he Supreme Deity became objects of worship? ——— The mythology of the Greeks and Romans is that which is now most important to

l poetry. Classical poetry is that which is left of the poetry of the Greeks and Romans, and which is still read. English poet

Phœnicians and Egyptians, and it is probable that the religion of the Greeks was a mixture of Phœnician and Egyptian faith and

etry? Who besides poets have celebrated pagan deities? Whence did the Greeks derive their religion? How are the heathen gods c

ersonification? Saturn. The most ancient divinities of the Greeks were Heaven and Earth; the former was a god calle

poets as a reward for their excellence. The most famous oracle of the Greeks was that of Apollo at Delphi, in Phocis. An oracl

! [Translator : Pope] The Romans were a more warlike people than the Greeks ; they held Mars in higher reverence than the form

odations we should be in the lowest state of savage life. The ancient Greeks sometimes imputed the art of forging metals to Pr

brass and iron.” This Tubalcain might have been the same man whom the Greeks described either as Prometheus, or as Vulcan, but

worshipped a goddess, called by them Isis; who, like the Ceres of the Greeks , conferred the gifts of corn, bread, and separate

nd most odorous of plants, were sacred to Venus. In ancient times the Greeks regarded fine hair as the greatest natural orname

under a figure of half man and half other animals. To this deity the Greeks gave the appellation of Pan, that is, in their la

on the earth. Immediately upon death, according to the notions of the Greeks spirits were conveyed by Mercury to the care of C

past conduct, either to heaven or hell. It was a superstition of the Greeks that the souls of the uninterred, or neglected de

ity. Who were the Furies? What were the names of the Furies? Had the Greeks any notions of God’s government like those expres

us? Demi-Gods. Besides the divinities already described, the Greeks offered worship to heroes, or men who had rendere

pedition was probably the first considerable voyage undertaken by the Greeks to buy and sell: to exchange the commodities of t

the Euxine sea, and he was accompanied by many young and adventurous Greeks . Jason’s ship was called the Argo, and his compan

of traffic, though such a one had never been before attempted by any Greeks . After stopping at some islands of the Egean, and

ythology does not determine. Castor and Pollux were worshipped by the Greeks and Romans. Among the Romans reports often prevai

to comply with the demand, and war was mutually declared between the Greeks and Trojans. The Greek princes readily consented

urite stag, and that it was the pleasure of the goddess to detain the Greeks by adverse winds, until the king should sacrifice

er a priestess. After this, the Argive host, as Homer often calls the Greeks , departed from Aulis, and had a favourable passag

ong conflict of ten years was carried on before Troy was taken by the Greeks . The Greeks did not confine their assaults to the

e adjacent territory. In the tenth year of the siege, the army of the Greeks was visited by a pestilence or plague, which dest

ans, looking down from their walls, and perceiving the absence of the Greeks , and nothing left but the wooden horse, went out

the wonder, and afterwards had it drawn within their walls. When the Greeks , concealed within the horse, found themselves in

s which he killed with his arrows. A soothsayer at that time told the Greeks that Troy never could be taken without the arrows

aon, the son of Esculapius, who was the most eminent physician of the Greeks . What king commanded the Greek armies against Tr

ced? How do mythologists explain the story of Iphigenia? How were the Greeks encountered at Troy? How many years was the siege

w many years was the siege of Troy continued? What stratagems did the Greeks invent to deceive the Trojans? How was Troy taken

as Iphigenia learned that the victims she was appointed to offer were Greeks , she thought of her far off country, and longed t

ce? Ajax. Ajax, next to Achilles, was the most valiant of the Greeks , who went to the siege of Troy. Ajax was the son

e most eminent services, and received thanks and praises from all the Greeks . But on his return from Troy, he was exposed to m

hen Menelaus was about to attack Troy, Chalcas, a diviner in whom the Greeks placed implicit confidence, declared that Troy co

entering during the night the city of Troy, in order to report to the Greeks the condition of the enemy. Is there, said he,9

hat was the character of Diomed? What proposal did Nestor make to the Greeks in the camp? Who answered Nestor’s appeal, and un

avourite friend of Achilles. After Achilles withdrew himself from the Greeks on account of his quarrel with Agamemnon, the Tro

ared that Andromache would be cruelly treated by whomsoever among the Greeks should make her his prisoner; he says, “I see th

nventions as the most intelligent of the European Greeks; but all the Greeks at that time looked to Egypt for instruction. Th

is called the Ionian sect in philosophy. Thales was the first of the Greeks who made discoveries in astronomy, and foretold e

B. C. Who were the seven wise men of Greece? To what country did the Greeks , six centuries before Christ, repair for instruct

searching, find out God, or know the Almighty to perfection?” As the Greeks supposed three divine beings separately to presid

of the Asiatics and North American savages resemble the fables of the Greeks and Romans. The Bible relates the history of the

unted happy who were thus offered to the gods. The Mexicans, like the Greeks and Romans, believed in the immortality of the so

il men after death? What is the transmigration of souls? What did the Greeks term this doctrine, who taught it among them, and

t provinces repairing thither to offer their devotions. What did the Greeks understand by Chaos? Had the Mexicans a similar f

loc ruled over some inferior water gods, who, like the Naiades of the Greeks , presided over rivulets and fountains. Tlaloc was

principal divinities were introduced into Greece from Egypt. When the Greeks began to make laws for the preservation of societ

of justice. Hesiod, one of the ancient Greek authors, says, that the Greeks worshipped almost innumerable deities, “There are

The Persians, not thinking the gods to be of human shape, as did the Greeks , made no images, and worshipped in the open air,

the everlasting hills that they cannot be removed. The temples of the Greeks were placed in the woods, upon the mountains, or

worshipped before great masses of stone; and the Achaians, among the Greeks , kept religiously thirty square stones on which w

ulpture was invented, it was used to represent the gods; and when the Greeks arrived at perfection in the arts, they produced

tue, knowledge;” and our ministers are bound to teach both. Among the Greeks , the philosophers taught men their duty. Paganism

ed thither the religion, which supposes that the primitive God of the Greeks , Saturn, took refuge in the Ausonian land, (Italy

ly admitted the apotheosis of heroes, and were more tolerant than the Greeks . In the latter ages of Rome, after the conquest o

od. How happened the religion of Italy to be the same as that of the Greeks ? In what respects might the religion of Greece an

t was a punishment frequently inflicted upon innocent persons, by the Greeks . The exiled person was driven from his house, and

ord protection to criminals? ——— The most celebrated temples of the Greeks were those of Apollo, at Delphi; the Parthenon, i

d all over the Greek empire. The Greek empire signifies, wherever the Greeks had established colonies, and founded cities, and

d give a most correct notion of the fashions of dress peculiar to the Greeks in the time of Pericles. Among the articles of dr

he oracle of Dodona described? What was the most famous oracle of the Greeks ? ——— [Religious Services.] The victims of

he gods? What are tithes? [Piety of the Ancients.] Though the Greeks and Romans did not worship one God as we do, nor

th at the rising of the sun and moon, one might everywhere behold the Greeks and barbarians, those in prosperity, as well as t

les means, truly as I hold this sacred sceptre, I swear, that let the Greeks need my services ever so much, I will never again

person hired to swear to a falsehood is suborned. Perjury, among the Greeks , was punished with death; among us, as it ought t

perjured person liable to imprisonment and disgrace. Did any of the Greeks worship one God, and what is signified by piety?

the Greeks worship one God, and what is signified by piety? Were the Greeks a religious people, and how did they manifest the

religious people, and how did they manifest their piety? When did the Greeks offer their devotions, and what did the Spartans

and how are perjured persons regarded everywhere? ——— Whenever the Greeks were about to embark on a voyage, previously to t

a salutation to the guardians of the country. In a strange place, the Greeks worshipped the local deities as the protectors an

signifies a peninsula. 7. The Greeks called all nations who were not Greeks , barbarians. 8. Cenotaph, a monument, erected up

