad Att. 15, 1

Att. 16, 8, 1 f.; 11, 6. 2 Ad Att 16, 8, 2. 3 Ib. 16, 15, 3. 4 Appian , BC 3, 42, 174. PageBook=>126 It would sur

s; as a NotesPage=>126 1 Phil. 3, 20 f. Q. Fufius Calenus? 2 Appian , BC 3, 46, 188; 58, 241; Dio 45, 13, 5. 3 Phil.

ced from subsequent events, perhaps also from a mysterious passage in Appian (BC 3, 66, 270), on which see O. E. Schmidt, Phil

us, however, appears to have helped his step-son to pay the legacies ( Appian , BC 3, 23, 89): for his later services, attested

: for his later services, attested or conjectural, below, p. 134. 4 Appian , BC 2, 23, 89. Suetonius (Divus Iulius 83, 2) cal

tation to his enemies. NotesPage=>130 1 Ad fam. 12, 23, 2. 2 Appian , BC 3, 94, 391 one of the great advantages of the

;131 1 Phil. 2, 93, &c. 2 Nicolaus, Vita Caesaris 18, 55, cf. Appian , BC 3, 11, 39; Dio 45, 3, 2. On this cf. the acut

n. ép., 1925, 93 (Velitrae), honouring him as praefectus classis; cf. Appian , BC 5, 102, 422. On his profiteering, Ad fam. 15,

31, 15: ‘sed haec inter bonos amicitia, inter malos factio est. ’ 2 Appian , BC 2, 104, 430 Eὐσέβ∈ια). 3 BMC, R. Rep. 11, 3

s later the plea of Lepidus recoiled upon his NotesPage=>159 1 Appian , BC 5, 17, 69: οὔτ∈ στρατ∈ύ∈σθαι νομίςουσι μᾶλλον

He urged that ‘misericordia’ should not be regarded as criminal. Cf. Appian , BC 3, 84, 345 (clearly following an excellent so

t numero, vincunt aetatibus; nimirum etiam auctoritate vincunt. ’ 5 Appian , BC 3, 68, 281: θάμβοζ τ∈ ἦν τοῖς ν∈ή λνσιν ἐπ∈λθ

(2, 65, 1), Antonius threatened Octavianus with this alternative. 4 Appian , BC 3, 75, 305 ff. probably fictitious, cf. E. Sc

aries. On July 28th Plancus composed his last NotesPage=>165 1 Appian , BC 3, 83, 341 ff. 2 Ad fam. 10, 35, 2: ‘quod s

’s enemies, Phil. 14, 15 f. 2 Ad M. Brutum 1, 4a, 4 (May 15th). 3 Appian , BC 3, 82, 337 ft.; Dio 46, 42, 2; Plutarch, Cice

aliena dulcedinem vivendi minuere potuerit. ’ 4 Ib. I, 18 1 ff. 5 Appian , BC 3, 88, 361. 6 Phil. 5, 47, above, p.167.

19th. Octavianus himself was not yet twenty. NotesPage=>172 1 Appian , BC 3, 92, 382 perhaps not authentic. 2 Ib. 3,

69, 5. An uncle of Velleius co-operated 2 Plutarch, Brutus 27. 3 Appian , BC 3, 95, 394. 4 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 27, 4.

s 27. 3 Appian, BC 3, 95, 394. 4 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 27, 4. 5 Appian , BC 3, 94, 387, cf, 74, 303. PageBook=>188

the party of Marius. Lepidus appears to have NotesPage=>188 1 Appian , BC 3, 80, 329 (a certain P. Decius, on whom cf.

is unprecedented wealth of material evoked. 6 NotesPage=>190 1 Appian (BC 4, 8, 31 ff.) gives what purports to be their

ulcanius mentioned by Servius on Ecl. 9, 47. 3 Ad Att. 9, 10, 2 4 Appian , BC 4, 17, 65. 5 e.g., the wife praised in ILS

y, Per. 120 (cf. Orosius 6, 18, 10; Florus 2, 16, 3) perhaps too low. Appian gives 300 senators (BC 4, 5, 20, cf. 7, 28) and 2

in Livy (quoted by Seneca, Suasoriae 6, 17); Plutarch, Cicero 47 f.; Appian , BC 4, 19, 73 ff. The best obituary notice was Po

egant poet since Lucretius and Catullus. Otherwise quite unknown. 2 Appian , BC 4, 47, 202 f. 3 Pro Balbo 53; cf. ILS 3700

