ive, by a quarter of a century, his ally and contemporary, the robust Agrippa ; no schemer could have counted in advance upon th

clear and contemporary evidence for the praenomen comes from coins of Agrippa , struck in Gaul in 38 B.C., BMC, R. Rep. 11, 411

De ben. 3, 32, 4: ‘M. Agrippae pater ne post Agrippam quidem notus. ’ Agrippa was the same age to within a year as Octavianus,

Vita Caesaris 7, 16). The gentilicium‘Vipsanius’ is exceedingly rare. Agrippa himself preferred to drop it (Seneca, Controv. 2,

r their brides. The men of action in the party like Salvidienus and Agrippa , the earliest of the great marshals, occupy the s

me note participated in the venture. Only two names can be recovered, Agrippa and Maecenas. 9 NotesPage=>131 1 Phil. 2,

&c. PageBook=>133 Roman knights in standing, Salvidienus, Agrippa and Maecenas: to the end his faction retained the

ss made show of high loyalty and competed for the right to prosecute. Agrippa indicted Cassius,1 a person called L. Cornifici

to lose from war and adventure, among the ‘foundation-members’ being Agrippa and Salvidienus Rufus. Octavianus himself had onl

st and greatest of his marshals, of origin no more distinguished than Agrippa , was his senior in years and military experience.

Autobiography, cf. F. Blumenthal, Wiener Studien xxxv (1913), 280 f. Agrippa and Maecenas did not deny that Octavianus lurked

of his brother who held all the Gallic provinces. Octavianus, with Agrippa in his company, had retired to southern Etruria.

Antonius was the central theme. He sought to break away to the north. Agrippa and Salvidienus out-manoeuvred him. Along with th

elaborate ring of fortifications. Then, marching north-eastwards with Agrippa , he confronted Pollio and Ventidius, who, undecid

relieve Perusia. Marching across the Apennines, they were arrested by Agrippa and Salvidienus at Fulginiae, less than twenty mi

Antonius. 5 The partnership in arms of the young Caesar, his coeval Agrippa and Salvidienus Rufus their senior had triumphed

mned to death. 6 This was the end of Q. Salvidienus Rufus the peer of Agrippa and Ventidius, and most remarkable, perhaps, of a

aul and Spain the ablest among his partisans, the trusty and plebeian Agrippa , now of praetorian standing, and the aristocrat D

a war on his hands earlier perhaps than he had planned. His best men, Agrippa and Calvinus, were absent. Lepidus in Africa was

iumph which his partisan Ventidius now celebrated over the Parthians. Agrippa , returning from Gaul with useful achievements to

f. 1 The young Caesar was now in sore need both of the generalship of Agrippa and the diplomacy of Maecenas. Lacking either of

harbour. Twenty thousand freed slaves were pressed into service, and Agrippa proceeded to construct a great harbour at the Luc

assed in thorough preparations. There was to be no mistake this time. Agrippa devised a grandiose plan for attacking Sicily fro

Operations began on July 1st. The fighting was varied and confused. Agrippa won a victory at Mylae but Octavianus himself was

the chance of another sea-fight. Superior numbers and the tactics of Agrippa decided the battle of Naulochus (September 3rd).

h eight legions in Messana, offered to surrender. Lepidus, overriding Agrippa , who was present, accepted the capitulation in hi

ed over incalculable odds. He had loyal and unscrupulous friends like Agrippa and Maecenas, a nucleus of support already from c

war and diplomacy by his daring and by the services of three friends. Agrippa held the praetorship in that year, but Maecenas a

, cf. Münzer, P-W XIX, 46 f. and 51. This man was present, along with Agrippa and Balbus, at the death-bed of Atticus in 32 B.C

Destined ere long to a place in war and administration second only to Agrippa was T. Statilius Taurus (cos. suff. 37); he owed

arody of Duillius, the author of Rome’s earliest naval triumph. 1 For Agrippa , the greatest of the admirals, was devised an exc

erved of the partners of Taurus, Calvisius, Cornificius and Laronius. Agrippa had already married an heiress, Caecilia, the dau

er proved nor probable. PageBook=>241 The work and services of Agrippa and of Taurus in Illyricum were not publicly comm

public utility. His minister NotesPage=>241 1 The presence of Agrippa is attested by Appian, Ill. 20; Dio 49, 38, 3 f.