, if she would. Down under the earth, where the sun never shines, the Greeks thought that there was another world. It, too, ha

s of men who had died, or who had not yet been born. But the gods the Greeks loved most were the gods of the sky. They were be

en the Sun drove his flaming chariot from his palace in the East, the Greeks seemed to hear the Earth and the Waters laugh wit

alt be our beacon yet. James Gates Percival. Gone are the glorious Greeks of old,    Glorious in mien and mind; Their bones

light and song, loved him and gave him his own divine harp, which the Greeks called a lyre. Upon this lyre Orpheus would play

in his own royal household. Meanwhile there was great rage among the Greeks . All their chieftains had once taken a solemn oat

was made. Ulysses, the wise warrior, and King Menelaus came from the Greeks and in due form asked for Helen. They promised to

g and bold. He had come with fifty ships full of warriors to help the Greeks , and he led in so many fierce attacks that his na

mighty Achilles and his men. It happened that among the captives the Greeks had taken, there was a maiden named Chryseis, the

spoils Chryseis had fallen to the lot of Agamemnon, the leader of the Greeks . But upon a certain day the father of the maiden

o set her free. He did not obtain her, however, for the leader of the Greeks wished to keep her as his slave, since she was ve

ding to Grecian custom. At last a solemn meeting of the chiefs of the Greeks was held and a priest was called to tell why Apol

der. Now, when the Trojans heard what had happened in the camp of the Greeks , they grew joyful and confident. They no longer r

e out upon the plain before the gates and fought fiercely against the Greeks . The Grecian heroes fought hard; Agamemnon, the k

he Trojans. By the end of the first day all the great warriors of the Greeks , except Ajax, were wounded, and had to retire fro

and he said: — “Let us take our men and lead them to the help of the Greeks , for they are in sore need of aid. Many are slain

ing the battle was renewed, and again the Trojans won. They drove the Greeks further and further back, even to where the ships

he valor of mighty Hector and his followers. All seemed lost, for the Greeks had only the sea behind them and could not even e

low the Trojans out into the plain, nor to the walls of Troy. Let the Greeks know the sorrows of defeat to the uttermost for t

the Myrmidons into the battle. At the sight of him the courage of the Greeks revived, but the Trojans were struck with dismay

eneath the dead. In the end, Hector gained the shining armor, but the Greeks saved the dead body of their brave companion. Hec

mor of Achilles: then he returned and did wondrous deeds, so that the Greeks were driven back again toward their ships. But wh

Then Achilles said: — “Indeed, I have had my revenge, mother, and the Greeks have paid dearly for the wrong Agamemnon did me;

errible battle cry, and the Trojan host left off their pursuit of the Greeks and returned within their own walls, and, for tha

e the city by storming the walls, and the Trojans could not drive the Greeks away. The siege lasted ten years. Finally the bea

ty. Not many days afterwards there was noticed a great stir among the Greeks . The ships were drawn down the beach to the water

uggage of the camp. The Trojans gazed in wonder. Could it be that the Greeks were going, and that the war was at an end? Night

t the war was at an end? Night came on, and they could still hear the Greeks at work. Then all was still. With the first light

mal sacred to Neptune, the god of ocean, and it seemed plain that the Greeks had made this monster in honor of Neptune, so tha

, came up. “What madness is this?” he cried. “Do you believe that the Greeks are gone? For my part, I fear the Greeks even whe

ed. “Do you believe that the Greeks are gone? For my part, I fear the Greeks even when they offer gifts.” With that, he hurled

how he had fled into the marshes to escape death at the hands of the Greeks , who hated him. King Priam was touched with his s

s touched with his story and ordered that he be set free. “Forget the Greeks ,” said the king. “From this time be a Trojan.” Si

s. She called Agamemnon and Ulysses and Diomed and Anticlus. When the Greeks who were hidden in the horse heard the sweet voic

s. Then the storm broke. The Trojans awoke with the battle-cry of the Greeks in their ears. Hundreds were slain before they we

sank at the sound of that great voice, but Ulysses answered’: “We are Greeks . For ten years we fought under King Agamemnon at

lifted away. Then he sat down with his arms outstretched to catch the Greeks as they came out. And as he sat there, he roared

r, 101; loved Daphne, 60, (and Cassandra, 212); took vengeance on the Greeks before Troy, 184. In art, represented as young an

trance to Hades, 21, 69, 86. Ce΄res (se΄reez). Called Demeter by the Greeks . Sister of Jupiter, 14; mother of Proserpina, 15;

land s.e. of Greece, ruled by Minos, 156. Cu΄pid. Called Eros by the Greeks . Son of Venus, 64; god of love, 57. Cy΄c lops (s

which Helen was queen, 176; brother of Agamemnon and a leader of the Greeks against Troy, 210. Mer΄cury. Called by the Greek

Grecian army under Agamemnon, 211. Ulys΄ses. The wise warrior of the Greeks before Troy, 179,186; afterward had many adventur

69 The Argonautic Expedition 171 The Trojan War 177 The Return of the Greeks from Troy 189 Æneas 202 Personifications 207 Offi

nate Fields,” and the “Isles of the Blessed.” We thus see that the Greeks of the early ages knew little of any people excep

ng towards the other goal Of his chamber in the east.” “The ancient Greeks believed their gods to be of the same shape and f

s do. To make the resemblance between gods and men more complete, the Greeks ascribed to their deities all human passions, bot

ejoice Forever’ Cowper . “Such were the abodes of the gods as the Greeks conceived them. The Romans, before they knew the

er religious observances the family hearth was consecrated. “When the Greeks first settled in Italy, they found there a mythol

s the primitive Celts, however, were a less civilized people than the Greeks , their mythology was of a more barbarous characte

d wonderfully poetic ideas which so strongly characterize that of the Greeks .” Bulfinch . Cosmogony and Theogony. By

in the midst of his family. Zeus was the earliest national god of the Greeks . His worship extended throughout the whole of Gre

e. Not only the surrounding countries of Africa, but the Italians and Greeks paid to this oracle a deference and respect unsur

to have personified the air (the lower aërial regions), but among the Greeks this natural signification seems to have quickly

essarily accompanying a general inundation. In honor of Poseidon, the Greeks maintained the Isthmian Games, or Isthmia. This f

ed. This may, perhaps, be due to the fact that the imagination of the Greeks pictured the horses of Poseidon in the rolling an

y. Because Laomedon refused to pay for the work, Poseidon favored the Greeks in the Trojan war. Poseidon disputed with Apollo

ause our wealth comes from the lowest parts of the earth. “The early Greeks regarded Aides as their greatest foe, and Homer t

ct, scarcely be said to have had a place in the public worship of the Greeks .” Seemann . “In the Homeric age it was suppos

better and purer ideas of a future life than the popular faith of the Greeks afforded. It was commonly believed that the souls

me down from heaven in the form of lightning. He was worshiped by the Greeks as the god who had mastered the mighty element an

Agamemnon. Hephæstus was held in great esteem at Athens, also by the Greeks in Campania and Sicily. Aphrodite was said to be

nification of the creative and generative forces of nature. Among the Greeks she was worshiped as the goddess of beauty and lo

among the Olympic gods. He attained his greatest importance among the Greeks as god of prophecy. His oracle of Delphi was in h

is*; Roman, Diana*; Egyptian, Bubastis*. Artemis was worshiped by the Greeks under various appellations. Thus she is known as

ut to offer his daughter Iphigenia*, previous to the departure of the Greeks for Troy. The Scythians in Tauris likewise had a

Schiva; Egyptian, Osiris*. “Dionysus was called Bacchus both by the Greeks and Romans; that is, noisy or riotous god. It was

ded to every place where the vine was cultivated. He was regarded, by Greeks and Romans alike, as the god of wine and of viney

represented that beautiful phenomenon of nature, was invested by the Greeks with the office of communicating between gods and

he goddess of positive good fortune. These deities were termed by the Greeks “dæmones,” and by the Romans “genii.” They were b

gods of the Romans was the celebrated Janus*, a deity unknown to the Greeks . In his original character, he was probably a god

moration of his having destroyed the Persian fleet sent to attack the Greeks . On the Acropolis, at Athens, there was a celebra

e Ancient Greeks and Romans. Temples. In very early times the Greeks and Romans had no shrines nor sanctuaries devoted

st was held. Oracles. Knowledge of the future was sought by the Greeks from the oracles, whose predictions were interpre

to the manifestation of the will of the gods by means of oracles, the Greeks also believed that certain men, called soothsayer

eizing the armor. The young warrior was then induced to accompany the Greeks to Troy. The troops, numbering a hundred thousand

driven within the walls of the city. With Achilles at their head, the Greeks now made an attempt to take the city by storm, bu

p on the coast. In this war the celestials took part. In favor of the Greeks were Hera (Juno), Pallas Athene (Minerva), Poseid

enus). Several attacks on the town being repelled by the Trojans, the Greeks confined themselves to making plundering excursio

in the war, while the Trojans, who feared him more than all the other Greeks , became bolder, and no longer kept within the wal

t of Thetis, gave them the victory in their first engagement with the Greeks . Hector drove the latter back to their ships, and