202 f. 3 Pro Balbo 53; cf. ILS 3700 (an aedile of that family). 4 Appian , BC 4, 40, 170: for later enmity of that family t

7 Namely L. Quinctius, of unascertained origin, who perished at sea ( Appian , BC 4, 27, 114). 8 Pro Cluentio, passim. 9 Ap

erished at sea (Appian, BC 4, 27, 114). 8 Pro Cluentio, passim. 9 Appian , BC 4, 47, 201 f. This Sittius presumably a relat

e for their money in the solid form of landed NotesPage=>194 1 Appian , BC 4, 43, 180, On this person, a cousin of Pompe

this person, a cousin of Pompeius Magnus, cf. above, p. 31, n. I. 2 Appian , BC 4, 46, 195. 3 Cf. ILS 5349, This is the fam

six thousand muraenae for a triumphal banquet (Pliny, NH 9, 171). 5 Appian , BC 4, 25, 102. 6 Pliny, NH 7, 134; 34, 6. 7

to the Antonian noble L. Marcius Censorinus (Velleius 2, 14, 3). 9 Appian , BC 4, 32, 136 ff. PageBook=>196 abandon t

e of magistrates, nominated as they were, not NotesPage=>196 1 Appian , BC 4, 34, 146; Dio 47, 14, 2. 2 Dio 47, 16, 1.

;196 1 Appian, BC 4, 34, 146; Dio 47, 14, 2. 2 Dio 47, 16, 1. 3 Appian , BC 4, 3, 10 f. Among them were Capua, Rhegium, V

geance. NotesPage=>197 1 Dio 48, 43, 2. 2 Above, p. 164. 3 Appian , BC 4, 6, 26. 4 CIL 12, p. 50. 5 Ib. 12, p. 6

BC 4, 6, 26. 4 CIL 12, p. 50. 5 Ib. 12, p. 64, cf. ILS 6204. 6 Appian , BC 4, 37, 155. PageBook=>198 When a civil

e years 43–39 B.C. is a Metellus and a Lentulus among the proscribed ( Appian , BC 4, 42, 175; ib. 39, 164) and Spinther’s son,

(Dio 48, 40, 5 f.), Helenus for Octavianus (Dio 48, 30, 8 cf. 45, 5; Appian , BC 5, 66, 277; ILS 6267). Also Herod the Idumaea

3 a. Rufrenus was a Caesarian (Ad fam. 10, 21, 4, above, p. 189). 3 Appian , BC 5, 12, 46, cf. Dio 48, 2, 3. 4 Above, p. 18

hereabouts of P. Ventidius in 42 B.C.: Gallia Comata? Cf. p. 210. 5 Appian , BC 4, 85, 358; Dio 48, 18, 1; sling-bullets foun

his favourite doctor. 2 The other wing of the NotesPage=>204 1 Appian , BC 4, 100, 422. 2 Even admitted by the apologe

n. ép., 1922, 96. Cf. C. Hülsen, Strena Buliciana (1924), 193 ff. 3 Appian , BC 4, 115, 479 ff.; Dio 47, 47, 4; Plutarch, Bru

5 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 13, 2 (M. Favonius, the loyal Catonian). 6 Appian , BC 4, 136, 575. 7 Plutarch, Brutus 50. 8 App

l Catonian). 6 Appian, BC 4, 136, 575. 7 Plutarch, Brutus 50. 8 Appian , BC 5, 2, 4 ff. Among them were Cicero’s son and

llius. Cn. Piso, C. Antistius Vetus and L. Sestius also survived. 9 Appian , BC 4, 137, 577 f. PageBook=>207 decided,