F. W. Shipley, Mem. Am. Ac. Rome IX (1931), 7ff. PageBook=>242 Agrippa had already begun the repair of a great aqueduct,

ts with pure water or cheap food that was not enough. The services of Agrippa , the soldier and engineer, were solid and visible

friends in the Caesarian party, old and new, about Plancus, or about Agrippa . It is to be regretted that no history preserves

on the northern shore of the gulf of Ambracia, while the fleet under Agrippa captured certain posts of Antonius in the south a

reserved no adequate record. Antonius’ admiral Sosius was defeated by Agrippa in a great naval battle; 2 and Antonius’ attempt

hough ‘dux’, was even less adequate in maritime warfare than on land. Agrippa , the victor of Naulochus, was in command, support

s. Two generals, Statilius Taurus, the greatest of the marshals after Agrippa , and the renegade Titius were in charge of the Ca

hands, with many legions to be paid, demobilized or employed. He sent Agrippa at once to Italy. The work must begin without del

om the nobility of Alba Longa. More alarming was the news reported by Agrippa —veterans clamorous and mutinous. Octavianus cross

e not wanting in 28 B.C Octavianus was consul for the sixth time with Agrippa as his colleague. In the previous year he had aug

ra. ’ 4 Tacitus, Ann. 3, 28. PageBook=>308 marshals, such as Agrippa , Calvisius and Taurus, to any extremity. But the

d through under the auspices of the supreme magistrates, Augustus and Agrippa . The transition to liberty was carefully safeguar

ast no candidate hostile to the Princeps. Taurus stood second only to Agrippa as a soldier and an administrator: he had fought

and the semblance of freedom: the chief men of his party were there, Agrippa , Taurus and Maecenas, to prevent any trouble. P

in the composition of his autobiography, a work suitably dedicated to Agrippa and Maecenas. In his absence, the two legates in

ons he merely handed over certain state papers to the consul Piso, to Agrippa his signet-ring. 2 Under their direction the gove

w. In the course of the year, proconsular imperium was conferred upon Agrippa for five years. The exact nature and competence o

, Marcus Agrippa (1933), 167 ff. Dio mentions no grant of imperium to Agrippa . That Agrippa at this early date possessed imperi

B.C. can be urged the fact that a few years later, in 20 and 19 B.C., Agrippa is found, not there, but in Gaul and Spain (Dio 5

he appeared to divide them. Before the end of the year he dispatched Agrippa to the East. An invasion of Arabia had failed, an

was perhaps Murena’s brother. He fades from recorded history. When M. Agrippa went out, he administered Syria through deputies,

ed, acute and menacing. The principal actors were Livia, Maecenas and Agrippa . Augustus could not afford to alienate all three.

of death made his last dispositions, yielding powers of discretion to Agrippa and to the consul, there was no word of Marcellus

t was the grant of Senate and People, nor the leadership of his party Agrippa and other party-magnates would have their word to

lution can scarcely be described as slaves to tradition: but the dour Agrippa , plebeian and puritan, ‘vir rusticitati propior q

its of his verse, must have been highly distasteful to Augustus as to Agrippa . Augustus bore with the vices of his minister f

the position of Maecenas had been compromised. He could not withstand Agrippa . Maecenas made a fatal mistake he told Terentia o

race has so candidly depicted. 5 Maecenas might be dropped, but not Agrippa ; and so Agrippa prevailed. He did not approve of

idly depicted. 5 Maecenas might be dropped, but not Agrippa; and so Agrippa prevailed. He did not approve of the exorbitant h

he East provoked various and inconsistent conjecture. In one version, Agrippa retired in disgust and resentment,6 in another hi

werful and domestic ally, triumphed over the Princeps and his nephew. Agrippa received for himself a share in the power. There

t it shattered the constitutional façade of the New Republic men like Agrippa had no great reverence for forms and names. It

.C he allotted to Maecenas the advocacy of monarchy, republicanism to Agrippa . The fiction is transparent but not altogether ab