* to wear his armor, and lead his Myrmidons* to the assistance of the Greeks . The Trojans were now driven back, but Patroclus,

ield. Antilochus*, the brave son of Nestor, fell by his hand, and the Greeks were put to flight, when Achilles appeared, and r

ing it to a place of safety. Mourning and confusion reigned among the Greeks at the death of Achilles. During seventeen days a

ods nor men could refrain from tears. The death of the bravest of the Greeks was followed by a quarrel between Ajax and Ulysse

ut an end to his existence. Final Measures. Soon after this the Greeks captured the Trojan seer, Helenus*, a son of Pria

e hundred chosen Greek warriors concealed themselves. The rest of the Greeks set fire to their camp, and sailed away to Tenedo

. He now approached King Priam with fettered hands, alleging that the Greeks , in obedience to the command of an oracle, had at

from her temple in Troy, that she had refused all further aid to the Greeks until it was restored to its place; hence the Gre

rther aid to the Greeks until it was restored to its place; hence the Greeks had returned home in order to seek fresh instruct

history is all they venture to urge.” Cox . The Return of the Greeks from Troy. The Greeks, after sacrificing Polyx

emus deigned no reply, but reaching out his hand he seized two of the Greeks , dashed out their brains and then devoured them w

d therefore be in hopeless imprisonment. Next morning two more of the Greeks were despatched as their companions had been the

, to whom Zeus had intrusted the command of the winds. He treated the Greeks hospitably, and at their departure gave Odysseus

between Odysseus and his subjects. “The legends of the return of the Greeks , especially of Odysseus, or Ulysses, and his comp

f each other. After Egypt had been thrown open to Greek commerce, the Greeks were so impressed with the grandeur of the countr

, is especially valuable as furnishing a key to that of the Persians, Greeks , Latins, Romans, and other races. The names by wh

ians, Greeks, Latins, Romans, and other races. The names by which the Greeks denoted different gods and heroes are in the Veda

das spoke of the Panis* as tempting Sarama to be unfaithful; with the Greeks this phrase grew into the stealing of Helen by Pa

s of the sun; in the West, they became beautiful women, called by the Greeks , Charites*, by the Latins, Gratiæ, or Graces (fro

mythical systems of the tribes of Northern Europe, like those of the Greeks , had their germ in phrases which described the si

e Farnese Bull. 3. Read Tennyson’s “Œnone.” 4. The Romans, like the Greeks , attached great importance to the interment of th

ion, and other sublime truths, in the obscurity of fable. The ancient Greeks , who, at first, were the most rude and uncivilize

ons. Why did the fabulous history of the heathen divinities serve the Greeks , and after them, the Romans, for their religion?

on for that opinion? Did the Romans improve upon the mythology of the Greeks ? In what manner was the worship of the gods condu

Was Jupiter superior to his father, Saturn, in rank? What god did the Greeks deem the most ancient? Who was the oldest of the

y thousand gods recognized by the Heathens. He was called Jove by the Greeks ; Assabinus, by the Ethiopians; Taranus, by the Ga

own into the infernal regions, may be thus accounted for: — Among the Greeks , countries in the east were considered the highes

. Inventas, or Inventus, takes care of youth. She is the Hebe of the Greeks . Horta, Hora, or Hersilia, exhorts us to noble a

ysteries. The Eleusinian mysteries were a festival, celebrated by the Greeks every fifth year. The initiated only were admitte

f Evoe Bacche! Io! Io! Evoe! Bacche! Io! Bacche! Evoe! Among both the Greeks and Romans, they were attended with drunkenness a

her Ammon had sent him. They recognized in the Bacchus adopted by the Greeks , the famous Osiris, who conquered India. Obs. 3.

d of all the goddesses. Minerva, Athenas, and Pallas, were, among the Greeks , the same divinity. Considered as Minerva, she pr

y, removed the miraculous image, and Troy was soon after taken by the Greeks . Minerva was called by the Greeks, Athena, becaus

nd Troy was soon after taken by the Greeks. Minerva was called by the Greeks , Athena, because she never drew milk from a mothe

llas,) the goddess of war, and sister of Mars, was called Enyo by the Greeks . She is represented as preparing the chariot of M

, who was called Odin, or Mars Hypboreus. The fourth, the Mars of the Greeks , and surnamed Ares; and the fifth, the Mars of th

f Apollo with unexampled severity. In the war between the Trojans and Greeks , Mars took the part of the former; but being woun

Mars, originated with the Roman poets, it being wholly unknown to the Greeks and other ancient nations. It was suggested by th

assions. Obs. 4. — The history of Astarte was soon confounded by the Greeks with that of Venus. The uncertainty of historical

in a temple near the circus Maximus. Mercury was called Hermes by the Greeks , because he was the god of rhetoricians and orato

protector of boundaries under the name of Jupiter Terminalis, and the Greeks , under Jupiter Horius. Fig. 33. Terminus. Obs

Flora, the goddess of flowers and gardens, was the Chloris of the Greeks . She was married to Zephyrus, who gave her empire

without injury. Pomona, the goddess of fruit, was unknown among the Greeks . She lived in celibacy, and constantly employed h

names from the offices which they performed, and were unknown to the Greeks . Questions. Who was Pales? What do you know of An

to his honour, and celebrated in February. They were the Lycæa of the Greeks . The Luperci, his priests, ran about the streets,

nymous with the Lares and Manes; and they are called ‘“dæmons” by the Greeks , and Præstites, or chief governors, because they

, by adding some circumstances which accorded with the customs of the Greeks , he founded his fable of hell. Diodorus adds tha

nd one hundred hands; whence he was called Centumgeminus, and, by the Greeks , Briareus. Juno, Neptune, and Minerva, being conc

er. They had the power of predicting future events. Obs. — Among the Greeks , the Harpies were generally associated with the i

ess, to name all the ancient deities. In general, the Romans, and the Greeks before them, adored virtues, passions, vices, and

eld in her hand. Obs. 1. — The singular name of Æsculapius, whom the Greeks called Asclepios, seems to have been derived from

preserved the memory of the great and good, and respected it; but the Greeks were the first to worship them. It is also from t

is generally accounted the god of strength, and is the Samson of the Greeks . Jupiter having declared that a child being about

) Agamemnon, king of the Argives, was, by the unanimous voice of the Greeks , appointed generalissimo on their expedition agai

ilea, queen of the Amazons, were the principal Trojans opposed to the Greeks . Achilles among the Greeks, and Hector of the Tro

were the principal Trojans opposed to the Greeks. Achilles among the Greeks , and Hector of the Trojans, fought most valiantly

ted the Trojans; and Juno, Minerva, Neptune, and Vulcan, defended the Greeks . The Greeks, being tired of so long a siege, pret

ned by Ulysses, having met with them, said that it was the vow of the Greeks to appease Minerva, and they had constructed it o

t, appeared with Ulysses at their head. The signal being given to the Greeks in ambush without the city, they immediately came

y? What part did the gods take in this war? By what stratagem did the Greeks take Troy? What heroes returned to their country?

e ghost of Achilles insisted on having the murder expiated, which the Greeks , under the direction of his son Neoptolemus, acco

of Troy. He disputed with Ajax the son of Telamon, one of the bravest Greeks , in the presence of judges, for the arms of Achil

nus. The ancients varied in their opinions respecting Osiris; and the Greeks have blended the attributes of others with his. T

is appears to have been the Moses of the Jews, and the Bacchus of the Greeks . In the character of king, he is said to have civ

al. Obs. 1. — The fable of Typhon, which the Egyptians, and also the Greeks , embellished with attributes, was an allegory to

dona, where she gathered the acorn which served as nourishment to the Greeks . She constructed at the foot of an oak, a small c