Triumvirate or an interested alliance of the NotesPage=>207 1 Appian , BC 5, 3, 12, cf. 22, 87; Dio 48, 12, 5. 2 Dio

ian, BC 5, 3, 12, cf. 22, 87; Dio 48, 12, 5. 2 Dio 48, 3, I ff. 3 Appian , BC 5, 12, 49: θρήνϵνν, oὐδ v μ ν ἀδικ σαι λέγοντ

II, 283 f.) Further, L. Antonius has been idealized in the account of Appian , where he appears as a champion of Libertas again

179 ff.; 54, 226 ff.). 2 Dio 48, 5, 4; BMC, R. Rep. 11, 400 ff. 3 Appian , BC 5, 60, 251. PageBook=>209 As the year

let Salvidienus pass through the Cisalpina on NotesPage=>209 1 Appian , BC 5, 23, 92 ff. According to Dio, Antonius and

derided the soldiers, calling them βουλὴν καλιγ ταν (48, 12, 3). 2 Appian , BC 5, 29, 112: πολϵμϵ ν άv τις αὑτο τὴν ξίωσιν κ

ion, as befitted his character, at Spoletium. NotesPage=>210 1 Appian , BC 5, 20, 80 f. 2 Dio 48, 10, 1. 3 It is qui

sible to reconstruct these operations with narrative or with map. 4 Appian , BC 5, 30, 116; Dio 48, 13, 4 ff. 5 Dio 48, 13,

4 Appian, BC 5, 30, 116; Dio 48, 13, 4 ff. 5 Dio 48, 13, 2; 6. 6 Appian , BC 5, 33, 130 ff. 7 Ib. 5, 33, 131; cf. ILS 88

eo: non est enim facile in eum scribere qui potest proscribere. ’ 5 Appian , BC 5, 35, 139 ff. 6 Ib. 5, 54, 229. 7 Vellei

Appian, BC 5, 35, 139 ff. 6 Ib. 5, 54, 229. 7 Velleius 2, 74, 4; Appian , BC 5, 49, 204 ff. PageBook=>212 The capti

out with enemies. Antonius was NotesPage=>212 1 Dio 48, 14, 4; Appian , BC 5, 49, 207. 2 Appian, JSC 5, 48, 203. 3Su

was NotesPage=>212 1 Dio 48, 14, 4; Appian, BC 5, 49, 207. 2 Appian , JSC 5, 48, 203. 3Suetonius, Divus Aug. 15; Dio

is wrongly dated by Suetonius, Divus Aug. 12. 5 Velleius 2, 76, 2; Appian , BC 5, 50, 212. PageBook=>213 approaching

ide of the great Antonius. NotesPage=>213 1 Dio 48, 30, 7. 2 Appian , BC 5, 26, 103. 3 Ib. 5, 26, 102; Dio 48, 22, 1

been sent by Octavianus after Philippi to take over from Sextius. 4 Appian , BC 5, 53, 222; below, p. 228. 5 Dio 48, 20, 3;

Sextius. 4 Appian, BC 5, 53, 222; below, p. 228. 5 Dio 48, 20, 3; Appian , BC 5, 51, 213 f. Ch. XVI THE PREDOMINANCE OF A

, while in Italy his wife and his brother not NotesPage=>214 1 Appian , BC 5, 4, 15 ff. 2 Plutarch, Antonius 25. 3 I

Plutarch’s dramatic and romantic account of their confrontation. 4 Appian , BC 5, 7, 31; Martial 11, 20. She was the mistres

31; Martial 11, 20. She was the mistress of the dynast of Comana. 5 Appian , BC 5, 52, 216. PageBook=>215 merely champ

rtain. 6 The envoys were L. Scribonius Libo and Sentius Saturninus ( Appian , BC 5, 52, 217): they brought with them Julia, th

y did Antonius hold the sea and starve Italy. NotesPage=>216 1 Appian , BC 5, 55, 230 ff. 2 Velleius 2, 76, 2. 3 Dio

1 Appian, BC 5, 55, 230 ff. 2 Velleius 2, 76, 2. 3 Dio 48, 28, 1; Appian , BC 5, 58, 245. 4 Appian, BC 5, 53, 220. Appian