. Unity was established: it was to a Roman proverb about unity that Agrippa was in the habit of acknowledging a great debt. 1

wledging a great debt. 1 On the surface all was harmony, as ever, and Agrippa continued to play his characteristic role of the

hates’, unobtrusive but ever present in counsel and ready for action. Agrippa had been through all the wars of the Revolution a

nd stains on this Augustan masterpiece. Virtus begets ambition; and Agrippa had all the ambition of a Roman. His refusal of h

resolute. There were grounds for the opinion that, if Augustus died, Agrippa would make short work of the Princeps’ young neph

of consuls his ideal of public utility was logical and intimidating. Agrippa did not stop at aqueducts. He composed and publis

t vindictive: they made a point of not attending the funeral games of Agrippa , dead earlier than they could have hoped. 4 Of

memoration afterwards. There was never meant to be. Any prominence of Agrippa would threaten the leader’s monopoly of prestige

disclaiming any talent to celebrate a soldier’s exploits. 5 Nor did Agrippa speak for himself. Like the subtle Maecenas and t

e service of the State might be described as a ‘noble servitude’. For Agrippa , his subordination was burdensome. 6 Like Tiberiu

the most eminent families of Rome: she chose instead the daughter of Agrippa and Caecilia, and bound by close link the great g

the secret coup d’etat of 23 B.C. was the work of Livia as well as of Agrippa and a triumph for both. ‘Remo cum fratre Quirin

interpretation, into an allusion to the alliance between Augustus and Agrippa . 3 Absurd for the aftermath of Actium, when the l

rippa’s power had been accorded status and definition before the law. Agrippa was not, Agrippa never could be, the brother and

been accorded status and definition before the law. Agrippa was not, Agrippa never could be, the brother and equal of Augustus

the unique auctoritas of the predestined leader. Therefore, even when Agrippa subsequently received proconsular power like that

world, as a schematic and convenient theory might suggest. 4 Nor was Agrippa thereby unequivocally designated to assume the in

come all that Augustus had been. The nobiles would not have stood it. Agrippa is rather to be regarded as the deputy-leader of

future might bring, a more urgent problem confronted the government. Agrippa , Livia and the chief men in the governing oligarc

reditary monarchy; they had restored unity by secret compulsion, with Agrippa as deputy-leader: even should Augustus disappear,

ready to hand, in the complementary figures of Augustus, Maecenas and Agrippa . To attach the loyalty of the soldiers and inspir

there. Again, Augustus had neither the taste nor the talent for war: Agrippa might be his minister, the organizer of victory a

rganizer of victory and warden of the military provinces; or, failing Agrippa , the experienced Taurus. Statesmen require powerf

k=>348 The appointment of a single deputy-leader was not enough. Agrippa at once proceeded to his duties. Before long Marc

eading members, the principes viri. PageNote. 348 1 Dio 52, 8, 4 ( Agrippa to Augustus): ν ν δ π σά σϵ ἀνάγκη συναγωνιστὰς π

gnity and efficiency when the Free State was restored, Octavianus and Agrippa carried out a purification in 28 B.C. Of the ‘unw

peers was spared for further honours and emolument, in the forefront Agrippa and Taurus, of unknown ancestors. The august and

e husband of Antonius’ daughter, the brutal and efficient Herod, whom Agrippa prized so highly, Polemo of Pontus or the Thracia

f Marcellus; it may be conjectured that certain among them, above all Agrippa , whose policy prevailed on that occasion, also so

ome came to witness younger and younger consuls Pollio at thirty-six, Agrippa at twenty-six. The constitution never recovered f

e to the various magistracies, see CAH x, 163 f. PageBook=>371 Agrippa departed from Rome before the end of 23 B.C., rem

imself set out on a tour of the eastern provinces (22-19 B.C.), while Agrippa in his turn passed westwards and went to Gaul and

8 B.C. annual consulates come back, monopolized at first by Augustus, Agrippa and Taurus. Of the consuls of the period 25-19 B.