æan, who predicted the success of the Trojan war at the time that the Greeks embarked on this expedition. 6. The Samian, or Si

ous motives. They were at the same time a kind of spectacle among the Greeks and Romans. Three sorts of games or exercises pri

ple counted by Olympiads only; and since that time, few fables of the Greeks are recorded in history. This division of time, i

tory. This division of time, it may be remarked, comes to us from the Greeks and Romans, who were imperfectly acquainted with

s. The judges of the games were called Hellanodices, or judges of the Greeks . None ever appealed from their decisions. At firs

his name, peculiar to a single family, became the general name of the Greeks . Mythology of Northern Europe. Translated fro

ngs of the priests among the Egyptians, Syrians, and, after them, the Greeks ; and hence was produced that chaos, known by the

tor of the arts; and is thought to correspond with the Mercury of the Greeks and Romans. The day sacred to Mercury was called

ons named them Jupiter and Apia; the Thracians, Cotis and Bendis; the Greeks and Romans, Saturn and Ops. The Scythians served

and Egyptians, the theogony of Hesiod, and with the mythology of the Greeks and Romans, we shall doubtless be convinced, That

our Gothic romances may be attributed, although the mythology of the Greeks and Romans assisted in the embellishment of their

s of Christianity, and the arts which had softened the manners of the Greeks , and Romans. The people of the North believed tha

eir founders, either gods or imaginary heroes. We have shown that the Greeks made similar exertions to veil their real origin;

deas on divinity were much more, just and spiritual than those of the Greeks and Romans. Tacitus, Maximus Tyrius, and other hi

in gross ignorance of ancient theology, and particularly that of the Greeks . “In the first place, the genuine key to this rel

ed than they have been hitherto. Thus the private life of the ancient Greeks and Romans may be more fully elucidated. That of

r and Libera of the Romans were the Demeter, Dionysos and Kora of the Greeks , by whom Dionysos does not seem to have been unit

e different legends which form the mythology of a people, such as the Greeks for example, with whom it is rich and complicated

eft the plain dry13. To this head may be referred the practice of the Greeks to assign the origin of animals and plants to tra

East examples of this procedure (which was probably learned from the Greeks ) are to be found ; the origin of the rose is ascr

of hanging ears 24. A similar mode of expression prevailed among the Greeks . Pindar25 calls the showers of rain children of t

elodious language of poets and orators has been often compared by the Greeks and others to the delicious food of the bees ; he

ng of the science of mythology into neglect and contempt. The ancient Greeks were led from ignorance to give credit to the cun

gods of their forefathers were now presented under a new guise to the Greeks , who, as they gazed on the picture or the statue,

ed as faithful pictures of the manners and opinions of the Achæans or Greeks of the early ages80. Beside the Ilias and the Ody

deas respecting the more distant regions became more common among the Greeks , and districts were continually reclaimed from fa

here they exchanged iron for copper. But the great authorities of the Greeks respecting foreign lands were probably the Phœnic

latter all between this river and the western ocean99. In the Sea the Greeks appear to have known to the west of their own cou

a people named the Erembians104, are also mentioned by Homer, and the Greeks appear to have been well acquainted with the peop

o reduce the number of these happy isles to one. We thus see that the Greeks of the early ages knew little of any real people

horos) and Evening-star (Hesperos.) There is no reason to suppose the Greeks to have had any knowledge of the signs of the Zod

Such were the opinions respecting the world and its parts held by the Greeks of the heroic times, and even some ages later. Wi

uninteresting ere we quit the subject of the cosmology of the ancient Greeks , to compare with it that invented by our own grea

more powerful than mankind137. The lively and creative genius of the Greeks seems particularly to have delighted in this spec

f it to recruit their vigour. Ovid also, the faithful follower of the Greeks , places the pastures of the solar steeds in the W

from the tears of the Sun-god, that is Phœbos Apollo according to the Greeks , who added that he shed these tears when he came

The tale of Cycnos is only one of the numerous legends devised by the Greeks to account for the origin of remarkable animals.

progeny of the moon and sky personified after the usual manner of the Greeks . In the Homeridian Hymn to Selene she is styled26

n epithet of his sister Artemis299. It was a common practice with the Greeks (of which we shall find many instances as we proc

he legend of Kronos devouring his children, may have sufficed for the Greeks to infer an identity of their ancient deity with

e the objects of the present chapter. As has been already stated, the Greeks of the early ages regarded the lofty Thessalian m

t thence, when the Euhemeristic principle began to creep in among the Greeks , each people supposed the deity to have been born

denly changed into an oak and a lime-tree401. It was the habit of the Greeks to appropriate particular plants and animals to t

ecious metals. This notion, Voss461 thinks, began to prevail when the Greeks first visited Spain, the country most abundant in

om war and everything that might abridge its period, than the ancient Greeks were472. In process of time, when communication w

ation with Egypt and Asia had enlarged the sphere of the ideas of the Greeks , the nether-world underwent a total change. It wa

loss which most to admire at, their audacity, or the credulity of the Greeks . For the former asserted, and the latter believed

is drama we meet the first mention of a very remarkable notion of the Greeks . The dead seem to have been regarded in the light

assembly of the family, and the symbol of the social union, gave the Greeks occasion to fancy it to be under the guardianship

in the religion of the ancient Germans (which was akin to that of the Greeks ) the cow was assigned to the service of the godde

ts was employed in the service of the gods ; the lyre was used by the Greeks in that of Apollo650. Hence, to express the super

d each other and died678. We have already noticed the practice of the Greeks to unite similar deities, or to make one of them

imaginary as Ogygia, that of Calypso ; but when at a later period the Greeks grew more familiar with those distant regions, ze

productions of the spring. Hence it was, in all probability, that the Greeks named the butterfly the soul. The fable of Love

r of just and scientific warfare. She is therefore on the side of the Greeks , and he on that of the Trojans. But on the shield

arms of Zeus, when preparing to accompany Hera to the plain where the Greeks and Trojans were engaged in conflict. But Athen

Greece819. But accounts like this are very suspicious, and the later Greeks would have made little scruple about coining a te

favour of the former ; but as there is no reason to suppose that the Greeks knew anything of the Libyan Tritôn in the days of

ferent in different places. It is further to be recollected, that the Greeks believed their gods to be very little superior in

from which the Athenians were of course excluded as well as all other Greeks . But when Eleusis was conquered, and the two stat

the solemn rites celebrated each year at Eleusis was extended to all Greeks of either sex and of every rank, provided they ca

iscourse would in fact have been quite repugnant to the usages of the Greeks in their worship of the gods, and the evidence of

egarded as the presidents of the three seasons into which the ancient Greeks divided the year964. As the day was similarly div

rgies and indecent extravagance, having been very prevalent among the Greeks at the time when the Ionians were permitted to se

, Bactria, Media, Arabia, and the coast of Asia, inhabited by mingled Greeks and barbarians, throughout all which he had estab

anxiety and superstition. But when, as reason gradually ripened, the Greeks began to examine the involved conceptions of the

account on which we can place reliance of any intercourse between the Greeks and foreign nations previous to the Trojan war, s

med the Megalesia was celebrated every year in her honour1142. As the Greeks had confounded her with Rhea, so the Latins made

Artemis was another Asiatic goddess whose worship was adopted by the Greeks . From their confounding her with their own Artemi

han that this goddess was originally distinct from the Artemis of the Greeks . Yet in after times we find them so completely id

spoken of ; and from these passages we may perhaps collect, that the Greeks , particularly the Cretans, used in those times to

it presents nothing local, nothing characteristic. His Egyptians are Greeks , the presents which they give to Menelaos are suc

is no longer founded after the destruction of Troy. The more ancient Greeks named the Delta Egypt, the rest Thebes, for which

This monarch appointed the town named Naucratis, which he allowed the Greeks to build on the Canobic arm of the Nile, to be th

er in barges round the Delta. Amasis, who was a great favourer of the Greeks , permitted them to erect altars and consecrate pi

productiveness. Νύμϕαι. Nymphæ. Nymphs. The imagination of the Greeks peopled all the regions of earth and water with b

umstance also would accord well with Italy. But on the other hand the Greeks , when they began to plant colonies in Italy and S

or they were much more powerful than they : he then seized two of the Greeks , and dashing them to the ground like young whelps

ngs home in the evening, when it is cast on the ground, terrifies the Greeks who were hiding in his cave : the teams of twenty

etween his departure and return. The Latin poets, following the later Greeks , have placed Æolos in the Liparæan islands1356.

north-west toward Sidôn, as Ithaca lay in their way. When however the Greeks settled in Sicily, they named the islet before th

’ voyages of the fleets of king Solomon1436. It also appears that the Greeks made voyages to both the East and the West ; for

probably at this time that the word Hellenes came into use ; for the Greeks , finding themselves to differ in language and man

em to be the most probable hypothesis on this subject, to suppose the Greeks to have been always one people, under different d

ar, that the religion, manners, genius, and national character of the Greeks of the historie times had their roots in those of

e same name, and Io of course had wandered thither. Finally, when the Greeks first settled in Egypt and saw the statues of Isi

cter of the land. In Homer and Hesiod Danaans is a common name of the Greeks , who are also called Argeians and Achæans. The na

th the atrocities above related. It was probably at the time when the Greeks had become familiar with Asia and the barbarous r