2 Velleius 2, 76, 2. 3 Dio 48, 28, 1; Appian, BC 5, 58, 245. 4 Appian , BC 5, 53, 220. Appian may, however, be exaggerat

3 Dio 48, 28, 1; Appian, BC 5, 58, 245. 4 Appian, BC 5, 53, 220. Appian may, however, be exaggerating the prestige of Ant

p into separate kingdoms and rival dynasties. NotesPage=>217 1 Appian , BC 5, 59, 246 ff. 2 Ib. 5, 64, 272. 3 Dio 48

1 Appian, BC 5, 59, 246 ff. 2 Ib. 5, 64, 272. 3 Dio 48, 28, 4; Appian , BC 5, 65, 274 4 An approximate date is provide

the following year. The next NotesPage=>220 1 Ecl. 4, 17. 2 Appian , BC 5, 63, 269. 3 As may be inferred from Dio 4

Appian, BC 5, 63, 269. 3 As may be inferred from Dio 48, 26, 3. 4 Appian , BC 5, 65, 276. 5 Dio 48, 32, 1. They had a ver

am. ’ Cf. Livy, Per. 127; Dio 48, 33, 3; Suetonius, Divus Aug. 66, 2; Appian , BC 5, 66, 278 f. Coins bear the legend ‘Q. Salvi

of 39 B.C., and not his son, as commonly held (e.g. PIR2, C 353). 2 Appian , BC 5, 66, 277. PageBook=>222 watched. As

us, cf. CQ xxxi (1937), 39 ff. 2 W. W. Tarn, CQ xxvi (1932), 75 ff. Appian (BC 5, 75, 320) mentions the Dardani, but there i

he public tokens of political pacts or feuds. NotesPage=>228 1 Appian (BC 5, 139, 579) names as his last companions in

L. Scribonius Libo c. 55 B.C. 3 Tisienus Gallus, Dio 49, 8, 1 ff.; Appian , BC 5, 104, 432, &c. L. Plinius Rufus, Appian

, Dio 49, 8, 1 ff.; Appian, BC 5, 104, 432, &c. L. Plinius Rufus, Appian , BC 5, 97, 405, &c; ILS 8891. Perhaps add Cn.

4 Horace, Epodes 9, 7 f.: ‘Neptunius dux’; Dio 48, 31, 5 and 48, 5; Appian , BC 5, 100, 416; BMC, R. Rep. 11, 564 f. (coins o

me against the NotesPage=>231 1 Dio 48, 49, 4 2 For Bibulus, Appian , BC 4, 38, 162; 5, 132, 549; and coins, BMC, R, R

l with generals than with soldiers. In Sicily NotesPage=>232 1 Appian , BC 5, 139, 579. Libo became cos. ord. in 34. 2

’, echoes the language and sentiments of Lepidus’ contemporaries. 6 Appian indicates that the soldiers had carefully been wo

to announce that, after prolonged NotesPage=>233 1 Dio 49, 13; Appian , BC 5, 128, 528 ff. 2 Dio 49, 12, 4. 3 Appian

233 1 Dio 49, 13; Appian, BC 5, 128, 528 ff. 2 Dio 49, 12, 4. 3 Appian , BC 5, 112, 470. 4 Dio 49, 15, 1. 5 Virgil, E

49, 15, 1. 5 Virgil, Ecl. 1, 6: ‘deus nobis haec otia fecit. ’ 6 Appian , BC 5, 132, 546: καὶ αὐτὸν αἱ πόλϵις το ς σϕϵτ ρο

of March; 4 and Caesar had destined him to be NotesPage=>234 1 Appian , BC 5, 130, 541 f. 2 Ib. 5, 132, 548. 3 Above

Above, pp. 90 and 188. For Octavianus he fought in Spain in 41 B.C. ( Appian , BC 4, 83, 351) and in the Belium Siculum (ib. 5,