ock as suited the political designs of the Princeps, to Marcellus, to Agrippa and to Tiberius in turn. To receive Julia, Tiberi

w each a single husband only. Of the two Marcellas, the elder married Agrippa and then Iullus Antonius; the two husbands of the

oited by members of the reigning dynasty, by prominent partisans like Agrippa and Maecenas, and by other adherents like the obs

possession, from whom it passed to the family of Statilius Taurus. 6 Agrippa now lived in state, sharing with Messalla the hou

denarii a head. 1 But Balbus began as a millionaire in his own right. Agrippa rose out of nothing: he came to own the whole of

generation was Caesarian. His father’s brother, a senator, supported Agrippa in prosecuting the assassin C. Cassius under the

the chief purpose of these principes was to be decorative. Except for Agrippa , only six of them are later chosen to command arm

owers. In 26 B.C. Taurus was consul, it is true; but the authority of Agrippa , Maecenas and Livia, who ruled Rome in secret, kn

hed a deputy-leader and a partner in the government of the provinces. Agrippa was active in the East in 23-22 B.C., in the West

of Spain. But the constitutional powers and the effective position of Agrippa were soon augmented in a measure that none of the

f the Princeps and husband of Julia, died. The widow was consigned to Agrippa . As Maecenas his enemy put it, there was no choic

As Maecenas his enemy put it, there was no choice: Augustus must make Agrippa his son-in-law or destroy him. 1 Then in 18 B.C.

ippa his son-in-law or destroy him. 1 Then in 18 B.C. the imperium of Agrippa was augmented, to cover (like that of Augustus si

at his work. After a sojourn of four years as vicegerent of the East, Agrippa came to Rome in 13 B.C., to find Augustus newly r

re was the Rhine as well. The glory of it all was intended to fall to Agrippa and the two Claudii. Agrippa on his return from t

glory of it all was intended to fall to Agrippa and the two Claudii. Agrippa on his return from the East went to Illyricum and

the winter of 13-12 B.C.2 The design, it may be conjectured, was that Agrippa should prosecute the conquest of Illyricum in 12

s. But the central column snapped. Shattered by a winter in Pannonia, Agrippa died in February, 12 B.C. Further, there was dela

hree arduous years. 3 So it was Tiberius, as legate of Illyricum, not Agrippa , who subdued the Pannonians and Dalmatians (12-

lius. 2 Dio 54, 28, I f., cf. Velleius 2, 92, 2. Velleius says that Agrippa and Vinicius began the Bellum Pannonicum, which w

res Italas armis tuteris, moribus ornes. 1 That was polite homage. Agrippa was gone, Taurus perhaps was dead by now; and Mae

t there was a new generation, the two Claudii, to inherit the role of Agrippa and of Taurus. Without the Claudii, however, th

eft stranded with the two untried boys, Lucius and Gaius, the sons of Agrippa , whom he had adopted as his own. Down to 13 B.C

ippa, whom he had adopted as his own. Down to 13 B.C., Augustus and Agrippa conducted or at least superintended the foreign a

rt the result of accident. Augustus himself never again left Italy. Agrippa had been indispensable in the earlier years, as d

s commanding armies under the Principate of Augustus only one besides Agrippa , namely M. Lollius, is honoured by Horace with th

, Ann. 1, 80; 6, 39; Dio 58, 25, 4. PageBook=>398 After Varro, Agrippa is the next attested legate, governing the provin

ands (17-13 B.C.). That was one solution of the political danger. But Agrippa departed in 13 B.C. M. Titius, who possessed a lo

a total of ten eminent men. Of these, three are novi homines, next to Agrippa and Taurus the most distinguished of their class,

e northern frontier and was willing to communicate them. Above all, Agrippa was there. The Romans thought in terms of roads.

of the campaigns in Illyricum, in the Balkans and beyond the Rhine. Agrippa died and then Drusus, Tiberius retired morosely t

Augustus loudly lamented the loss of his two most trusty counsellors, Agrippa and Maecenas: had they lived, certain things woul

te setting of a solemn political show. The taciturn and business-like Agrippa would have been of little use. Nor would Taurus,

r. 2 Seneca, De ben. 6, 32, 2: ‘horum mihi nihil accidisset, si aut Agrippa aut Maecenas vixisset. ’ Seneca’s comment is inst

gate (ILS 1055). 2 Dio 69, 1; SHA Hadr. 4, 10. PageBook=>416 Agrippa and Livia had thwarted the dynastic ambitions of

calamity and much bewailed, was compensated by a new policy, in which Agrippa and the sons of Livia in turn were to be the inst