Cassandra, it was also said, had thrown this coffer in the way of the Greeks , knowing that it would prove injurious to whoever

riage is obvious enough, and the similitude seems to have struck both Greeks and Scandinavians2138. It still more resembles a

some countries. Its likeness to an animal is not so obvious, yet the Greeks and the North American Indians agree in naming it

r his wound, he is healed by Achilleus, and undertakes to conduct the Greeks to Troy. The fleet again assembled at Aulis, but

king, learning the truth, kept Helena and dismissed Paris ; that the Greeks would not believe the Trojans, that she was not i

Minyans, so the latter had its origin in the early settlements of the Greeks on the coast of Asia and the contests they had to

introduced into the cycle of the Trojan war. Again, when we find the Greeks at war with any real people, we may observe that

reation, the Phæacians. The union for a common object ascribed to the Greeks in this mythe is totally repugnant to their natur

sar2253. The supreme god of the Tuscans, answering to the Zeus of the Greeks , the Jupiter of the Romans, was named Tina2254. A

es Mothers (Matres), — titles of veneration or affection given by the Greeks to none but Zeus and Demeter or Earth. As this is

d which, by the way, are exactly the same with the twelve gods of the Greeks , Juno, Vesta, Minerva, Ceres, Diana, Venus, Mars

5, and Jovis Pater became Jupiter, answering to the Ζϵὺς πατὴρ of the Greeks . In the more ancient monuments of the Roman relig

rual discharges during conception2287. Juno Lucina, identified by the Greeks with their Eileithyia2288, was probably so named

r Menerva, corresponded in some measure with the Pallas-Athene of the Greeks . She was the patroness of arts and industry, and

me obscurity involves this goddess as the corresponding Hestia of the Greeks , with whom she is identical in name and office. T

d Mythic Geographies ; and also that of Ukert on the Geography of the Greeks and Romans. 89. Od. xiv. 248-264, 452 ; xv. 426,

y all the extant Greek writers ; and we cannot help thinking that the Greeks of the later times attempted to pass off their Kr

s of the gods were shod by Hephæstos, is certainly erroneous, for the Greeks did not shoe their horses. 362. Il. xiii. 18. 3

on Apollod. i. 7. 5. 398. In the Ilias, when Hector is routing the Greeks , Poseidôn says of him (xiii. 54.) ὂς Διòς εὔχετ έ

ich last may have been carried to Greece, or have been learned by the Greeks at Alexandria. See Leclerc’s ‘Dissertatio de Sodo

story of their Isis, borrowed no doubt, like so many others, from the Greeks . See Plut. 887. Another legend says that Demeter

ll the mystic theory, expressly denies in his Indian Library that the Greeks had, previous to the conquests of Alexander, any

153. The historian asserts positively, that previous to this time the Greeks knew nothing certain about Egypt. 1159. Yet in t

way, seem never to have been an inventive people,) borrowed from the Greeks . 1714. Paus. ut supra. 1715. Apud Plut. De Co

ȋος (Opponent, from ἀντὶ). This legend was perhaps invented after the Greeks had settled in Libya, and was designed to express

fixed, is highly probable. The legend was framed, he thinks, when the Greeks first began to have intercourse with Egypt, and e

d been twenty years at Troy. According to Tzetzes (Antehom. 168.) the Greeks were ten years preparing for the war. 2210. See

211. According to Tzetzes (Lyc. 570.) the poet of the Cypria made the Greeks stop at Delos, where Anios the son of Apollo urge

creation of the world, although but one of the many current with the Greeks and Romans, was the one most generally adopted.

extreme; for the dead had always been held in deep veneration by the Greeks , and the desecration of a grave was considered a

he top of Mount Parnassus. This version was far less popular with the Greeks , although it betrays still more plainly the commo

the Titans. These festivals were known as the Olympian Games; and the Greeks generally reckoned time by Olympiads, that is to

eptune displayed towards the Trojans during their famous war with the Greeks . Their term of exile ended, the gods were reinsta

ing to Roman traditions, it could only be entered at Avernus, but the Greeks asserted that there was another entrance near the

ed special veneration and sacrifices. The Lares, quite unknown to the Greeks , were two in number, the children of Mercury and

ost important of all the Roman divinities was entirely unknown to the Greeks . According to some mythologists, he was the son o

ion is emblematic of the first long maritime voyage undertaken by the Greeks for commercial purposes; while the golden fleece

o worshipped three other divinities of nature entirely unknown to the Greeks , i.e., Silvanus, Faunus, and Fauna, the latter’s

Apollo to avenge the insults he had received by sending down upon the Greeks all manner of evil. This prayer was no sooner hea

h many tears tremulously prayed he would avenge Achilles and make the Greeks fail in all their attempts as long as her son’s w

stress, frowned until the very firmament shook, and swore to make the Greeks rue the day they left their native shores, “To g

heir native shores, “To give Achilles honour and to cause Myriads of Greeks to perish by their fleet.” Homer ( Bryant’s tr.)

armed Achaians, to what Paris says by me. He bids the Trojans and the Greeks lay down Their shining arms upon the teeming eart

en to fight any more. For a little while fortune seemed to favour the Greeks ; and Hector, hastening back to Troy, bade his mot

ender child, Nor me, unhappy one, who soon must be Thy widow. All the Greeks will rush on thee To take thy life. A happier lot

about to redeem the promise given to Thetis, for little by little the Greeks were forced to yield before the might of the Troj

uraged by all these reverses, in spite of their brave resistance, the Greeks , in despair, concluded that the gods had entirely

o arrest the enemy’s advance and produce a diversion in favour of the Greeks ; so he asked permission to wear it and lead the M

                     ‘‘The hero fell With clashing mail, and all the Greeks beheld His fall with grief.” Homer ( Bryant’s tr

en long years had already elapsed since then, and although a party of Greeks immediately set out in search of him, they had bu

ad already expired, and yet Troy had not fallen into the hands of the Greeks , who now heard another prophecy, to the effect th

ion Sinon, who pretended to have great cause of complaint against the Greeks , and strongly advised them to secure their last o

e subject for poets and artists. The Fall of Troy Meanwhile the Greeks had been hiding behind Tenedos; but when night ca

ken by surprise, the city guards made desperate attempts to repel the Greeks ; but it was now too late, for the enemy had alrea

s eyes, finally found relief in death. Their object accomplished, the Greeks immediately sailed for home, their vessels heavil

ds could be secured to waft him home. As for Agamemnon, leader of the Greeks , he returned to Argos only to be murdered by his

then, without the least warning, again seized and devoured two of the Greeks . His brawny arm next pushed aside the rock, and h

ed the stone away to admit his flocks, keeping careful guard upon the Greeks . The sheep all in, he replaced the rock, performe

m go forth, as-usual, in search of their morning meal. To prevent the Greeks escaping, he rolled the stone only partly aside,

whence the taunting voice came, and in his rage almost destroyed the Greeks ; for one piece of rock fell very near their vesse

chors and soon drove them far out to sea. After untold suffering, the Greeks landed again upon the Æolian Isle, and Ulysses so

ated by the gods. Away!” Homer ( Bryant’s tr.). Sorrowfully now the Greeks embarked; but, instead of being hurried along by

re he had been found dead. The Sirens These obsequies over, the Greeks , favoured by a fresh wind, left Circe’s isle, and

tle of the Sun Only too glad to effect an escape at any price, the Greeks again rowed on until they sighted Trinacria, the

Æneas The Adventures of Æneas You have already heard how the Greeks entered the city of Troy in the dead of night, ma

). Although they had escaped from burning Troy and the swords of the Greeks , their trials had only just begun. After many day

as fond of appearing in animal forms, and declare that, although the Greeks were a thoroughly civilised people, we can still

s.” They claim that, during the myth-making age, the ancestors of the Greeks were about on an intellectual level with the pres

e name was applied to the one God, and was therefore “retained by the Greeks and all other kindred people to express all they

phontes (a word derived from the Sanskrit han-tâ, “the killer,”), the Greeks , having forgotten the signification of the first

he light of daybreak”), and we are thus enabled to understand why the Greeks described her as sprung from the forehead of Zeus

