s killed by him (Plutarch, Pompeius 16, &c.). Ahenobarbus fell in Africa in 82 B.C.: though some versions exculpate Pompei

and in peace, through illegality and treachery. He held a command in Africa against Marian remnants and triumphed, though not

to stamp out the last and bitter resistance of the Pompeian cause in Africa and in Spain. ‘They would have it thus,’ said C

puleius, Apol. 10), mercilessly put to death by Q. Metellus Scipio in Africa (Bell. Afr. 46, 3). 2 For a reasoned judgemen

64) was a legate (BC 1, 8, 2), but his son fought for the Republic in Africa and was killed there. Another young kinsman, Sex.

peius Magnus surpassed all the proconsuls before him. In the West, in Africa and throughout Asia, towns, provinces and kings w

ate Crassus, who had once raised a private army in the Peninsula. 6 Africa had given the name and occasion to the first triu

name and occasion to the first triumph of the young Pompeius. But in Africa the adventurer P. Sittius, who had built up a kin

), was aedile in 45 (Ad Att. 13, 45, 1). He had business interests in Africa (Ad fam. 12, 29) and probably large estates there

he consulate (Ad Att. 12, 49, 2). For his service in taking troops to Africa , Bell. Afr. 8, 1; 26, 3. 3 e.g., A. Caecina of

us and T. Sextius were in command of the armies of Illyricum and of Africa , three legions each. 3 Q. Hortensius, NotesPage

ero, Select Letters 11 (1926), App. IX, 546ff. 3 Caesar had divided Africa . Sextius’ province was Africa Nova, where he succ

re, and Cn. Domitius Calvinus, who had fought in Thessaly, Pontus and Africa . There was no public mention of the nobilis P. Su

. The West showed scant prospect of succour. Further, the armies of Africa and of Illyricum were in the hands of Caesarians.

shone upon the sinking hulk of the Republic. Two veteran legions from Africa arrived at Ostia. Along with a legion of recruits

for Pollio gave up that province. To Octavianus fell a modest portion Africa and the islands of Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica.

ca and the islands of Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica. The possession of Africa at this time was dubious, disputed in a local civ

us C. Verres, an affluent exile. 6 The knight Calidus had property in Africa . 7 Cicero, though chronically in straits for read

of whose original portion was by now in the hands of Pompeius. As for Africa , should Lepidus make complaint, he might have tha

ion of a Moorish prince whom L. Antonius and Fulvia had incited; 2 in Africa the ex-centurion Fuficius Fango, fighting with va

8, 22, 1 ff. T. Sextius had at last suppressed Q. Cornificius and won Africa for the Caesarians, cf. above, p. 189, n. 5. Fang

r by land. To the inferior Lepidus the dynasts resigned possession of Africa , which for three years had been the theatre of co

uch a change. Octavianus went to Gaul for a brief visit, Lepidus to Africa . Antonius departed for the eastern provinces with

planned. His best men, Agrippa and Calvinus, were absent. Lepidus in Africa was silent or ambiguous. Ambition had made him a

arentum, while Lepidus invaded Sicily from the south with the army of Africa , fourteen legions strong. Operations began on J

th. 2 After which stern measures Octavianus, sending Taurus to occupy Africa , returned to Rome, victorious. When he arrived

and the ex-centurion C. Fuficius Fango, killed while fighting to hold Africa for Octavianus, were among the Dictator’s new sen

followed the men to govern the military provinces of Gaul, Spain and Africa . 1 A powerful Caesarian oligarchy grew up, while

d the veterans without harming Italy. But the seizure of Sicily and Africa disturbed the balance of power and disconcerted A

great Antonius in courage, NotesPage=>239 1 In the years 36-32 Africa was governed by Taurus and Cornificius in success

ars with cheap and frequent honours for his proconsuls from Spain and Africa . Tradition consecrated the expenditure of war-boo