is own blood. Julia was to provide them. In 21 B.C. the marriage of Agrippa and Julia was solemnized. In the next year a son

ghters as well, namely Julia and Agrippina, and the posthumous infant Agrippa , an ill-favoured child (12 B.C.). Tiberius succ

infant Agrippa, an ill-favoured child (12 B.C.). Tiberius succeeded Agrippa as husband of Julia, protector of the young princ

f service and subordination, Tiberius concealed a high ambition; like Agrippa , he would yield to Augustus but not in all things

s Antonius (cos. 10 B.C.), a man of taste and culture, took over from Agrippa the one Marcella, P. Quinctilius Varus (cos. 13 B

eging a liaison that went back to the time when Julia was the wife of Agrippa . On the greater importance of Iullus Antonius, cf

armies which had seen no member of the syndicate of government since Agrippa the vicegerent departed from the East twelve year

ot heard of since Actium, but probably appointed legate of Syria when Agrippa left the East (13 B.C.,) C. Sentius Saturninus an

her, the Princeps adopted Agrippa Postumus, the last surviving son of Agrippa and Julia. Of the true sentiments of Senate and

is treatment more merciful but none the less arbitrary and effective. Agrippa is described as brutal and vicious. 5 NotesPage

a decorative figure. But Claudius was harmless and tolerated. Not so Agrippa , of the blood of Augustus. This political encumbr

rimum facinus novi principals’, so Tacitus describes the execution of Agrippa . The arbitrary removal of a rival was no less ess

pleting the conquest of Spain in 19 B.C. was dejected and mutinous. 5 Agrippa dealt with the offenders. Again, the great rebell

spirit of the national programme. In 13 B.C., when both Augustus and Agrippa had returned from the provinces, with the Empire

in the city of Rome a bodyguard of Germans like the Princeps himself, Agrippa the solid and conspicuous monument of military de

igula blushed for the shame of his paternal grandfather, the plebeian Agrippa . One of the wives of Caligula, and also a candida

ernment of the New State, namely the Princeps himself and his allies, Agrippa , Maecenas and Livia, history and scandal have pre

olution had brought to power deserved any public repute, and that was Agrippa , so some held. 1 Candid or malignant informants r

fter Philippi and from Antonius before long to Octavianus. Along with Agrippa , Messalla occupied the house of Antonius on the P

early years of the Principate, his party would have survived, led by Agrippa , or by a group of the marshals. But Augustus live

is transformed into the victory of Caesar’s heir and avenger alone. 1 Agrippa indeed occurs twice, but much more as a date than

ccus L. Cornelius: L. Marcius L. f. Philippus 37 M. Vipsanius L. f. Agrippa : L. Caninius L. f. Gallus T. Statilius T. f. Taur

ani (Kleine Texte, 41–3. Bonn, 1909.) MAGIE, D. ‘The Mission of Agrippa to the Orient in 23 B.C.’, CP III (1908), 145 f

438. Agricola, see Julius. Agriculture, 31, 247, 253 f., 450 f. Agrippa , see Vipsanius. Agrippa Postumus, 410, 416; his

moral and patriotic poetry, 451 f., 461 f.; his Ode to Pollio, 6, 8; Agrippa , 344; Lollius, 392; Fabius Maximus, 511; Dellius,

Julia, daughter of Augustus, 358, 378; married to Marcellus, 341; to Agrippa , 389; to Tiberius, 416; ruin of, 425 ff.; alleged

419 ff.; loss of prerogatives, 404 f.; of ideals, 506; detestation of Agrippa , 344; rancour towards Augustus, 479 ff., 490 ff.;

ecretary of Caesar, 74, 79. Pomponia, daughter of Atticus and wife of Agrippa , see Caecilia Attica. Pomponius Atticus, T., 13

iod, 214 f., 223 f., 266 ff.; in the provincia of Augustus, 313, 315; Agrippa sent there, 338; governors, 35, 36, 107, 111, 171

icius, P. (cos. suff. A.D. 2), 375, 400, 435. Vipsania, daughter of Agrippa , marries Tiberius, 257, 345; divorced, 378; marri

tes memoirs, 484; his favourite proverb, 343; a favourable verdict on Agrippa , 509. PageBook=>568 Virgil, see Vergilius.