( “the celestial drill which churns fire out of the clouds”); but the Greeks had so entirely forgotten this etymological meani

gni was considered the patron of marriage as well as of fire; and the Greeks , to carry out this idea, united their fire god, H

divinities who never entirely lost their original character with the Greeks , and were therefore worshipped merely as personif

Son of Peleus and Thetis, 278-280; surrenders Briseis, 283, 284; the Greeks appeal to, 288-289; slays Hector, 290-292; death,

al′a-is. Son of Boreas and Orithyia, 186 Cal′chas. Soothsayer of the Greeks during the Trojan War, 280 Cal-li′o-pe. Muse of

taken to, 128, 286 Greek Divinities, 27; Panathenæa, 43; fleet, 298 Greeks . Departure of, 280; plague visits, 283; defeat of

lion; ancestor of the Hellenes, 25 Hel-le′nes. Name given to ancient Greeks , 25 Hel′les-pont, Name given to the strait from

352, 360 1. Besides this Pluto, god of the Infernal Regions, the Greeks also worshipped Plutus, a son of Ceres and Jason,

ch as those on the public games, the theatrical entertainments of the Greeks , the Assyrian, Chinese and American mythologies,

ar mythology. When the Romans received the arts and sciences from the Greeks , they adopted, also, their divinities and their e

metal. The Gods — Different Classes of Deities. Ques. Did the Greeks believe that the gods resembled men? Ans. Yes; i

, from Pallas, a name of Minerva, remained within the walls. When the Greeks besieged Troy, they found that all their efforts

and beauty. She sprang from the froth of the sea; for this reason the Greeks called her Aphrodite [Aphrodi′te], from Aphros, m

hus [Antil′ochus], the son of Nestor, and threw the whole army of the Greeks into disorder. Achilles [Achil′les], however, app

table to do so. Chapter XVI. Cybele. Cybele — How called by the Greeks — Parentage and Attributes — How represented — Te

Ques. Who was Cybele? Ans. This goddess, sometimes called by the Greeks , Rhea, and by the Latins, Ops, is considered to b

goddess in the Roman Forum. Justice was worshipped by the Egyptians, Greeks and Romans. Her emblems have been described in th

Vices also honored by the ancients? Ans. It is certain that both the Greeks and Romans erected temples and altars to certain

ation; they were placed in the head of Taurus, and were called by the Greeks , Hyades, from a word which signifies “to rain.” T

ose, even in death. After the fall of Troy, his ghost appeared to the Greeks , and commanded them, with fearful menaces in case

as about to be immolated at Aulis. Perceiving that the strangers were Greeks , she offered to spare the life of one, on conditi

and the most valiant of all the Trojan chiefs who fought against the Greeks . The Fates had decreed that Troy should not be ta

quity. When Troy was taken, Calchas excited much uneasiness among the Greeks , by a prediction, that if Astyanax [Asty′anax], t

ght. They concealed themselves in the neighboring mountains until the Greeks had departed, after which they constructed a flee

use they were closely connected with the religious observances of the Greeks . They were begun and ended with solemn sacrifices

They were very ancient; their first institution was attributed by the Greeks to Hercules. They were revived by Iphitus, king o

The interval between the celebrations was called an Olympiad, and the Greeks usually counted time in this manner. The Olympiad

is almost impossible for us to realize the importance attached by the Greeks to a victory gained in any of these exercises. Th

oman Amphitheatre. Ques. Did the theatrical representations of the Greeks resemble those of modern times? Ans. They differ

eriod introduced awnings to screen the audience from the sun, but the Greeks would have regarded such a precaution as a mark o

very good effect. Nothing would have seemed more out of place to the Greeks , than to see the part of Apollo or Hercules perfo

ciples of religion and morality. The theatrical entertainments of the Greeks , and their public games, form a striking contrast

kable for their calm majesty of expression. The material was what the Greeks called chryselephantine; that is, the flesh was c

bordinate divinity. Superior to the Roman Jupiter, or the Zeus of the Greeks , Esus had no parentage; was subject to no fate; h

y her companions, amid paroxysms of wild frenzy which recalled to the Greeks the orgies of their own Bacchantes. It is said th

indolent contentment; but the Aztec paradise, like the Elysium of the Greeks and Romans, was reserved for their warriors and h

may notice a certain resemblance to the funeral rites of the ancient Greeks and Romans. There was, however, this distinction,

relative terms, are opposites with many different peoples. Since the Greeks and Romans were not among those who received the

ssion of the seasons in obedience to laws that know no change. To the Greeks and Romans, there was a time more remote than his

and when she eloped with Paris, Agamemnon was appointed leader of the Greeks in their expedition against Troy. Aganip′pides [

f Apollo, and daughter of Jupiter and Latona. She was known among the Greeks as Diana or Phœbe, and was honored as a triform g

son of Cœlus and Terra, husband of Clymene. He was looked upon by the Greeks as the father of all mankind. See Iapetos. Ja′so

. Lamentation, see Cocytus. Lam′ia [Lamia]. An evil deity among the Greeks and Romans, and the great dread of their children

atue would be the preservation of Troy; and during the Trojan War the Greeks were greatly encouraged when they became the poss

en away to Troy, and this gave rise to the celebrated war between the Greeks and the Trojans, which ended in the destruction o

e Cyclops, a son of the nymph Thoosa and Neptune, or Poseidon, as the Greeks called the god of the sea. He captured Ulysses an

hus [Rhadamanthus], a son of Jupiter and Europa, was the ruler of the Greeks in the Asiatic islands, and judge of the dead in

y b.c. Her only connection with the goddesses of the time is that the Greeks called her “The tenth Muse.” Sarcasm, see Momus.

ompanied Glaucus, when the latter set out to assist Priam against the Greeks in the Trojan War. He was slain by Patroclus. Sa

Egyptians, Persians, and other nations long before the Apollo of the Greeks was heard of. See Surya. “Sol through white curt

of Menelaus, king of Sparta. Paris carried off Helen to Troy, and the Greeks pursued and besieged the city (see Helen, Paris,

an and Peruvian religious fables and ceremonies. The Mythology of the Greeks and Romans is evidently drawn from that of the Or

d. Chap. II. Grecian and Roman Mythology. The Mythology of the Greeks and the Romans is evidently derived from that of

country. Chap. III. [The most ancient Divinities according to the Greeks , Saturn, Cybele.] Which, according to the

ording to the Greeks, Saturn, Cybele.] Which, according to the Greeks , was the most ancient of the divinities? Cœlus, o

s, was the most ancient of the divinities? Cœlus, or Heaven, whom the Greeks called Uranus, was, by their account, the most an

Arabians, and Persians, adored the Sun, long before the Apollo of the Greeks was known. The Chaldeans called him Belus; the Eg

est. Pope’s Homer’s Iliad. Apollo inflicting a pestilence upon the Greeks . Apollo heard. The favouring power attends, And f

Latona. What were her names? The Egyptians called her Isis. Among the Greeks , Diana or Phebe was honoured under three differen

s father, Jupiter Ammon. From them it appears that the Bacchus of the Greeks was no other than the famous Osiris, conqueror of

ere his priests called? He had several temples at Rome, and among the Greeks and other warlike nations. His priests, at Rome,

mes? By the Eastern nations she was called Urania and Astarte. By the Greeks , the Romans, and others, Cythera, from the island

shells. Were any other names given to this god? Besides Neptune, the Greeks called him Poseidon; and the Romans, Consus, the

y, under a figure half man, and half other animals. To this deity the Greeks gave the appellation of Pan, that is, in their la

, are crowned with eternal spring and immortal beauty. Whence did the Greeks and Romans borrow this fiction? From the funeral

respects, that of the Scythians, the ancient Persians, Egyptians, and Greeks . It is very fanciful; inculcating the doctrine of

eator of all things, yet they lapsed into idolatry so early, that the Greeks acknowledged their having borrowed from them, not

or kingdom, the capital of which was, on that account, called by the Greeks , Diospolis, that is, the City of Jupiter. The wor

they termed Spirit, which was the same as the celestial ether of the Greeks , supposed to fill the highest region of the heave

after-times. Next to her, they reverenced Papeus, the Jupiter of the Greeks , and Apia, or the Earth, who was regarded as his

me other nations are briefly stated, no myths save those known to the Greeks , Romans, Norsemen, or Germans have been included

gods. Many of these myths treat of divinities once worshipped by the Greeks and the Romans, and by our Norse and German foref