Spain, rebuilt the Regia; and not long after, Taurus, returning from Africa and triumphing (34), began to construct a theatre

s known, save Autronius and M. Acilius (Glabrio), later proconsuls of Africa , in 28 and 25 B.C. respectively, PIR2, A 1680; 71

conscription of slaves and servile wars, unending contests in Sicily, Africa and Spain, sieges and destruction of Etruscan cit

esar; Q. Cornificius, another Caesarian, orator and poet, perished in Africa , commanding an army for the Republic; neither Val

rstitions, invading all classes. T. Sextius, the Caesarian general in Africa , carried with him a bull’s head wherever he went.

es were attached in loyalty to the clientela of Caesar. Triumphs from Africa and Spain celebrated in 32 B.C by L. Cornificius

eld Gaul and Spain, L. Autronius Paetus (or another) was proconsul of Africa . 5 Maecenas controlled Rome and Italy, invested w

ronius may not have been the immediate successor of L. Cornificius in Africa , On the provincial commands in the years 32–28, s

rovinces :4 from Spain, C. Calvisius Sabinus and Sex. Appuleius; from Africa , L. Autronius Paetus; from Gaul, C. Carrinas and

with Octavianus. The successor of L. Autronius Paetus as proconsul of Africa is not known. 2 Jerome (Chron., p. 164 h) puts

armies under their command, the governors of Illyricum, Macedonia and Africa . 3 These regions were close to Italy, a menace fr

inces (53, 12, 2, cf. 13, 1): yet in his list of such provinces occur Africa , Illyricum and Macedonia, where armed proconsuls

that the frontiers of Illyricum and Macedonia were satisfactory; and Africa nourished her proverbial wars. Special commands

ght with the young leader in Sicily and in Illyricum, he had governed Africa and Spain, he had thrice been acclaimed imperator

rovincia; 2 and three only, so far as known, hold the proconsulate of Africa with legions and the nominal hope of a triumph. 3

eps - it comprised three military provinces, Illyricum, Macedonia and Africa . NotesPage=>328 1 Sex, Appuleius (PIR2, A

bo are inadequate here. The public provinces in 27 B.C. were probably Africa , Illyricum, Macedonia with Achaia, Asia, Bithynia

e public provinces from the beginning. Ultimately only two provinces, Africa and Asia, were governed by proconsuls of consular

proconsuls and celebrated triumphs for victories won in Spain, Gaul, Africa and Macedonia. Spain and Gaul, the martial provin

e of governors for the military provinces of Illyricum, Macedonia and Africa , in public law merely a matter for the lot, was n

er of Varro Murena. 3 The consular M. Acilius Glabrio, proconsul of Africa c. 25 B.C. (PIR2, A 71), and the obscure M. Primu

. But now, as though to demonstrate their independence, proconsuls of Africa were permitted to wage wars and to acquire milita

and to acquire military glory L. Sempronius Atratinus triumphed from Africa in 21 B.C., Balbus two years later for his raid i

ger Balbus went on in splendour and power to hold the proconsulate of Africa and a triumph, the last ever celebrated by a sena

ry proconsuls in the early years of the Principate, such as Balbus in Africa , P. Silius and M. Vinicius in Illyricum and M. Lo

Nor were the public provinces classified as praetorian and consular. Africa , it may be presumed, was governed from the beginn

s, can furnish examples of consular proconsuls. The Senate retained Africa , a province of no little importance from its cons