CIL 12, p. 42. 2 Münzer, P-W XIX, 45 ff. 3 Ad fam. 10, 33, 4. 4 Appian , BC 5, 54, 229 f., cf. Münzer, P-W XIX, 46 f. and

tici 21, 4). 5 As shown by the new Fasti, L’ann. ép., 1937, 62. 6 Appian , BC 5, 54, 229, cf. Groag, PIR2, C 1331. If or wh

ndertook to prosecute the absent Brutus under NotesPage=>236 1 Appian , BC 5, 102, 422; SEG VI, 102 = L’ann. ép., 1925,

I, 102 = L’ann. ép., 1925, 93 (Velitrae). Also Titinius and Carisius ( Appian , BC 5, 111, 463). Titinius is unknown. Carisius i

, 8): an interesting and rare name of non-Latin termination. Rebilus ( Appian , BC 5, 101, 422) may be the son of C. Caninius Re

ive, unless otherwise stated, from the detailed narratives of Dio and Appian . 5 Calvisius was an Antonian in 44 B.C. (Phil.

giance was naturally disapproval of Antonius’ conduct with Cleopatra ( Appian , BC 4, 38, 161; Pliny, NH 33, 50). The wife of Oc

nister NotesPage=>241 1 The presence of Agrippa is attested by Appian , Ill. 20; Dio 49, 38, 3 f. Messalla was also ther

amilies of the aristocracy had NotesPage=>243 1 Dio 49, 14, 3; Appian , BC 5, 128, 531. 2 About consulates under the T

ng signs. The conservative NotesPage=>255 1 Dio 49, 15, 1. 2 Appian , BC 5, 132, 547, cf. Suetonius, Divus Aug. 32, 1.

ad charge of the correspondence and seal-ring of Antonius in 35 B.C. ( Appian , BC 5, 144, 599). Plancus had a certain following

VII, 375 ff. He was governing Asia for Antonius in 35 (Dio 49, 17, 5; Appian , BC 5, 137, 567 ff.). 6 On Dellius’ changes of

C. to help Octavianus, and was governor of Syria in 32, when he died ( Appian , BC 4, 38, 162; Syr, 51). 3 Described on an Ath

e. That mattered little now, it is true. They NotesPage=>269 1 Appian , BC 5, 139, 579. Cf. above, p. 228. 2 Dio 51, 2

in 44 B.C. (PIR2, C 1339). 3 Q. Nasidius (BMC, R. Rep. 11, 564 f.; Appian , BC 5, 139, 579) fought as an admiral at Actium (

); for Turullius, cf. BMC, R. Rep. 11, 531; for Cassius of Parma, see Appian , 1. c, and Velleius 2, 87, 3 (the last of the ass

, &c). The mysterious Metellus was saved by his son after Actium ( Appian , BC 4, 42, 175 ff). L. Pinarius Scarpus, the neph

(Tib. 2, 2) records‘ Italiam per clientelas occupare temptavit. ’ 4 Appian , BC 1, 19, 78; Sallust, BJ 42, 1: ‘per socios ac

olaus, Vita Caesaris 22, 80; Suetonius, Divus Iulius 84, 2 and 86, 1; Appian , BC 2, 144, 600 ff. (Caesar); 3, 46, 188 (Antoniu

y drawn upon. Brutus, for example, raised two legions of Macedonians ( Appian , BC 3, 79, 324). As for Ántonius, O. Ćuntz(jahres

dem pro se non sustinerent. ’ 6 Seneca, De ben. 2, 25, 1 (Furnius); Appian , BC 4, 42, 175 ff. (Metellus). 7 Dio 51, 2, 4 f

the history of Rome. An assertion of imperial NotesPage=>303 1 Appian (BC 4, 51, 221) records that he became governor o

tarum rer[um exe]mpla imi|tanda pos [teris tradidi]. ’ 3 lb. 6. 4 Appian , BC 2, 28, 107: ἐζ θεραπείαν τῆζ πόλεωζ ἐπικληθεί

ι, ι. He calls the preceding epoch the age of the δυναστεῖαι. Compare Appian , BC 1. 2, 7. PageBook=>325 The choice of m

against the Salassi conducted by C. Antistius Vetus in 35 or 34 B.C. ( Appian , Ill. 17) and by Messalla Corvinus at a date diff