, who devours his own children, is identified with the power that the Greeks called Chronos (Time), which may truly be said to

cendants of our contemporary savages. In like manner, “as the ancient Greeks , Egyptians, and Norsemen advanced in civilization

) That the Aryan tribes (from which the Indians, Persians, Phrygians, Greeks , Romans, Germans, Norsemen, Russians, and Celts a

in the War of the Seven against Thebes; Calchas, who accompanied the Greeks during the Trojan War; Helenus and Cassandra, of

poetic, people, incorporated in their literature the mythology of the Greeks . We shall, however, append to our description of

) by H. Roux Aîné]. § 16. Origin of the World. — There were among the Greeks several accounts of the beginning of things. Home

, or Hecatonchires, were also three in number. In them, probably, the Greeks imaged the sea with its multitudinous waves, its

[Gem: Baumeister.]   § 22. The Origin of Man was a question which the Greeks did not settle so easily as the Hebrews. Greek tr

, son of Deucalion and Pyrrha, became the ancestor of the Hellenes or Greeks . The Æolians and Dorians were, according to legen

s, in part, explained by the fact that to the supreme divinity of the Greeks have been ascribed attributes and adventures of n

eagle. It was, however, only with the passage of generations that the Greeks came to represent their greatest of the gods by t

e sent him to Delphi to inculcate righteousness and justice among the Greeks ; but the golden god Apollo chose first to spend a

the time of the wounding of Uranus, and therefore was called, by the Greeks , Aphrodite, the foam-born .83 Wafted by the west

Fauni, expressed a class of gamesome deities, like the Satyrs of the Greeks . There was also a goddess called Fauna, or Bona D

im in no very favorable light. Mars and Diomede. — In the war of the Greeks and the Trojans,129 the cause of the former was e

poused by Minerva, of the latter by Mars. Among the chieftains of the Greeks in a certain battle, Diomede, son of Tydeus, was

rial venom, of manifold sickness and death. The Plague sent upon the Greeks before Troy. — When the host of the Achæans was e

heir observance, surpassed all other religious celebrations among the Greeks . Fig. 61. The Departure of Triptolemus. [Vase

n. Neptune, however, nursed his wrath; and it was still warm when the Greeks marched against Troy.213 § 109. Of a like impetu

ought bravely, slew Antilochus, the brave son of Nestor, and held the Greeks at bay, until Achilles appeared. Before that hero

vei y operation of nature the agency of deity. The imagination of the Greeks peopled the regions of earth and sea with divinit

Phoroneus conferred upon the Argives the benefits attributed by other Greeks to Prometheus. He was succeeded by his son Pelasg

expedition. At that time the only species of navigation known to the Greeks consisted of small boats or canoes hollowed out f

edily yoked them to the plough. The Colchians stood in amazement; the Greeks shouted for joy. Next, the hero proceeded to sow

posed their landing; and at the first onset one of the noblest of the Greeks , Protesilaüs, fell by the hand of Hector. This Pr

event occurred which seemed likely to prove fatal to the cause of the Greeks , — a quarrel between Achilles and Agamemnon. It i

. Agamemnon refused. Thereupon Chryses implored Apollo to afflict the Greeks till they should be forced to yield their prey.35

nlisted, also, her admirer Mars on the same side. Neptune favored the Greeks . Apollo was neutral, sometimes taking one side, s

and besought him to grant success to the Trojan arms and so make the Greeks repent of their injustice to Achilles. Jupiter co

n his determination to embark for Greece without delay. Meanwhile the Greeks having constructed a rampart around their ships w

art, and were about to set fire to the ships. But Neptune, seeing the Greeks hard pressed, came to their rescue. Appearing in

the Ships. [Gem: Roscher 12: 1921.] While Neptune was thus aiding the Greeks and driving back the Trojans, Jupiter saw nothing

or, who, having inherited his father’s art, was of great value to the Greeks as their surgeon. Nestor, taking Machaon in his c

Patroclus’ death, and of the conflict raging for his remains; and the Greeks at last succeeded in bearing off the body to the

ent for his bread on the charity of strangers. After Achilles and the Greeks had thus taken their revenge on the slayer of Pat

ffect of their war cry. Penthesilea, having slain many of the bravest Greeks , was at last slain by Achilles. But when the hero

riage, it is said (but not by Homer), that he agreed to influence the Greeks to make peace with Troy. While the hero was in th

acherously slain was rescued by Ajax and Ulysses. Thetis directed the Greeks to bestow her son’s armor on that hero who of all

Minerva; but it was, in fact, filled with armed men. The rest of the Greeks then betook themselves to their ships and sailed

Grecian fraud to be on your guard against it? For my part, I fear the Greeks even when they offer gifts.” 363 So saying, he th

Trojans took possession of it, they would assuredly triumph over the Greeks . Fig. 100. Entry of the Wooden Horse; Women su

all of his kingdom, and was slain at last on the fatal night when the Greeks took the city. He had armed himself, and was abou

was demanded by the ghost of that warrior, and was sacrificed by the Greeks upon his tomb. Helen and Menelaüs. — On the fall

deserted him for another.367 After the death of Paris, she aided the Greeks secretly on several occasions: in particular when

e and where from. Ulysses replied most humbly, stating that they were Greeks , from the great expedition that had lately won so

d on the floor of the cave. To the middle ram of the three one of the Greeks suspended himself, so protected by the exterior r

ine.” He took for his theme the Wooden Horse, by means of which the Greeks found entrance into Troy. Apollo inspired him, an

ause of his coming, and plied him with innumerable questions. But the Greeks , at the sight of his armor glittering through the

yth combines two stories of the origin of the Hellenes, or indigenous Greeks , — one, in accordance with which the Hellenes, as

ong men and for the good of men. Such stories are not confined to the Greeks or the Hebrews. Illustrative. — R. Browning, Apo

strue Daphne as the lightning. It is, however, very probable that the Greeks of the myth-making age, finding certain plants an

n, and Persephone or Proserpine: see §§ 48, 50. The windflower of the Greeks was of bloody hue, like that of the pomegranate.

n of Pentheus and others would indicate the reluctance with which the Greeks adopted his somewhat doubtful doctrine and his ev

aken of food in Hades accords with a superstition not peculiar to the Greeks , but to be “found in New Zealand, Melanesia, Scot

he rivers Scamander and Simois. Famous for the siege conducted by the Greeks under Agamemnon, Menelaüs, etc. (See Chap. XXV.)

an attempt to explain the influence of Egyptian civilization upon the Greeks . The name Danaüs means drought, and may refer to

bles.” We may mention here the other celebrated national games of the Greeks . The first and most distinguished were the Olympi

loadæ, 120; A. and Hyacinthus, 120; and Phaëton, 121; A. destroys the Greeks before Troy, 125; and Niobe, 126; A., Psamathe, a

ut to death by Hercules. Bu′to: an Egyptian goddess identified by the Greeks with Leto. Byr′sa, 342. C Ca′cus, myth of,

s. Dynast, the (Pluto), 187. E Earth, 37,38,125; gods of, among Greeks , 74-77; conception of world, 74; lesser Greek div

He is of human form; rarely with a goat’s head as represented by the Greeks . He corresponds to the Greek Zeus. As Amen-Khem h

consequently, of wisdom, the arts of peace and of war. Likened by the Greeks to Athena. Worshipped in Lower Egypt as a woman i

d, 86; and Perseus, 225; Com. §§ 133-137. Gram, 395, 398, 399. Greek, Greeks , 14, 15, 19; myths of creation, 37; and see under

, 235. Les′bos, 172; Com. § 99. Lesser divinities of heaven among the Greeks , 70-73. Le′the, 81, 195, 351. Le′to, Com. §§ 38,

ersuasion. Pela′gia, Com. § 40; see Venus. Pelas′gic, dominion of the Greeks , 49; descent, 50. Pelas′gus, son or grandson of P

n; see Odin. Wooden horse, the, 305, 329. World, conception of, among Greeks , 74. World-egg, 37. Worms, 401-403. X Xante

the ideas of the structure of the universe which prevailed among the Greeks — the people from whom the Romans, and other nati

rtunate Fields,” and the “Isles of the Blessed.” We thus see that the Greeks of the early ages knew little of any real people

Fauns, expressed a class of gamesome deities, like the Satyrs of the Greeks . Quirinus was a war god, said to be no other than

flowers. Lucina, the goddess of childbirth. Vesta (the Hestia of the Greeks ) was a deity presiding over the public and privat

heir observance, surpassed all other religious celebrations among the Greeks .   There can be little doubt of this story of Cer