. 4 NotesPage=>394 1 The legion XII Fulminata may have been in Africa c. A.D. 3 (ILS 8966). 2 Dio (54, 34, 4), dating

g consul of thirty-three did not have to wait too long for a province Africa or Asia might be his by the working of the lot af

hat not merely for princes of the blood. Ahenobarbus was proconsul of Africa four years after his consulate; 2 Paullus Fabius

orship to which P. Quinctilius Varus passed after his proconsulate of Africa . 3 There was also fighting in Africa. 4 These a

passed after his proconsulate of Africa. 3 There was also fighting in Africa . 4 These are not the only names that mattered i

ed into one. Which is not unlikely. As for Varus, his proconsulate of Africa probably belongs To 7–6 B.C., and his governorshi

ate expense. Nor any more triumphs. At the most, a stray proconsul of Africa , fighting under his own auspices, might assume th

tuli turn up in succession as proconsuls of the turbulent province of Africa . 9 NotesPage=>435 1 Lucilius Longus the fr

rnelius Lentulus (cos. 1 B.C.), the distinguished general of a war in Africa , a somnolent and lazy person to outward view, but

e of Hispania Citerior. 1 These were the armed provinces of Caesar. Africa , with one legion, was governed by the proconsul L

for Rome and for Caesar Augustus, guarding the frontiers of empire in Africa , the Balkans and the East, suppressing brigandage

on, reduced to destitution and the ignoble life of a retail trader in Africa and Sicily, found that obscurity and commercial p

His father had been executed in A.D. 14 by Asprenas the proconsul of Africa (Ann. 1, 53). PageBook=>494 That was fitti

ht, and after a long interval of years the proconsulate of Asia or of Africa . For all else it was perilous. Even if the nobili

man government, they seize supreme power but do not hold it for long. Africa and the eastern lands are pressing rapidly behind

Cisalpina, 35. Afranius Burrus, Sex., praefectus praetorio, 502. Africa , in relation to Marius, Pompeius and Caesar, 75 f

. Autronius Paetus, L. (cos. suff. 33 B.C.), 242, 327; proconsul of Africa , 292, 303, 498. Auxilia, importance of, 457. Au

11, 199 f., 236 f., 255, 308, 327; his pietas towards Caesar, 221; in Africa , 110; his consulate, 221; as an admiral, 230; his

, the Younger, 75, 80, 235, 402; his daughter, 325, 498; proconsul of Africa , 328, 339; his triumph, 339, 367. Cornelius Cin

381, 400 f. Cornelius Lentulus, Cossus (cos. 1 B.C.), proconsul of Africa , 401, 435; praefectus urbi and trusted by Tiberiu

y Tiberius, 436. Cornelius Lentulus, L. (cos. 3 B.C.), proconsul of Africa , 435. Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus, Cn. (cos. 72

ral in the Bellum Siculum, 236 f.; his reward, 238, 244; proconsul of Africa , 239, 292; rebuilds temple of Diana, 402; his ori

PageBook=>545 Cornificius, Q., Caesarian partisan, 63, 76; in Africa , 110, 189, 213; as a poet, 251. Corruption, ele

s, L. (cos. 16 B.C.), 373, 378, 379, 392, 393, 423, 425; proconsul of Africa , 395; in Illyricum, 400; in Germany, 401, 431; ch

363. Fuficius Fango, C., ex-centurion from Acerrae, 79, 91, 200; in Africa , 213, 235. Fufidius, L., Sullan primipilaris, 7

enas, L. (cos. suff. A.D. 6), 424; legate of Varus, 435; proconsul of Africa , 438; important family connexions, 434, 437; desc

o, 93, 362; relations with Sallustius Crispus, 384, 501; proconsul of Africa , 401. Patavinitas, nature of, 485 f. Patavium

ilius Varus, P. (cos. 13 B.C.), 377, 421, 424, 425, 434; proconsul of Africa and legate of Syria, 401; in Germany, 432, 433; r

miral of Antonius, 231, 269; deserts to Octavianus, 282; proconsul of Africa , 328, 339; his family and relatives, 269. Sempr

57 B.C.), 335. Seviri, 472. Sextius, T., Caesarian general, 110; in Africa , 189, 199, 213; his superstition, 256. Sicily,

238, 241, 302, 325, 327, 329, 397, 402, 413, 425; in Sicily, 231; in Africa , 233; priesthoods, 238; in Illyricum, 240; at Act