Phœnicians. This is alluded to by Byron, where, addressing the modern Greeks , he says, — “You have the letters Cadmus gave, T

expedition. At that time the only species of navigation known to the Greeks consisted of small boats or canoes hollowed out f

and compelled them to drag the plough. The Colchians were amazed; the Greeks shouted for joy. Jason next proceeded to sow the

apples are supposed by some to be the oranges of Spain, of which the Greeks had heard some obscure accounts.   A celebrated e

ppropriate to mention here the other celebrated national games of the Greeks . The first and most distinguished were the Olympi

every operation of nature the agency of deity. The imagination of the Greeks peopled all the regions of earth and sea with div

field. Antilochus, the brave son of Nestor, fell by his hand, and the Greeks were put to flight, when Achilles appeared and re

an event occurred which seemed likely to be fatal to the cause of the Greeks , and that was a quarrel between Achilles and Agam

. Agamemnon refused. Thereupon Chryses implored Apollo to afflict the Greeks till they should be forced to yield their prey. A

s enlisted her admirer Mars on the same side, but Neptune favored the Greeks . Apollo was neutral, sometimes taking one side, s

he repaired immediately to Jove’s palace and besought him to make the Greeks repent of their injustice to Achilles by granting

rampart, and were about to set fire to the ships. Neptune, seeing the Greeks so pressed, came to their rescue. He appeared in

bore him off, stunned and wounded. While Neptune was thus aiding the Greeks and driving back the Trojans, Jupiter saw nothing

his father’s art of healing, and was therefore of great value to the Greeks as their surgeon, besides being one of their brav

dent for his bread on the charity of strangers. When Achilles and the Greeks had taken their revenge on the killer of Patroclu

shade.” Pope. Chapter XXVIII. The Fall of Troy — Return of the Greeks — Orestes and Electra. The Fall of Troy.

arms, and to win her in marriage agreed to use his influence with the Greeks to grant peace to Troy. While in the temple of Ap

acherously slain was rescued by Ajax and Ulysses. Thetis directed the Greeks to bestow her son’s armor on the hero who of all

hey carried off to the Grecian camp. But Troy still held out, and the Greeks began to despair of ever subduing it by force, an

ring to Minerva, but in fact was filled with armed men. The remaining Greeks then betook themselves to their ships and sailed

Grecian fraud to be on your guard against it? For my part, I fear the Greeks even when they offer gifts.”18 So saying he threw

e Trojans took possession of it they would assuredly triumph over the Greeks . This language turned the tide of the people’s fe

rom within. So when Troy chairmen bore the wooden steed Pregnant with Greeks impatient to be freed, (Those bully Greeks, who,

wooden steed Pregnant with Greeks impatient to be freed, (Those bully Greeks , who, as the moderns do, Instead of paying chairm

fall of his kingdom and was slain at last on the fatal night when the Greeks took the city. He had armed himself and was about

was demanded by the ghost of that warrior, and was sacrificed by the Greeks upon his tomb. Menelaus and Helen. Our read

and deserted him for another. After the death of Paris she aided the Greeks secretly on several occasions, and in particular

mnon, Orestes, and Electra. Agamemnon, the general-in-chief of the Greeks , the brother of Menelaus, and who had been drawn

, and where from. Ulysses replied most humbly, stating that they were Greeks , from the great expedition that had lately won so

phemus deigned no answer, but reaching out his hand seized two of the Greeks , whom he hurled against the side of the cave, and

hopeless imprisonment. Next morning the giant seized two more of the Greeks , and despatched them in the same manner as their

d on the floor of the cave. To the middle ram of the three one of the Greeks suspended himself, so protected by the exterior r

ne.” He took for his theme the “Wooden Horse,” by means of which the Greeks found entrance into Troy. Apollo inspired him, an

ause of his coming, and plied him with innumerable questions. But the Greeks , at the sight of his armor glittering through the

Thus Saturn, who devours his own children, is the same power whom the Greeks called Cronos, (Time,) which may truly be said to

6. Page 311. Timeo Danaos et dona ferentes. —  Virgil. I fear the Greeks even -when they offer gifts. No. 7. Page 313.

were? Mother. The Greeks and Romans believed it. Ann. I thought the Greeks and Romans were very wise people. Mother. They w

ed all whom he loved.3 Marriages were celebrated in public among the Greeks , and all the friends of the parties joined in the

. Ann. Yes, the sixth commandment is, “Thou shalt not kill.” Did the Greeks have that commandment? Mother. No; God gave it t

. No; God gave it to the Hebrews, and they did not associate with the Greeks at that time. Besides, these stories relate to ti

centuries before the birth of Christ. The stories of these primitive Greeks shock you, and they are revolting accounts of unc

owledge and their arts were their wisdom. Ann. Had the Egyptians and Greeks the same gods? Mother. Yes, though they called t

instrument was called the lyre, and was a favourite instrument of the Greeks . When you read in poetry of the “vocal shell,” it

and happy. He first taught letters in Greece, and after his time the Greeks began to read and write. He came into Greece abou

d they who practise them are superstitious persons. Ann. Did all the Greeks worship Bacchus in that frantic manner? Mother.

was called the Brumalia at Rome; but the Roman people, like the early Greeks , got drunk at these celebrations, and the senate

tellers, in these days, to learn what may happen to them; just as the Greeks , a long time ago, went to the oracle. The oracle

tatue is from the antique, we commonly mean something left by ancient Greeks or Romans, and preserved to the present time. An

tory,10 which will teach you many important truths connected with the Greeks . Adventures of Io The Greeks personified r

intelligences of the godhead, not only constituted the worship of the Greeks of old, but governed their lives, their actions,

faith, and through their means, its transmission may be traced to the Greeks , who, after adopting, purified, or at least assis

and sustained a deep injury, little analagous to its effect upon the Greeks , who turned all things — superstition, prejudice,

was supported and assisted by a celebrated girdle, called zone by the Greeks , and cestus by the Latins. This mysterious girdle

age anonyme_heathen-mythology_1842_img131 Flora was unknown among the Greeks , having her birth with the Romans. She was the Go

ycomedes. This, however, was useless, as he went with the rest of the Greeks . The mother, still anxious for his preservation,

wels of the earth. He was brought up by the goddess of peace, and the Greeks spoke of him as a fickle divinity, because repres

he effect that he appeared at the battle of Marathon to fight for the Greeks , who seemed likely to be overwhelmed by the numbe

d but as she was a great favourite with Clytemnestra, her mother, the Greeks sent for Iphigenia, pretending that they sought h

in her place for the ‌sacrifice. The supernatural change animated the Greeks , the wind suddenly became favourable, and the com

with vigour, when an unforeseen quarrel stopped the operations of the Greeks . Achilles having been deprived by Agamemnon of hi

. To avenge the death of his comrade in arms, Achilles conducted the Greeks to the attack. The Gods again mingled in the figh

ulnerable, by being washed in the river Styx. When Achilles died, the Greeks erected a superb tomb to his memory upon the shor

ceded the fall of his country, and relates the stratagem by which the Greeks gained possession of the city. Repulsed in many a

roy it, and to doubt the gift of an enemy. Vainly he cried, “fear the Greeks and their gifts!” They would not listen to him. A

m, had abandoned him, and that this horse was an offering made by the Greeks , to moderate the anger of Minerva, and to obtain

tunate woman, however, lost sight of him, and was put to death by the Greeks . After a vain search to find Creusa, the hero joi

tion that he would save the life of her son, which was menaced by the Greeks : and accompanied into Epirus the ambassadors sent

r, are the emblems of faith, given and received. Friendship the Greeks represented clothed in a clasped garment, her hea

s the origin of the Trojan war, and of innumerable misfortunes to the Greeks . The goddess is represented with a pale and ghast

e have now related the most celebrated fables in the Mythology of the Greeks and Romans, without asserting that we have given

e field of literature can so well serve our purpose. The myths of the Greeks and Romans are especially valuable because they h

re was a gloomy kingdom known as Hades or the land of shades; and the Greeks thought that people who died went down into this

ith them in many a frolic. And, if we believe the stories told by the Greeks , in and about the woods and the waters and the fi

ht Back to Greece The morning after their arrival at Colchis, the Greeks were brought into the palace of the king. The kin

was lifted, and with their sails flapping merrily in the breeze, the Greeks had started on their homeward way, carrying the G